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It is known that N.I. Pirogov sharply criticized nepotism in his diary in the history of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy in the middle of the 19th century, designating this phenomenon with the term nepotism. The great surgeon and patriots position caused goes against other examples when family relations became a springboard into our academys future. It is a rare coincidence when the same family celebrates the major father and son anniversaries. The family of Professors Bisenkov marked two anniversaries in 2021. The dates coincidence became the reason for the analysis of the relations that developed at different stages of a complex life associated with wars, surgery, and teaching. Most of the articles authors witnessed the exchange of life and surgical experience of the Professors Bisenkovs, and were participants in the acute discussions and course of scientific research in the thoracic surgery field. Nikolai Platonovich Bisenkov lived by the plans, creative successes, and failures of his son and compared his front-line experience as a medical battalion surgeon with new surgery possibilities. His insight and critical assessment of the changes that he learned about through daily information from his son were surprising, about the current clinical work of the department. Many new research technologies were initiated at the Department of Operative Surgery, which was headed by Bisenkov Sr., thanks to close contact through his son in the clinic for the highest level and fame known to surgeons of all the Soviet Unions republics. Personal views, creative, and scientific continuation of Nikolai Platonovich was found to be in continuation in his son. Leonid Nikolaevich defined the main paradigms of his work as the introduction into the clinical practice of the department of video thoracoscopic interventions for breast injuries, original a minimally invasive treatment method of purulent-septic diseases, the development of the most complex surgical interventions extended and combined resections for paracancrotic changes in patients with lung cancer, as well as simultaneous operations for polyneoplasia, high-quality training of young surgeons. Nikolai Platonovich and Leonid Nikolaevich Bisenkov had warm relations as father and son, as two comrades, as two surgeons with combat experience, and as two brilliant scientists.

March 14, 2022, retired Major General of Medical Service O.L. Evlanov turned 70 years old. After graduating from the IV Faculty of the Military Medical Academy in 1975, he served as a chief of medical service on a submarine of the double time Red Banner Baltic Fleet. Since 1979, when he became an adjunct in the Organization and Tactics Department of Medical Service of the fleet, Oleg Lvovich has connected all his further life with the Military Medical Academy. After finishing his postgraduate studies and defending his dissertation (1983), he became a teacher, and 10 years later, in 1993, he became the Head of the Department. Thereafter, he successively held the positions of the Head of Educational Department (1999), Deputy Head of the Academy for Academic Work (2002) and Deputy Head of the Academy for Academic and Scientific Work (2010). Since 2013, he worked in the Academic Department, and since 2021 in the Educational and methodological Department. Under his leadership introduction of educational standards, the first accreditation activities, establishment of certification system for medical and pharmaceutical specialists, creation of supplementary education system were carried out for the first time. On the initiative of O.L. Evlanov the Pedagogy Department was created in the Academy, where the training of adjuncts, novice teachers and advanced training of experienced lecturers are carried out. O.L. Evlanov successfully established the engagement between the departments and all the Academy subdivisions involved in the provision of educational activities such as clinics, faculties, training department, medical school and library. He built constructive relations with the heads of medical institutions of St. Petersburg, which allows carrying out the practical part of education at more than 150 city educational bases in a qualitative way. For his service to the homeland O.L. Evlanov achieved the Order For Military Merit and the Order of Honor, received the honorary title Honored Worker of Higher Education of Russian Federation, he received a commendation from the President of Russia, and in 2018 the Academic Council of the Academy elected him as an Honorary Doctor (1 figure).

Novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious test for the worlds population across the board from individual to population. Introduced restrictive measures of self-isolation, observation, and quarantine, mostly known before the pandemic only to medical specialists, have become a forced lifestyle for most of the people across the globe, their specific adaptation to the new, unusual conditions of the existence and communication. Healthcare has faced off with an unknown infection, while traditional methods of the treatment showed their ineffectiveness at the initial stage. The results of the Research Institute of Problems of New Coronavirus Infection of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov from April 2020 to present are listed. Work basis is formed by the scientific and clinical results of the Academys work during the COVID-19 pandemic. The experience of organizing sanitary, antiepidemic and preventive measures at the permanent disposition and in the field in the regions of Russia and abroad is presented. Developed, improved, and put into the practice methods of diagnosis and treatment of the patients, including the electron microscopic diagnostics of long-term carrier, ultrasound examination of the lungs, glucocorticosteroid therapy, heliumoxygen therapy, risk prediction algorithms and computer-aided evaluation of the degree of lung tissue damage, evaluation of the drug effectiveness are listed. In a separate section study related to the Russian vaccine Gam-COVID-Vac, the assessment of immunity after the disease, complex disorders, and in postvaccination cases, the use of the immune pathogen-reduced plasma, the mutual influence of various vaccines are presented. Methods of rehabilitation of convalescents, dispensary-dynamic observation, and military medical examination are studied and developed.

