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The European Red List is a review of the status of European species according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level – in order that appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status. This publication summarises results for all Europe’s native species of tree (454 species), of which 265 species (over 58%) are endemic to continental Europe, with 56% (252 species) endemic to the 28 EU Member States. Of these, 168 (42%) of the species are threatened with extinction at the European level, however, for 57 species (nearly 13%) there was insufficient information to assign a conservation status, and are therefore classified as Data Deficient, and in need of further research. The main threat to tree species in Europe has been identified as invasive or problematic species, impacting 38% of tree species, followed by deforestation and wood harvesting, and urban development (both affecting 20% of tree species). For threatened species, livestock farming, land abandonment, changes in forest and woodland management, and other ecosystem modifications such as fire are the major threats, impacting the survival of trees.

Types and distribution of trichomes, chemical composition of the essential oil, as well as contents of phenolic compounds were studied in four Balcanic Clinopodium L. species (family Lamiaceae), namely C. dalmaticum (Benth.) Brauchler et Heubl, C . pulegium (Rochel) Brauchler, C . serpyllifolium (M. Bieb.) Kuntze, and C . thymifolium (Scop.) Kuntze. Non-glandular trichomes, peltate trichomes, and three types of capitate trichomes were observed on the leaves, calyces, and stems. In general, 62 different essential oil compounds were identified: 21 from C . dalmaticum , 31 from C. thymifolium , 36 from C. serpyllifolium , and 37 from C. pulegium . The essential oil of all species was characterized by the high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (66.2–79.6%), with dominant menthane type compounds, such as menthone, pulegone, piperitenone, and piperitenone oxide. Total polyphenols (TP), tannins (T), total flavonoids (TF), and total phenolic acids (TPA) were determined spectrophotometrically. The lowest levels of these compounds were found in C. serpyllifolium (3.83%, 0.88%, 0.39%, and 2.91%, respectivelly), and the highest in C. thymifolium (TP, 7.40%) and C. pulegium (T, 1.78%; TF, 0.57%; TPA, 6.59%).

In this study, types and distribution of trichomes, chemical composition of the essential oil, as well as phenolic compounds’ contents of two Balcanic Micromeria Benth. species from section Pseudomelissa, Micromeria albanica (Griseb. ex K. Malý) Šilić and M. dalmatica Benth., were investigated. Non- glandular trichomes, peltate trichomes, and three types of capitate trichomes were observed on leaves, calyces, and stems. The yield of the essential oil was 0.5% for each species. In general, 36 different essential oil compounds were identified in M. albanica and 21 in M. dalmatica, representing 86.9% and 88.6% of the total oil, respectively. The essential oil was characterized by the high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (66.2% in M. albanica and 79.6% in M. dalmatica), with dominant menthane type compounds, such as menthone, pulegone, piperitenone, and piperitenone oxide. Spectrophotometrically determined contents of total polyphenols (TP), tannins (T), total flavonoids (TF), and total phenolic acids (TPA) were lower in M. albanica (3.83%, 0.88%, 0.39%, and 2.91%, respectivelly), and significantly higher in M. dalmatica (TP: 6.12% ; T: 1.28% ; TF: 0.55% ; TPA: 5.80%). The obtained results show that the investigated Micromeria species have relatively high content of phenolic compounds, which suggests that they could have considerable antioxidant activity. The presented study contributes to the knowledge on the genus Micromeria in general, and particularly on species belonging to the section Pseudomelissa.

