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Aim: There are no data on type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence and prevalence in Burkina Faso. We aimed to determine these in persons aged <25 years (y) since the implementation of Life for a Child (LFAC) program in 2013., Patients and Methods: Data were collected from the prospective program register. Diagnosis of T1D was clinical, based on presentation, abrupt onset of symptomatic hyperglycemia, need for insulin replacement therapy from diagnosis, and no suggestion of other diabetes types., Results: We diagnosed 312 cases of T1D <25y in 2013-2022. Male-to-female ratio was 1:1. T1D incidence <25y per 100,000 population/year increased from 0.08 (CI 95% 0.07-0.60) in 2013 to 0.34 (CI 95% 0.26-0.45) in 2022 (p=0.002). Incidence <15y/y rose from 0.04 (CI 95% 0.01-0.10) to 0.27 (CI 95% 0.18-0.38) per 100,000/year in 2013 and 2022, respectively (p < 0.002). Prevalence per 100,000 population <25y was 0.27 (CI 95% 0.19-0.37) in 2013 and rose to 1.76 (CI 95% 1.546-1.99) in 2022 (p<0.0001). Mortality rate was 20 (CI 95% 13-29.6) per 1,000-person y., Conclusions: There is a low but sharply rising T1D incidence and prevalence rates in children and youth in Burkina Faso since LFAC program implementation. It is very likely this is partly due to improved case detection. Mortality remains substantial., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Few studies addressed the efficacy of human insulin regimens (mostly premix insulin) used in many low-and-middle income countries on glycemic control of children and adolescents with diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the premix insulin on the glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) in comparison to the regular with NPH insulin scheme., Methods: A retrospective study was carried out from January 2020 to September 2022 on patients with type 1 diabetes aged below 18 years followed in Burkina Life For A Child program. They were categorized into three groups, on regular with NPH insulin (Group A), on premix insulin (Group B) and on regular with premix insulin (Group C). Outcome was analyzed based on HbA 1c level., Results: Sixty-eight patients with a mean age of 15.38 ± 2.26 years and the sex ratio (M/W) 0.94 were studied. There were 14 in Group A, 20 in Group B, and 34 patients in Group C. The mean HbA 1c value in the corresponding insulin regimen was 12.8 ± 1.39%, 9.87 ± 2.18%, and 10.66 ± 2.1%, respectively. Glycemic control was better in Groups B and C than Group A (p<0.05) but there was no difference between groups B and C., Conclusions: Our results indicate that the use of premix insulin gives a better glycemic control than NPH insulin. However, further prospective study of these insulin regimens with a strengthening education strategy and glycemic control by continuous glucose monitoring and HbA 1c is required to corroborate these preliminary findings., (© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the factors associated with the occurrence of diseases and beriberi among prisoners incarcerated in the two largest Remand and Correctional Facilities (RCF)., Design/methodology/approach: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study carried out from April 20 to May 19, 2017, in the RCFs of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. All prisoners who consulted and those referred to the health center by the health-care team were included in the study. Complaints and diagnosed diseases information were collected using the second version of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2). The authors used a logistic regression model to perform univariate and multivariate analyses., Findings: Of the 1,004 prisoners from the two RCFs included in the study (32.6%), 966 (96%) were male. The median age was 31.6 years. The distribution of diseases diagnosed using the ICPC-2 showed a predominance of gastrointestinal tract, skin and respiratory tract diseases among 206 (19.3%), 188 (17.6%) and 184 (17.2%) prisoners, respectively. A total of 302 prisoners (30.1%) had clinical beriberi, and 80 prisoners (8%) were underweight. Being incarcerated for more than nine months was independently associated with a high risk of digestive and respiratory diseases as well as beriberi., Research Limitations/implications: This study highlighted higher frequencies of digestive, skin and respiratory complaints and diseases in the two largest detention centers in Burkina Faso. These diseases are variously related to age, penal status and length of incarceration. In addition, underweight and thiamin vitamin deficiency responsible for beriberi are more frequent in adult prisoners, those not attending school, convicted prisoners and those with a length of stay in detention of more than nine months. These concrete results should help define a strategy and priority actions needed to reduce morbidity in prisons., Practical Implications: The actions should include the intervention of specialists in the field of common diseases in prisons, the improvement of individual hygiene conditions and environment, the improvement of the quality and quantity of the food ration, a strategy to reduce prison overcrowding. Other actions must be planned to allow specific groups such as women and minors to have access to health care that is adapted to them. Beyond the central concern of promoting the rights of prisoners and humanizing prisons, actions to improve the health of prisoners are part of an overall public health approach with its socio-economic and environmental implications., Social Implications: There is a need for a strong commitment from the State to develop a prison health policy that prioritizes the prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases that are particularly prevalent in this context, without forgetting mental health and nutrition. This requires a collaboration of stakeholders based on better intersectorial communication, the implementation of a monitoring and evaluation system for the health of prisoners, an enhancement of the status of health-care providers working in prisons and an increase in the funding allocated to the health of prisoners with the mobilization of the necessary funds., Originality/value: This study uses a primary health care classification to assess the health of inmates in a prison in Africa. It contributes to the weak evidence around prison health surveillance and health profiling of prisoners in Africa., (© Emerald Publishing Limited.)

