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In the present study, 10 allotriploid (3nALT) and 10 allopentaploid (5nALP) six-month-old hybrid fish and two 3nALT and four 5nALP 40-month-old hybrid fish, which resulted by crossing female Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and male American paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792), were investigated. It was revealed that six-month-old 3nALT and 5nALP hybrids initially had "undifferentiated" gonads, while in the 40-month-old hybrids, only testes were observed in one case of 3nALT and one case of 5nALP hybrids. The testis of 3nALT hybrids was partially developed with spermatogonia, while the testis of one 5nALP hybrid was in the second developmental stage with low spermatogonia density. We could not determine gonad differentiation in any of the cases when the hybrid individuals had the W sex chromosome. We concluded that the gonad differentiation of these interfamilial hybrids follows a similar pattern to interspecific hybrids of different ploidy parent species of the family Acipenseridae , which is consistent with the classical Haldane's rule. However, it cannot be excluded that the testis of this/these hybrid(s) may produce fertile sperm after sexual maturity, depending on additional genetic, hormonal and environmental factors, and further research is required for its evaluation.

Sterlet Acipenser ruthenus is the smallest in size, early maturing, yet third in production scale among the sturgeon species and as such presents a good model to study reproductive biology. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of preseason artificial reproduction and reduction of hormonal dosage on the egg quality in pond-reared sterlet. Therefore, a series of three trials were conducted in the period 2021 and 2022 (21 and 22) that evaluated three dosages of mammalian gonadotropin releasing hormone analog des-Gly 10 -(d-Ala 6 )-GnRH (40, 20, and 10 µg/kg) in both preseason (January) and seasonal (April) spawning batches (PRE and SEA). The greatest embryo survival was achieved in SEA-21-10 (84.8 ± 5.8 %) and the lowest in PRE-21-40 (31.0 ± 40.7 %). Overall results indicated that a dosage of 10 µg/kg leads to the highest embryo survival. Considering the season, latency time was significantly longer in preseason reproduction being on average about 6 h prolonged (35.1 ± 2.8 h vs. 41.4 ± 2.9 h) and it directly affected the embryo survival (linear correlation r = - 0.769, P = 0.003). Likewise, preseason reproduction yields more variable egg quality, due to impaired performance of later ovulating fish most likely due to lower oocyte maturation competence. The present study found expected latency time at 14 °C to be 37-41 h in the preseason and 31-41 h in season, while the recommended dosage is 10 µg/kg des-Gly 10 -(d-Ala 6 )-GnRH. Future studies should develop in vitro tools to evaluate the oocyte maturational competence to improve the egg quality in the preseason., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest None., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We studied the effect of different magnitudes (7000 PSI (48.26 MPa), 8000 PSI (55.16 MPa), and 9000 PSI (62.05 MPa)) of hydrostatic pressure on the ploidy of pikeperch larvae. Pressure shock was applied 5 min after the fertilization of eggs at a water temperature of 14.8 ± 1 °C. A 7000 PSI pressure shock was applied for 10 or 20 min, while 8000 and 9000 PSI treatments lasted for 10 min. Each treatment with its respective control was completed in triplicate, where different females' eggs served as a replicate. In the treatment groups exposed to 7000 PSI for 10 min, only diploid and triploid larvae were identified, while 2n/3n mosaic individuals were found after a 20-min exposure to a 7000 PSI pressure shock. The application of 8000 or 9000 PSI pressure shocks resulted in only triploid and mosaic individuals. Among larvae from eggs treated with 8000 PSI, three mosaic individuals with 2n/3n karyotype were identified (4.0 ± 6.9%), while a single (2.0 ± 3.5%) 1n/3n mosaic individual was found in the 9000 PSI-treated group. To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates the induction of a haplo-triploid karyotype by hydrostatic pressure shock in teleost fish. The dominance of triploid individuals with a reasonable survival rate (36.8 ± 26.1%) after 8000 PSI shock supports the suitability of the hydrostatic pressure treatment of freshly fertilized eggs for triploid induction in pikeperch.