8 p. -- tablas, The first assessments, done by flow cytometry, of nuclear DNA amount for five genera and 30 species of angiosperms (three monocots, 27 eudicots) from the western Balkan Peninsula, including eight taxa with some degree of endemism to this area, are presented here. These data complement the substantial existing information on plant genome size in this region, now accounting for 670 species and subspecies studied for this character., The authors are grateful for the support received from Ministry of Education and Science of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (project 05-14-4565-1/12), Faculty of Forestry (University of Sarajevo), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS,France), the Agència per a la Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR, Catalan government, projects 2012BE100508 and 2009SGR439) and the Dirección General de Investigación (Spanish government, CGL2010-22234-C02/BOS, subprojects 01 and 02). This work has benefited from the facilities and expertise of the Imagif Cell Biology Unit of the Gif Campus (www.imagif.cnrs.fr) which is supported by the Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie (IBiSA), the FrenchNational Research Agency under Investments for the Future programs "France-BioImaging infrastructure" (ANR-10-INSB-04-01), "Saclay Plant Sciences" (ANR-10-LABX-0040-SPS), and the "Conseil "Conseil Général de l'Essonne

U radu je provedena morfometrijska analiza svojstava lista makedonskoga hrasta (Q. trojana) iz Bosne i Hercegovine i Crne Gore. Analizom je obuhvaćeno13 populacija s ukupno 130 jedinki. Cilj je bio kroz analizu varijabilnosti morfoloških svojstava lista iz populacija, koje pripadaju malim i izrazito fragmentiranim populacijama, utvrditi stupanj njihove diferenciranosti i odrediti svojstva koja najbolje ukazuju na međupopulacijske razlike. Na osnovi provedene analize glavnih komponenti (PCA) nije utvrđeno jasno i logično grupiranje s obzirom na geografski raspored istraživanih populacija. Morfološka svojstva koja su najviše povezana s razlikovanjem populacija pokazala su relativno niske i umjerene vrijednosti s PC osima, čije su maksimalne vrijednosti korelacije iznosile ≤ 0, 554. Klasterska analiza je istovjetna rezultatima PCA i upućuje na postojanje dvije skupine populacija koje nisu geografski logično raspoređene. Rezultati deskriptivne i univarijatne statističke analize ukazali su na izraženu varijabilnost morfoloških svojstava lista između populacija, te prisutnost značajnih razlika po pojedinačnim svojstvima. Dobivene su značajne razlike na međupopulacijskoj razini, s tim da su unutarpopulacijske (individualne) statistički značajnije nego međupopulacijske.

Background and Purpose: Silver fir (Abies albaMill.) is one of the most important forest tree species in theWestern Balkan area from both economic and ecological aspect. Its distribution has for years been the subject of scientific research, the reason being that silver fir from these areas displays very interesting morphological and genetic differentiation. Material and methods: The development of modern methods and the use of nad5-4 marker have solved the problem of contact zones of silver fir originating from the Apennine and Balkan glacial refugia in the Western Balkan area. The objective of this study was to determine the boundary of gene introgression of silver fir derived from the Apennine and Balkan glacial refugia in the western Balkan populations with the use of isoenzymes. Twenty-four selected populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia were investigated. Nine enzyme systems were studied, polymorphic gene loci were scored and so were their allelic types. The analysis of general genetic parameters did not allowfor any conclusion, and neither did the analysis of genetic distances. For this reason, the allele distribution was analyzed. Results and Conclusions: Statistical analysis showed the separation of the populations from Croatia which belong to the group west of the contact zone. In the populations along the contact zone and in those from the eastern part, the grouping did not show any regularity or any clinal variability. The main reason for this is attributed to high ecological diversity, fragmentation and the occurrence of genetic drift. It can be concluded that silver fir originating from the Balkan refugium was more widely distributed in the past, but is now constantly retreating in relation to that originating from the Apennines. Another hypothesis is that it may have reached southern Germany through a similar gene flow. The impact of the alleles originating from the Apennine refugium is also present in the eastern parts of Bosnia.