Introduction: HIV2 is endemic in West Africa. In Burkina Faso, its prevalence was estimated at 2%. The aim of this work was to evaluate the follow-up of patients and also to contribute to the availability of data. Methods: We involved 18 years or older. Infection was screened according to the national algorithm. A cross- sectional study from first June 2017 to 31 December 2017 was performed. For each patient, sociodemographic, clinical, biological, therapeutic and evolution data were collected and analyzed. Results: The proportion of patients infected with HIV2 (n  =  48; 1.7%) and HIV2  +  1 (n  =  67; 2.4%) was 4.3%. The sex rat mean age was 50.3  ±  8.5 years. The combination of 2INTI  +  LPV/r was the most prescribed (n  =  73; 63.5%). The average gain of LTCD4 has evolved from + 236 cells/mm 3 in 2011 to + 364 cells/mm 3 in 2015. The retention rate at grade 5 was about 70%. Conclusion: The immunological and clinic response of the patients was satisfactory. More than half of the patients remained in the continuum of care after five years of follow-up.

Background: To study the features of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its associated factors during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), in Ouagadougou., Methods: It was a cross-sectional study from March to November 2011 in Yalgado Ouédraogo hospital. A nonprobability sample of adults receiving antiretroviral drugs for at least 6 months was studied. Pregnancy, ascites, or abdominal mass were noninclusion criteria. Metabolic syndrome met the criteria of International Diabetes Federation 2005., Results: The authors studied 300 patients. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 54 (18%) patients: mean age 44.8 ± 7.4 years, sex ratio 0.17, and mean duration of HAART 71 ± 30.9 months. The current anomaly of MS was low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in 37 patients (68.5%), and the common profile of MS was high waist circumference + low HDL-cholesterol + abnormal blood pressure (29.6%). Associated factors were protease inhibitor regimens (P = .000), female gender (P = .004), age > 42 years (P = .001), and lipodystrophy (P = .01)., Conclusion: Cardiovascular risks should be regarded during the care of HIV-infected patients., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

Background: In sub-Saharan countries, HIV testing and treatment facilities are available, especially at subsidized rates for the past few years., Methods: A prospective and descriptive review was conducted at Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital Internal Medicine department in Ouagadougou, using personal case report forms, between June 2009 and August 2010 in all newly diagnosed adults with positive HIV antibody., Results: The study participants consisted of 191 patients at a median age of 37 years (range, 18-65 years) and sex ratio (men/women): 0.66. In all, 110 (57.6%) patients were symptomatic. Fourteen patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 177 patients, 144 had CD4 count <350 cells/mm(3) and all have been treated. At the ninth month, weight gain and immune restoration were significant (P < .01); only 79 of the 144 patients had viral load measurement, and 76 of the 79 were undetectable. Mortality rate of treated patients was 6.25%., Conclusion: Laboratory tests and highly active antiretroviral therapy make the management of patients easier, but a majority of them still presented late and were still lost to follow-up. Nevertheless, we have excellent treatment success., (© The Author(s) 2013.)