Introduction: Different types of childhood trauma have been repeatedly shown to contribute to psychotic symptoms. Gender differences in schizophrenia are well known. Some studies argue that trauma history means a significantly higher risk of psychosis for women than men. However, there is evidence of early adverse life events to be associated with higher stress-sensitivity in men. Little is known about the connection of specific type of trauma and specific psychotic symptoms as well as the course of illness with explicit regard to gender differences., Methods: 102 men and women with schizophrenia spectrum disorder were tested using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Scale for Assessing Positive Symptoms, Early Trauma Inventory-SR., Results: Although, women had a later age at onset without regarding trauma history (d = 0.74), this difference became non-significant when introducing trauma variables. Patients reporting physical abuse had a significantly earlier age at onset, regardless of their sex (V = 0.13, F = 3.11, p = 0.03. Physical abuse predicted an earlier age at onset only in women (R 2  = 0.23). History of general trauma predicted more frequent hospitalizations only in men (R 2  = 0.55)., Conclusions: Although women generally tend to have a more favorable course of illness including a later age at onset men, women with CPA seem to lose this "advantage". It is necessary to investigate the contribution of gender interacting with adverse life events in contribution to the phenomenology and etiology of schizophrenia., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mentalizing or Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits in schizophrenia have been studied to great extent, but studies involving samples of trait schizotypy yield ambiguous results. Executive functions like cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and agency are all prerequisites of mentalizing, and it is assumed that the impairment of these functions contributes to ToM deficits in schizophrenia. Whether these impairments influence the ToM performance of people with high trait schizotypy remains unclear. Although impaired self-agency has repeatedly been identified in people with schizotypy, its role in mentalizing is yet to be investigated. The main aim of this study was to explore whether deficits in cognitive and affective ToM can be found in high trait schizotypy, and to identify in what way these deficits are related to the positive and negative dimensions of schizotypy. The secondary aim was to examine whether these deficits correlate with executive functions. Based on the dimensional view of the schizophrenia spectrum, an extreme-group design was applied to non-clinical volunteers demonstrating high ( N = 39) and low ( N = 47) trait schizotypy. Affective and cognitive ToM were investigated using the Movie for Assessment of Social Cognition, a sensitive and video-based measurement. Cognitive inhibition was assessed using the Stroop Test, and cognitive flexibility was analyzed using the Trail-Making Test. Agency was measured using a computerized self-agency paradigm. Participants in the high-schizotypy group performed significantly worse in the affective ToM task ( d = 0.79), and their overall ToM performance was significantly impaired ( d = 0.60). No between-group differences were found with regards to cognitive ToM, executive functions, and self-agency. Cognitive flexibility correlated negatively with positive schizotypy, and contributed to a worse overall and affective ToM. Impaired cognitive inhibition contributed to undermentalizing-type errors. It was found that non-clinical participants with high trait (positive) schizotypy - especially those with slight executive-function deficits - may have difficulties in understanding the emotional state of others and consequently in functioning in social situations.

The central goal of this manuscript was to review literature about the interconnections of traumatic life events and symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum of the last 15 years. First of all, the stress-diathesis model and the traumagenic neurodevelopmental model are shortly presented. Psychological effects of traumas and specific psychotic symptoms in connection with traumatic events are discussed. The course of the disease in patients affected by previous traumas and possible mediating factors are also addressed. Studies of both clinical and community samples are cited. It was also our aim to review literature about the neurobiological and neurocognitive processes in people affected by schizophrenia and/or traumatic life events. The role of prefrontal and medial temporal regions are explored with a special emphasis on contextual memory and hippocampal functioning. Finally, the possible effects of exploring traumatic life events on the treatment of schizophrenia are discussed.