Molecular genetic identification was performed with selected isoenzyme markers in eight natural European beech (Fagus sylvatica L. s.l.) populations, in the wider area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Variability is analyzed by using 10 isoenzyme systems on 16 polymorphous loci, with 51 alleles. Average number of alleles per locus ranged between 2, 37 and 2, 75. Obtained results show the existence of great variability within the populations. Genetic multi-locus diversity ranged between 55, 26 and 185, 29, and gene pool diversity between 1, 26 and 1, 36. Medium size differentiation for all populations is quite low and is Dj = 0, 23. This size shows the proportion of the total diversity, which can be estimated to around 97 %. This is due to the genetic variability among individuals within the populations, as well as the variability and poor differentiation among the populations. In order to maintain natural genetic resources of beech in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it should be establish dense network of gene banks in situ and ex situ (seed zones, seed stands, clonal and seedling plantations), which are necessary for maintaining genetic diversity of the populations. On the basis of research each important ecological niche for European beech should have its gene bank, with appropriate collection of genotypes, in order to preserve ecological and physiological features of the populations.

In the analysis of genetic variability and differentiation of the pedunculate oak population (Quercus robur L.) we used 14 natural populations evenly spread across Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the total of 255 analyzed trees, using four highly polymorphous micro-satellite loci (micro-satellite markers: ssrQpZAG1/5, ssrQpZAG9, ssrQpZAG36, and ssrQpZAG108). This research provided the value of inter-population differentiation of FST = 0, 089 of the total genetic diversity, with large diversity within the populations with the value of FIS = 0, 225, i.e., large polymorphism. Based on the above stated, we can draw a conclusion that there are differences among examined populations of the pedunculate oak. Differences in genetic differentiation were maybe caused by different processes of the post-glacial migration—for example, maybe the ability of some gene types to adapt to certain habitats with specifi c selection processes, and probably also anthropogenic impacts over the past 2, 000 years. Since we did not obtain population groups on the basis of genetic similarities, even when climatic factors were included in the calculation, all populations are separate entities and we can have seeds and seedlings from the seed base at our disposal, but with the great risk of genetic contamination of local populations.

Background and Purpose: The objective of this research was to determine variability of some remaining populations and groups of trees of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) at the molecular-genetic level in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis was made by means of highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers, which were used in some earlier research involving pedunculate oak embryos. The obtained results will provide guidelines for proper management with and regeneration of pedunculate oak forests, and for their re-introduction. In particular, this research will contribute to further improvement and conservation of pedunculate oak using in situ and ex situ methods. Material and Methods: This study analyzes molecular genetic variability of 12 natural populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Molecular genetic variability was analyzed on the basis of DNA by means of the following four nuclear microsatellite markers: ssrQpZAG1/5, ssrQpZAG9, ssrQpZAG36 and ssrQpZAG108. The analysis included a total of 108 alleles. Results and Conclusion: Considerable differences were observed in the frequencies between populations. The same differences were confirmed with analysis of other parameters, such as the effective number of alleles, the fixation index and genetic differentiation. It should be pointed out that this research confirmed higher allele heterozygosis in the populations in relation to pedunculate oak populations inWestern Europe. This result suggests that the investigated populations have not lost much of their genetic potential for adaptation. This could be attributed to the vicinity of the studied populations to their glacial refugium. This is the reason for their higher resistance and sturdiness in comparison with the populations of western and central Europe. They posses more genetic variability despite the fact that they had for centuries suffered a strong anthropogenic influence, which brought them to their survival limit and the verge of extinction. The obtained results will allow us to preserve the genetic structure of this valuable species in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