Introduction: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa. In PLHIV, Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis (SNPTB) and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) are predominant. Presumptive anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) treatment is often delayed leading to a high mortality rate., Objectives: To investigate the clinical outcomes of presumptive anti-TB treatment in HIV patients suspected of having TB and to determine the factors associated with patients' death., Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2008 in the Department of Internal Medicine of the Hospital Yalgado Ouédraogo on patients infected with HIV who received a presumptive anti-TB treatment. Defining patients with SNPTB or EPTB was based on the 2007 WHO's diagnostic algorithm of SNPTB and EPTB., Results: One hundred and sixteen patients of the 383 (30.2%) HIV patients hospitalized in this period were suspected of having TB. The average CD4 count was 86.1 cells/µl (SD = 42.3). A SNPTB was diagnosed in 67 patients (57.8%) and a EPTB in 49 patients (42.2%). The median length of hospitalization duration was 23.5 days. The average time of initiation of anti-TB treatment after admission was 22 days (SD = 9.2 days). Evolution during the hospital stay was favorable for 65 patients (56.0%), unfavorable for 48 patients (41.4% or 12.5% of all hospitalized patients), and 3 patients (2.6%) were treatment defaulters. In a multivariate analysis, hospitalization duration longer than 15 days and a delay of anti-TB treatment initiation of more than 30 days are independent factors associated with patients' deaths., Conclusion: An urgent access to TB-diagnostic tools and a revision of the International algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of SNPTB and EPTB in the context of HIV could help to reduce the delay of anti-TB treatment initiation and the mortality rate of PLHIV in sub-Saharan Africa.

Introduction: The scale-up of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a significant improvement in survival of the HIV-positive patient but its effects on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are less known and context-dependent. Our aim was to assess the temporal changes and factors associated with HRQOL among HIV-positive adults initiating HAART in Burkina Faso., Methods: HIV-positive people initiating HAART were prospectively included and followed over a one-year period in three HIV clinics of Ouagadougou. HRQOL was assessed at baseline and at each follow-up visit using physical (PHS) and mental (MHS) summary scores derived from the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item short-form health survey (MOS SF-36) questionnaire. Toxicity related to HAART modification and self-reported symptoms were recorded during follow-up visits. Determinants associated with baseline and changes in both scores over a one-year period were assessed using a mixed linear model., Results: A total of 344 patients were included. Their median age at baseline was 37 years [interquartile range (IQR) 30-44] and their median CD4 count was 181 cells/mm(3) (IQR 97-269). The mean [standard deviation (SD)] PHS score increased from 45.4 (11.1) at baseline to 60.0 (3.1) at 12 months (p <10(-4)) and the mean (SD) MHS score from 42.2 (8.7) to 43.9 (3.4) (p<10(-2)). After one year of treatment, patients that experienced on average two symptoms during follow-up presented with significantly lower PHS (63.9) and MHS (43.8) scores compared to patients that presented no symptoms with PHS and MHS of 68.2 (p<10(-4)) and 45.3 (p<10(-3)), respectively., Discussion: The use of HAART was associated with a significant increase in both physical and mental aspects of the HRQOL over a 12-month period in this urban African population. Perceived symptoms experienced during follow-up visits were associated with a significant impairment in HRQOL. The appropriate and timely management of reported symptoms during the follow-up of HAART-treated patients is a key component to restore HRQOL.