Dynamic kinetic resolution of various homoallylic alcohols with the use of Candida antarctica lipase B and ruthenium catalyst 2 afforded homoallylic acetates in high yields and with high enantioselectivity. These enantiopure acetates were further transformed into homoallylic acrylates after hydrolysis of the ester function and subsequent DMAP-catalyzed esterification with acryloyl chloride. After ring-closing metathesis 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones were obtained in good yields. Selective hydrogenation of the carboncarbon double bond afforded the corresponding δ-lactones without loss of chiral information., (Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The aims of this study were to gain a better understanding of adverse life events connected with the development of schizotypal personality traits and, also, to examine whether subclinical schizotypy has a relationship with vulnerability to traumatic intrusions and avoidance. In a cross-sectional design, 198 undergraduate students completed the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Paykel's Life Events Scale, together with other relevant scales. The number of adverse life events was significantly related to overall schizotypy measured by O-LIFE scores and positive schizotypy measured by the Unusual Experiences (UnEx) subscale. The subjective severity of life events was significantly related to Cognitive Disorganization (CogDis). Measures of positive schizotypy (UnEx and CogDis) were significantly related to the scores on the IES and on the intrusion and avoidance subscales, too. Adverse life events are associated with schizotypal personality traits, which contribute to a tendency for traumatic intrusions, even in a nonpatient sample.

A general and efficient route for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure α-substituted ketones and the corresponding lactones has been developed. Ruthenium- and enzyme-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) with a subsequent Cu-catalyzed α-allylic substitution are the key steps of the route. The α-substituted ketones were obtained in high yields and with excellent enantiomeric excess. The methodology was applied to the synthesis of a naturally occurring caprolactone, (R)-10-methyl-6-undecanolide, via a subsequent Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.

Background: The Impact of Event Scale (IES, Horowitz, 1979) has been widely used to evaluate subjective stress following traumatic life events. Based on the theoretical reflections of the authors, it consists of two subscales: intrusion and avoidance. Although the empirical data of the past 30 years have supported the original two-factor model to a large extent, alternative models have also been published. Our aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale Hungarian version., Methods: Data from 244 undergraduate students on the Hungarian version of Impact of Event Scale (Annus, Perczel Forintos, Kiss, 2005) were analyzed. Subjects were asked to fill in Beck Depression Inventory shortened version (Beck & Beck, 1972, Kopp & Forizs, 1993) and STAI-T (Spielberger, 1970, Sipos & Sipos, 1978) too., Results: Internal consistency of the whole IES (Cronbach's a=0,891) as well as of intrusion (Cronbach's a=0,874) and avoidance (Cronbach's a=0,818) was found to be very good. Test-retest reliability of the whole scale (r=0,491, p<0,001) as well as of subscales (for intrusion r=0,543 p<0,001, for avoidance r=0,523 p<0,001) was satisfactory. No association was found between gender and IES scores. Confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis supported the two factor model in our sample. IES had a moderate positive correlation with depression (r=0,273, p<0,001) and anxiety (r=0,381, p<0,001), indicating that it reflects a somewhat related but still independent construct., Conclusions: The Hungarian version of the Impact of Event Scale has been proved a valid and reliable measure of post-traumatic stress symptoms.

Objective: The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) measures conscious attentional and thinking processes that people often use to regulate their emotions. The English version of the CERQ - consisting of nine subscales: self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, other blame, acceptance, positive refocusing, planning, positive reappraisal and putting into perspective - showed excellent psychometric properties in previous investigations and is widely used in current research and clinical practice. The present study describes the psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the CERQ., Method: The forward and back-translation method was used for the adaptation. 261 undergraduate and graduate students completed the Hungarian version of the CERQ, the Shortened Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-S), the 5-item version of the WHO Well-being Index (WBS-5) and a short demographical form., Results: CERQ subscales showed acceptable to very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.68 to 0.88) and strong test-retest reliability (Pearson's correlations ranging from 0.58 to 0.85, p<0.001 ). No associations were found between the emotion regulation strategies and gender and socioeconomic status. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis supported the theoretical model with nine independent factors. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed significant relationships between BDI-S and self-blame, acceptance, planning, positive reappraisal and catastrophizing (F=14,28 p<0,001, adjusted R2=0,320), and WBI-5 and self-blame, rumination, positive refocusing and positive reappraisal (F=5,89 p<0,001; adjusted R2=0,26)., Conclusion: Results indicate that the Hungarian version of the CERQ is a reliable and useful instrument for assessment of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

An enantioselective method for the synthesis of α-methyl carboxylic acids starting from trans-cinnamaldehyde, a readily available and inexpensive compound, has been developed. Allylic alcohol 1 was obtained via a standard Grignard addition to trans-cinnamaldehyde. Dynamic kinetic resolution was applied to allylic alcohol 1 utilizing a ruthenium catalyst and either an (R)-selective lipase or an (S)-selective protease to provide the corresponding allylic esters in high yield and high ee. A copper-catalyzed allylic substitution was then applied to provide the corresponding alkenes with inversion of stereochemistry. Subsequent C-C double bond cleavage afforded pharmaceutically important α-methyl substituted carboxylic acids in high ee and overall yields of up to 76%.