U radu su prikazana istraživanja unutarpopulacijske i međupopulacijske varijabilnosti morfoloških svojstava lista hrasta lužnjaka na području zemalja zapadnog Balkana (Hrvatska, Bosna i Hercegovina, Srbija, Crna Gora). Analizirano je ukupno 65 populacija i 650 stabala, a morfometrijska analiza uključivala je ukupno 14 morfoloških svojstava. Za statističku obradu korištene su deskriptivna analiza, analiza varijance, diskriminacijska analiza i multipli testovi. Utvrđene su signifikantne razlike na međupopulacijskom, kao i na individualnom unutarpopulacijskom i bile su statistički značajnije od međupopulacijske varijabilnosti. Najveću varijabilnost imala su svojstva duljine peteljke lista, usječenost lista od središnje žile i usječenost baze plojke. Analiza varijance, diskriminacijska analiza i multipla testiranja za istraživana svojstva, a grupirana prema zemljama porijekla, ukazuju na postojanje statistički značajnih razlika između istraživanih populacija, tako da istraživani materijal iz svake zemlje čini zasebnu skupinu, te bi pri uporabi šumskog reprodukcijskog materijala trebalo isključivo koristiti autohtoni materijal. Kod istraživanog lisnog materijala nije registrirana dlakavost listova, što ukazuje da nije prisutna pojava hibridizacije sa hrastom meduncem (Quercus pubescens). Istraživanja mogu poslužiti kao polazna osnova za odabir sjemenskih sastojina, oplemenjivanje i očuvanje genetičke raznolikosti hrasta lužnjaka, kao i za razlikovanje pojedinih vrsta, hibridnih rojeva i nižih svojti hrasta lužnjaka.

Molecular genetic identifi cation was performed with recognized iso-enzyme markers in 12 natural spruce populations and one artifi cial (Picea abies Karst.) for the western Balkans, in the wider area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Variability was analyzed by using 13 iso-enzyme systems on 20 polymorphous loci, with 73 alleles. Average number of alleles per locus ranged between 1.80 and 2.60. Obtained results show the existence of great variability within the populations, and existence of clinal variability for gene locus GOT – C. Genetic multi-locus diversity ranged between 27.5 and 37.0, and gene pool diversity between 1.277 and 1.380. Medium size differentiation for all populations is quite low and is Dj = 1, 91. This size shows us the proportion of the total diversity, which can be estimated to around 98%. This is due to the genetic variability among individuals within the populations, as well as the variability and poor differentiation among the populations. On the basis of research, that would mean that each important ecological niche for spruce should have its gene bank, with an appropriate number of individual units, in order to preserve ecological and physiological features of the populations.

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is one of the most important forest tree species in the western Balkan area both economically and ecologically. Its distribution has been the subject of scientific research for many years because silver fir from these areas displays very interesting morphological and genetic differentiation. The objective of this research was to determine the boundary of gene introgression of silver fir deriving from the Apennine and Balkan glacial refugia in the western Balkan populations with the use of isoenzymes. Nine enzyme systems were studied in 24 populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, and polymorphic gene loci and their allelic types were scored. The analysis of general genetic parameters did not allow for any conclusion, and neither did the analysis of genetic distances. However, statistical analysis of allele distribution showed the populations from Croatia (Gerovo, Fužine, Skrad and Vrbovsko) to be distinctly different from those from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Populations along the contact zone (Grmeč, Oštrelj, Tičevo and Glamoč) and from the eastern part (from central and east Bosnia and Herzegovina) did not show any regular grouping or clinal variability. This is attributed to high ecological diversity, fragmentation and the occurrence of genetic drift. Alleles originating from the Apennine refugium are also present in trees in eastern Bosnia. The results suggest that silver fir originating from the Balkan refugium was more widely distributed in the past, but is now retreating relative to that originating from the Apennines.