Reconstruction of the historical and scientific-practical heritage of the military-medical and scientific potential of the country during the Great Patriotic War is of enduring relevance. Already by 1940, more than 250 specialized scientific institutions were created in relation to theoretical, preventive and clinical medicine in which more than 21,000 scientific workers worked (of them 2394 doctors and 5025 candidates of sciences). During the war, the scientific potential of military medicine continued to be strengthened (4 academicians, 22 honored scientists, 275 professors, 556 associate professors, 306 doctors and 1199 candidates of sciences). The Military Medical Academy played an important role in solving scientific problems. Active scientific work continued not only in the departments and laboratories of the Academy, but also at the fronts. Scientists of the academy prepared many instructions and instructions on various issues of military medicine, which contributed to the improvement of the system of medical support for troops on the basis of military field medical doctrine. For the first time, methods have been developed for planning medical support for combat and issues of organizing medical support for army and front-line operations. The practical significance of the principles of the military field doctrine developed during the Great Patriotic War was repeatedly confirmed by the experience of medical support of Soviet troops during the war in Afghanistan, as well as in the provision of medical assistance during counter-terrorist operations in the North Caucasus (9 figs, bibliography: 5 refs).

One of the oldest medical universities in Russia, an object of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy over the course of its centuries-old history has repeatedly changed the date of its foundation, and even more often it has been disputed. For the first almost a hundred years after the acquisition of the status of academy the first meeting of the conference in 1800 was considered as the starting point of its foundation. Then, a repeated decree from 1798 on the construction of one of the academic buildings was taken as a starting point, although the commemorative plaque and documents indicate the time of construction in 17961808. Already in the 1730s. two imperial decrees were issued, which regulated the staff from the standpoint of education and stated the rules relating to training personnel. 12 years before its official foundation, the academy had already acquired the right to award the doctor`s degree of medicine. In 1937, the commission under the leadership of Professor V.N. Shevkunenko decided to consider the foundation date of the academy as 1786. In 1939, the academy celebrated its 140th anniversary, taking as a basis the approved report of Baron A.I. Vasiliev, where the word academy was first heard. Researchers of the XX beginning of the XXI century stop at the dates of 1733 or 1735. In our article, we tried to draw the readers attention to inconsistencies in approaches and facts in order to re-initiate a discussion about the currently accepted date of the foundation of the Military Medical Academy. We believe that it is the formation of the personnel training system that should be the fundamental factor in determining the beginning of the academy (3 figs, bibliography: 12 refs).

Treatment and prevention of complications of portal hypertension today is a complex and unsolved problem of hepatosurgery. Mortality from esophageal-gastric bleeding (ESH) of portal genesis ranges from 22 to 100%. The aim of the study is to improve the results of the treatment and prevention of digestive haemorrhage in portal hypertension by optimize using of miniinvasive interventions. A retrospective analysis of the treatment results of 128 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, in which the predominant complication of portal hypertension resulted in bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus and the stomach, and a high risk of its occurrence or recidivism have been carried out. Gastric laparoscopic devascularization with endoscopic ligation reduces the lethality from esophageal-gastric bleeding, compared to only ligation, for six months after the operation by 21.8% (÷ 2 = 2.61; p = 0.106), 25.5% within a year (÷ 2 = 2.75; p = 0.091), for two years after the 25.4% operation (÷ 2 = 1.47; p = 0.225), for three years 25.5% (÷ 2 = 0.43; p = 0.051). There is a statistically reliable lack of differences in the groups of patients after the traditional and endovideoxyric operations of the portocal bypass in terms of the reduction of the degree of VDEV (84.3 and 86.7%), which indicates the equivalent effect of the performed operations. A comparative study of selective portocaval anastomoses and TIPS found no reliable difference in the frequency of recurrent bleeding. Post-shunt encephalopathy, thrombosis, and stenosis of the shunt were more common in the transjugular intrahepatic portosistame shunt (p < 0.001), and survival in the group of surgical anastomosis was superior to that of TIPS. The above data indicate that the use of endoscopic, endovascular, endovision and endovision surgery, extracorporeal miniinvasive techniques is an integral part of the complex surgical treatment of patients with portal hypertension. Miniinvasive surgical treatments are required depending on the current clinical situation and the degree of liver-cell failure. Flexible and selective tactics make it possible to improve the results of treatment of patients with cirrhosis of the liver, complicated by portal hypertension (6 figs, bibliography: 14 refs).

In this article a case report of an effective combined treatment of a patient with locally advanced cholangiocellular cancer who underwent neoadjuvant regional chemotherapy, extended surgery, adjuvant regional chemotherapy, as well as a set of minimally invasive endoscopic and percutaneous endobiliary techniques, which allowed the progression of the disease, including to increase the patients survival rate is presented. (5 figs, bibliography: 5 refs).

The article is dedicated to the 220th anniversary of the founding of the General Surgery Department of the S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. During the time the department was headed by famous representatives of surgery of those times. The representatives of the General Surgery Department made a significant contribution to the development of surgery in our country, subsequently being the heads of surgical departments and medical institutions. Historically, the academic disciplines taught at the department were the primary link in the education program in surgery at the academy. Most of the heads of the department had the experience of participating in military campaigns, which is necessary for education at a military university. Traditionally, the department scientific research were devoted to the study of the wound process, wound infection, combat injuries, oncology, vascular and abdominal surgery. At present, there is currently a continuity in the formation of educational and methodological materials for various categories of students, scientific developments on topical problems of surgery have been going on (4 figs, bibliography: 4 refs).