An enantioselective synthesis of (R)-bufuralol via a ruthenium- and enzyme-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) has been achieved. The synthesis starts from readily available 2-ethylphenol and provides (R)-bufuralol in high ee and a good overall yield of 31%.

Enzyme- and ruthenium-catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) of bicyclic diols to their diacetates was highly enantio- and diastereoselective to give the corresponding diacetates in high yield with high enantioselectivity (99.9 % ee). The enantiomerically pure diols are accessible by simple hydrolysis (NaOH, MeOH), but an alternative enzyme-catalyzed ester cleavage was also used to give the trans-diol (R,R)-1 b in extremely high diastereomeric purity (trans/cis=99.9:0.1, >99.9 % ee). It was demonstrated that the diols can be selectively oxidized to the ketoalcohols in a ruthenium-catalyzed Oppenauer-type reaction. A formal enantioselective synthesis of sertraline from a simple racemic cis/trans diol 1 b was demonstrated.

Chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) via combined ruthenium and enzyme catalysis was used in the key step of a synthesis of a neonicotinoid pesticide derivative (S)-3. The DKR was carried out under mild conditions with low catalyst loading. The method gives (S)-3 in high enantiomeric excess (98%).

Dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of various aromatic chlorohydrins with the use of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PS-C "Amano" II) and ruthenium catalyst 1 afforded chlorohydrin acetates in high yields and high enantiomeric excesses. These optically pure chlorohydrin acetates are useful synthetic intermediates and can be transformed to a range of important chiral compounds.

The scale-up of the ruthenium- and enzyme-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of (rac)-1-phenylethanol (2) is addressed. The immobilized lipase Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was employed for the resolution, which shows high enantioselectivity in the transesterification. The ruthenium catalyst used, (eta 5-C5Ph5)RuCl(CO)2 1, was shown to possess very high reactivity in the "in situ" redox racemization of 1-phenylethanol (2) in the presence of the immobilized enzyme, and could be used in 0.05 mol% with high efficiency. Commercially available isopropenyl acetate was employed as acylating agent in the lipase-catalyzed transesterifications, which makes the purification of the product very easy. In a successful large-scale DKR of 2, with 0.05 mol% of 1, (R)-1-phenylethanol acetate (3) was obtained in 159 g (97% yield) in excellent enantiomeric excess (99.8% ee).

Dynamic kinetic resolution of allylic alcohols to allylic acetates followed by copper-catalyzed allylic substitution gave alkenes in high yields and high optical purity. Subsequent oxidative C-C double bond cleavage afforded pharmaceutically important alpha-methyl substituted carboxylic acids in high ee.

Dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of a series of sterically hindered allylic alcohols has been conducted with Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) and ruthenium catalyst 1. The optically pure allylic acetates obtained were subjected to oxidative cleavage to give the corresponding acylated acyloins in high yields without loss of chiral information.