Serpentine soils are characterized by extreme ecological conditions for plant development - they are barren of plant nutrients, contain high concentrations of heavy metals, they are shallow and do not hold water well, which results in dry and exposed habitats. The stresses induced in such conditions exert evolutionary pressure for selection of traits and mutations that allow certain plants to adapt to serpentine soils. Serpentine flora in general provides an opportunity to examine adaptive evolutionary mechanisms. Lilium bosniacum is an endemic species of Balkan Peninsula, which usually grows on limestone or dolomite substrates with deep soils rich in nutrients and at altitudinal optimum from 1200 m to 1300 m. We found a population of L. bosniacum growing on inclined slope of serpentine substrate at altitude of 970 m, at the environmental conditions that are not habitual for this species. This is the first serpentine population found in the distributional range of Bosnian lily. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses revealed variations in karyotype/genome features between serpentine and non-serpentine populations, as well as within serpentine population, in terms of changed chromosome morphology, different number and position of 18S-26S rDNA loci and CMA bands, different copy number and transcriptional activity of rRNA genes, presence/absence of B-chromosomes and different rDNA IGS length variants. Full sequence is given for IGS length variants. In addition, analysis of leaf anatomy revealed difference in number and size of stoma per leaf area between non-serpentine and serpentine populations. Changes of karyotype/genome and anatomic features found in serpentine population are discussed in respect to the extreme life conditions that are characteristic for serpentines.

Oskoruša (Sorbus domestica L.) je vrsta drveća iz porodice Rosaceae zastupljena u kserotermnim šumama, a u uzgoju je kao voćkarica. Rasprostranjena je u južnoj i srednjoj Europi, sjevernoj Africi, na Krimu i u Maloj Aziji. U većini europskih zemalja vrlo je rijetka i ugrožena vrsta koja zaslužuje zaštitu i čije je očuvanje prepoznato kao prioritet. Prikazani su rezultati istraživanja varijabilnosti oskoruše iz dijela areala u zapadnom i srednjem dijelu Balkanskog poluotoka, na osnovi morfometrijske analize lišća. Lišće je sakupljeno sa po 30 stabala iz tri geografska područja (populacije iz Slovenije, Bosne i Srbije), a analiza je rađena na osnovi osam obilježja. Za određivanje unutarpopulacijske i međupopulacijske varijabilnosti korištene su univarijatna (ANOVA) i multivarijatna (MANOVA) analiza varijance. Za utvrđivanje sličnosti, odnosno različitosti 90 analiziranih stabala, na osnovi morfoloških obilježja lišća, korištena je cluster analiza. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je unutarpopulacijska varijabilnost veća je nego međupopulacijska. S obzirom na grupiranje pojedinih stabala, može se zaključiti da nema jasne geografske diferencijacije. Pretpostavljamo da je osnovni čimbenik slabe diferencijacije antropogeni utjecaj kroz povijest, jer je oskoruša u ovome dijelu areala korištena, uzgajana i prenošena za ljudske potrebe. Dobiveni rezultati mogu poslužiti za buduću selekciju i uzgajanje, na individualnoj i populacijskoj razini.

Munika (Pinus heldreichii Christ.) je tercijarni relikt i endemična vrsta europske flore. Zemljopisno udaljene, neujednačeno raspoređene prirodne populacije munike u zemljama Balkanskog i Apeninskog poluotoka predstavljaju genetičke specifikume u polaganom nestajanju. Cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti varijabilnost nekih morfoloških značajki češera i sjemena u pet prirodnih populacija munike s Balkanskog poluotoka. Rezultati su pokazali malu međupopulacijsku varijabilnost istraživanih značajki. S obzirom na istraživane značajke populacije se razdvajaju prema geografskom principu. Dobiveni se rezultati slažu s rezultatima ranijih kariotipskih istraživanja provedenih u istim populacijama.

In the present study we report new flow cytometric dana on genome size in fifty species (frequently with many populations of each) from Balkan flora. The following genera were represented: Acer L., Centaurea L., Iris L., Juniperus L., Leontodon L., Lilium L., Pinus L., Reichardia Roth, Rhamnus L. Although this flora, and especially that from Central Dinaric Alps, is very rich in endemic species, unfortunately it has never been studied with respect to 2C DNA values. This parameter gives an early indicator of polyploid series, of instabilities linked to aneuploidy, hybridisation and finally speciation in a complex of related species. These cytometric analyses also included an estimation of base composition for many species, using Godelle's simple fluorometric method. This work is part of a larger project on study of biodiversity and protection of plant genetic resources of the Balkan region.