Background: HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis, management and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-2 or HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infections. Because of these issues, we designed a West African collaborative cohort for HIV-2 infection within the framework of the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA)., Methods: We collected data on all HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually seropositive patients (both ARV-naive and starting ART) and followed-up in clinical centres in the IeDEA-WA network including a total of 13 clinics in five countries: Benin, Burkina-Faso Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal, in the West Africa region., Results: Data was merged for 1,754 patients (56% female), including 1,021 HIV-2 infected patients (551 on ART) and 733 dually seropositive for both HIV-1 and HIV 2 (463 on ART). At ART initiation, the median age of HIV-2 patients was 45.3 years, IQR: (38.3-51.7) and 42.4 years, IQR (37.0-47.3) for dually seropositive patients (p = 0.048). Overall, 16.7% of HIV-2 patients on ART had an advanced clinical stage (WHO IV or CDC-C). The median CD4 count at the ART initiation is 166 cells/mm(3), IQR (83-247) among HIV-2 infected patients and 146 cells/mm(3), IQR (55-249) among dually seropositive patients. Overall, in ART-treated patients, the CD4 count increased 126 cells/mm(3) after 24 months on ART for HIV-2 patients and 169 cells/mm(3) for dually seropositive patients. Of 551 HIV-2 patients on ART, 5.8% died and 10.2% were lost to follow-up during the median time on ART of 2.4 years, IQR (0.7-4.3)., Conclusions: This large multi-country study of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection in West Africa suggests that routine clinical care is less than optimal and that management and treatment of HIV-2 could be further informed by ongoing studies and randomized clinical trials in this population.

This purpose of this study was to determine prevalences and risk factors associated with infection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B Virus, syphilis and bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis in prisons in Burkina Faso. From February 20 to March 20, 2009, 300 prisoners over 18 years of age held in Ouagadougou were selected to take part in this descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic data, confinement information (number, motive and prison time), medical history, substance addiction (alcohol, tobacco, drug), and the other risk behaviors (sexual relations, type of partners, sharing of toiletries or razor) were compiled for each prisoner. Serological tests were performed to detect anti-HIV antibodies, Hbs antigen, and anti-treponema antibody. In prisoners presenting signs of tuberculosis, BAAR detection was performed by direct examination of sputum. Men represented 95% of the study population. Median age was of 30.1 +/- 8.9 years (range, 18 and 63). The prevalences of HIV infection, Hbs antigen and positive syphilitic serology were 5%, 27.3% and 5.7% respectively. Four prisoners (1.3%) had bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis. Two prisoners reported homosexual intercourse and 44 reported drug abuse. Sharing of toiletries and razor blades was reported by 18.7% and 20% of the prisoners respectively. Immediate measures are needed reduce the spread of these infections in prisons in Africa.

Objective: The purpose of this report is to describe epidemiological aspects of rheumatic disorders observed in HIV-infected patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Patients and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1 to June 30, 2008 in the HIV unit of an internal medicine department in Burkina Faso. All patients who had been undergoing HAART for at least one year were included. Interviewing and thorough physical examination were performed in all cases. Radiography of the pelvis and hip was performed in some patients. Bone densitometry was never performed., Results: A total of 366 patients including 265 women and 101 men (sex ratio of 0.38) were included. Mean patient age was 39.61 +/- 8.54 years. Three hundred and thirty-five patients (91.53%) were positive for HIV1, 17 (4.64%) for HIV2 and 14 (3.83%) for both HIV1 and HIV2. Mean duration of infection was 3.58 +/- 1.88 years. Mean CD4 cell count was 394.20 cell/microL. A recent HIV viral load determination was available for 285 patients including 262 who had no detectable virus. Mean duration of HAART was 35.80 +/- 15.17 months. Only 61 patients (16.66%) were treated with protease inhibitor (PI). The prevalence of rheumatic disorders was 5.73% (21 cases). A variety of disorders were observed, i.e., lower back pain in 8 patients (38.1%), arthralgia in 4 patients including 2 treated with PI, osteoarthritis of the knee in 2 patients, Pott disease in 2 patients, De Quervain disease in 2 patients including one treated with PI, tendinitis of the shoulder in one patient treated with PI, gout in one patient treated with PI and unclassifiable inflammatory rheumatism in one patient. No case of symptomatic osteonecrosis or osteoporosis was observed., Conclusion: Rheumatic disorders are uncommon in the HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART in Burkina Faso. The most likely explanation is that PI is not widely used.