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In the context of the agro-ecological transition towards sustainable systems, legumes are a real opportunity in terms of agronomy and nutrition. The development of vegetable seed consumption is currently hampered by the problem of the long hydration and cooking stages of current processes. Low CO2 emission processes, such as microwave treatment, are preferred. The efficiency of these processes relies on the transformation of the energy contained in an electromagnetic wave into heat within materials with dielectric losses. The objective of the presented work is to study the evolution of the characteristics of leguminous seeds during the operation of cooking in excess of water by microwave treatment. Kinetics of texture modification and mass gain of the seeds were performed for three different levels of microwave power (between 400 and 1200 W) and compared to hot plate cooking. Empirical models by multi-parameter equations were proposed and validated by a 1000 W treatment. The results show that the evolution of hardness and mass gain is strongly related to the evolution of mass transfer coupled with volume heat transfer phenomena, specific to electromagnetic wave heating. Two different profiles of hardness and mass gain were observed depending on the type and intensity of the treatment. This work is a preliminary experimental study allowing to express hypotheses, which will be validated later by a more thorough study.

Today recognized with embarrassment by sports institutions, intersex and trans-identity would fundamentally call into question a basic principle of competition according to which the gender bicameralization would guarantee equity, especially for the women category. From both a scientific and a sociocultural point of view, the management of gender identity by sports authorities is very insufficient. The recent and publicized cases of trans or intersex women excluded from competitions shake up the hitherto inflexible logic of sexual duality and renew the controversy. Because they are the first victims of the mechanisms for maintaining the system of gender bicategorization in sport, some intersex and trans athletes create a counter-discourse to the hegemonic one of equity. In the 1970s and 1980s, the exclusion of certain athletes led them to use the reasoning of institutions on the supposed «natural» physical inferiority of women to be rehabilitated. In the 2010s, a more assertive form of activism emerged with the mobilization of legal tools from athletes challenging the rules of federations restricting their participation, in particular the maximum testosterone levels imposed in the women’s category.

Within the competitive field of the physical culture, the Lafay Method has been one of the most widely followed bodybuilding programs in France for the past fifteen years. From a systematic comparison of the two manuals of 2004 and 2005 respectively intended for men and women, the present contribution reveals the differentiated muscular and anatomical shaping of women and men, promoted by Olivier Lafay. Indeed, training focuses, for women, on the plastic construction of the buttocks, thighs, belly and chest, while for men, it is a question of perfecting their athletic qualities, especially on the muscles of the upper body. These differentiations are never explained or justified and contribute to the reproduction of essentialist gender and sex norms and to the reification of women’s muscular inferiority.

The article reports that "Sex checks" were introduced by lottery for the first time at the European Athletics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, by the International Athletics Federation (IAAF) in 1966 and generalized in 1968 by the International Committee. Olympic Games (IOC).

Aims To quantify and model the combined effects of temperature ( T) (10-40°C), water activity ( aw) (0·993-0·818) and CO2 concentration (9·4-55·1%, v/v) on the growth rate of Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata that cause spoilage during the storage and packaging of dates. Methods and Results The effects of environmental factors were studied using the γ-concept. Cardinal models were used to quantify the effect of studied environmental factors on the growth rates. Firstly, the cardinal parameters were estimated independently from experiments carried out on potato dextrose agar using a monofactorial design. Secondly, model performance evaluation was conducted on pasteurized date paste. The boundary between growth and no-growth was predicted using a deterministic approach. Aspergillus niger displayed a faster growth rate and higher tolerance to low aw than Al. alternata, which in turn proved more resistant to CO2 concentration. Minimal cardinal parameters of T and aw were lower than those reported in the literature. Conclusions The combination of the aw and CO2 effects significantly affected As. niger and Al. alternata growth. The γ-concept model overestimated growth rates, however, it is optimistic and provides somewhat conservative predictions. Significance and Impact of the Study The developed model provides a decision support tool for the choice of the date fruit conservation mode (refrigeration, drying, modified atmospheric packaging or their combination) using T, aw and CO2 as environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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