Aim. To evaluate the efficiency of laparoscopic devascularization of the esophagus and stomach with endoscopic ligation of varicose esophageal veins in the prevention of esophageal-gastric bleeding among patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Methods. The results of treatment of 73 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and high risk of bleeding were analyzed. To prevent recurrent bleeding from esophageal and gastric veins, all patients underwent endoscopic ligation at the first step of treatment. In case of inefficiency of ligation and recurrence of varicose veins of esophagus, laparoscopic devascularization of esophagus and stomach was performed. The efficiency of laparoscopic devascularization with intraoperative endoscopic ligation of varicose esophageal veins and ligation as an independent method of treatment for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was estimated by comparison of the frequency of recurrence of esophageal and gastric bleeding and recurrence of esophageal varices according to upper endoscopy in comparison groups. Results. In 6 months, 1 and 2 years after laparoscopic devascularization of the esophagus and stomach in combination with endoscopic ligation, the risk of bleeding is less compared to endoscopic ligation as an isolated treatment method (p=0.05; p=0.052; p=0.06). Laparoscopic devascularization with ligation reduces the risk of recurrence of esophageal varices during the first year after surgery by 20% (χ2=2.61; p=0.106), in 2 years by 23% (χ2=1.75; p=0.091) compared to endoscopic ligation only. Conclusion. Patients with liver cirrhosis with decompensated hepatic failure satisfactorily postpone endovideosurgical interventions; laparoscopic gastric devascularization with the intersection of the main inflows to the esophageal varicose veins is an effective method to prevent esophageal-gastric hemorrhage among patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis after ineffective endoscopic ligation.

Aim. The present study was designed to determine whether medically induced hyper- and hypothyroidism effect on incidence of colon tumors induced by methylnitrosourea (MNU) burden in rats. Methods. Female rats (n = 88) were randomly divided into four groups: I (euthyroid-control), II (hyperthyroid caused by liothyronine), III (hyperthyroid caused by L-thyroxine) and IV (hypothyroid caused by propylthiouracil (PTU), also 11 rats were intact control. Colon carcinogenesis was induced with a four intrarectal instillation of MNU (4 mg in 0.5 ml saline solution) one time per week. Liothyronine (100 ± 10 µg per 100 g of animal weight 1 time per day), L-thyroxin (100 ± 10 µg per 100 g of animal weight 1 time per day) and propylthiouracil (PTU, 2,0 ± 0,15 mg per 100 g of animal weight 1 time per day) were administered intragastrically through an atraumatic probe daily, starting from the day of the last intrarectal instillation of MNU. Rats were sacrificed at 216 days after experiment beginning, and the total colon were excised, fixed for histology and analyzed. Results. Drug inhibition of thyroid hormone function by PTU resulted in a decrease in the incidence of MNU-induced colon tumors and amounted to 27.3%. The incidence of colon tumors in the hyperthyroid group caused by L-thyroxine was 70.0% (F-test – 0.012, χ2 – 7.67; p < 0.05 compared with the hypothyroid group).

The Russian consensus on exo - and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency after surgical treatment was prepared on the initiative of the Russian "Pancreatic Club" on the Delphi method. His goal was to clarify and consolidate the opinions of specialists on the most relevant issues of diagnosis and treatment of exo - and endocrine insufficiency after surgical interventions on the pancreas. An interdisciplinary approach is provided by the participation of leading gastroenterologists and surgeons.

Ivan Stepanovich Kolesnikov (1901-1985) - Soviet surgeon, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Major General of the Medical Service, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1964); Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). Laureate of the Lenin Prize and the USSR State Prize. November 4, 1968 at the Department of Hospital Surgery Professor IS Kolesnikov, together with Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Colonel-General of Medical Service A. A. Vishnevsky performed the first in our country heart transplantation (1 figs, bibliography: 15 refs).

Our study examined the effect of induced hypo- and hyperthyroidism on ovarian cancer (OC). The intraperitonealxenograft model of OCperformed the standard technique. Using propylthiouracil(2,0 mg per 100 g of animal weight once a day) and L-thyroxine(200 µg per 100 g of animal weight once a day)we found that altered thyroid status significantly influenced the ovary tumor xenograftsdevelopment. The median survival life expectancy was 9,6 and 17,6 daysin the euthyroidcontrol group and the hypothyroidgroup, respectively (p?= 0.02). Induced hypothyroidismleads to thelifetime increase of rats with intraperitonealxenograftof OC by 83.3%. It was shown that hyporthyroidism was associated with the aggressiveness decrease of OC. Ourevidence confirms previous clinical and epidemiologicaldata.Thyroid status can be anindepending prognostic factor for patients with OC, as well as induced hypotyroidism opens new opportunities for the palliative treatment of OC.