Introduction: Since the 1990's a vast amount of research has been done on early traumatic experiences leading to serious psychopathology in adults. At the same time, several researchers started to assume a relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychotic states. Patients suffering from PTSD often experience intrusive flashback memories which at the time seem quite present, real, absorbing and uncontrollable to them. From this point of view they have quite similar experiences as psychotic patients do when experiencing a hallucination. As with psychotic patients, people suffering from PTSD often reduce their outside contacts, become isolated and oversensitive or have nightmares. At the same time, psychotic patients are often traumatized as children, and go through further traumatic experiences during their hallucinations and hospital treatments. Trauma history can often contribute to therapy-resistance. Psychotic patients who suffered an early trauma usually need psychiatric treatment at a younger age, have more severe symptoms and need to be hospitalized more often than those who have not experienced early traumatisation. Our pilot study was designed to find out if there is a comorbidity of PTSD and psychosis in a small sample of hospitalized psychotic patients. We hypothesised that PTSD comorbidity is especially strong in patients with predominantly positive symptoms., Method: A total of 24 hospitalized patients and 25 controls were assessed using the normal Brief Psychometric Rating Scale (Overall and Gorham, 1962), Scale for Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms (Andreasen, 1983, 1984), short version of Paykel's Life Event Scale (1970), Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (Foa, 1995), short version of Beck Depression Inventory (1972), short version of Hopelessness Scale (Beck et al, 1974) and SCID II., Results: A significant comorbidity of PTSD and mainly positive psychotic symptoms was found. Furthermore, the present results showed that psychotic patients with mainly negative symptoms were more likely to be traumatized to a lesser degree., Conclusions: Exploring trauma-related memories and applying trauma-related intervention can be an important therapeutic tool in certain, therapy-resistant cases of psychotic disorders.

A divergent synthesis of various 3,5-dioxygenated piperidines with interesting pharmacological properties is described. A mixture of the achiral cis- and racemic trans-3,5-piperidine diol could be efficiently obtained from N-benzylglycinate in five steps by the use of chemoenzymatic methods. In the subsequent enzyme- and Ru-catalyzed reaction, the rac/meso diol mixture was efficiently transformed to the cis-(3R,5S)-diacetate with excellent diastereoselectivity and in high yield. Further transformations of the cis-diacetate selectively delivered the cis-piperidine diol and the cis-(3R,5S)-hydroxy acetate. Alternatively, the DYKAT could be stopped at the monoacetate stage to give the trans-(3R,5R)-hydroxy acetate.

A range of ruthenium cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes have been prepared and used for isomerization of allylic alcohols to the corresponding saturated carbonyl compounds. Complexes bearing CO ligands show higher activity than those with PPh3 ligands. The isomerization rate is highly affected by the substituents on the Cp ring. Tetra(phenyl)methyl-substituted catalysts rapidly isomerize allylic alcohols under very mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature) with short reaction times. Substituted allylic alcohols have been isomerized by employing Ru-Cp complexes. A study of the isomerization catalyzed by [Ru(Ph5Cp)(CO)2H] (14) indicates that the isomerization catalyzed by ruthenium hydrides partly follows a different mechanism than that of ruthenium halides activated by KOtBu. Furthermore, the lack of ketone exchange when the isomerization was performed in the presence of an unsaturated ketone (1 equiv), different from that obtained by dehydrogenation of the starting allylic alcohol, supports a mechanism in which the isomerization takes place within the coordination sphere of the ruthenium catalyst.

Pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium complexes (3) are excellent catalysts for the racemization of secondary alcohols at ambient temperature. The combination of this process with enzymatic resolution of the alcohols results in a highly efficient synthesis of enantiomerically pure acetates at room temperature with short reaction times for most substrates. This new reaction was applied to a wide range of functionalized alcohols including heteroaromatic alcohols, and for many of the latter, enantiopure acetates were efficiently prepared for the first time via dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). Different substituted cyclopentadienyl ruthenium complexes were prepared and studied as catalysts for racemization of alcohols. Pentaaryl-substituted cyclopentadienyl complexes were found to be highly efficient catalysts for the racemization. Substitution of one of the aryl groups by an alkyl group considerably slows down the racemization process. A study of the racemization of (S)-1-phenylethanol catalyzed by ruthenium hydride eta(5)-Ph(5)CpRu(CO)(2)H (8) indicates that the racemization takes place within the coordination sphere of the ruthenium catalyst. This conclusion was supported by the lack of ketone exchange in the racemization of (S)-1-phenylethanol performed in the presence of p-tolyl methyl ketone (1 equiv), which gave <1% of 1-(p-tolyl)ethanol. The structures of ruthenium chloride and iodide complexes 3a and 3c and of ruthenium hydride complex 8 were confirmed by X-ray analysis.