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Two new species of Boesenbergia, B. sugudensissp. nov. and B. truncatasp. nov. were discovered in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Boesenbergia sugudensis resembles B. imbakensis in that the leaf sheath of the plant is not thickened and in the anther thecae dehiscing by longitudinal slits, but differs in having a longer petiole and tubular calyx. Boesenbergia truncata resembles B. orbiculata by the short petiole and a bilobed calyx, but differs by the truncate leaf base, the acute leaf apex, opposite leaves with a narrower lamina parallel to the ground and anther thecae dehiscing by pores. The new species are described and illustrated in detail.

The present study comments on the conservation status of two species of the genus Boesenbergia, viz., B. albolutea and B. rubrolutea. The study also identified and designated the lectotype for B. rubrolutea.

Introduction: Candida albicans are normal flora bacteria on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Candida albicans are said to be one of the causes of vaginal discharge or fluor albus. Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlect) and temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) are the ingredients of herbal medicines with the potential as an antifungal. Purpose: This study aims to explain the differences in the antifungal effect of the Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlect) and Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) extracts and explain how the combination of Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlect) and Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) extracts has an antifungal effect on Candida albicans by using the experimental study of post-test control group design. Method: This study uses the Kirby-Baurer method and then measures the inhibitory zone by using calipers then comparing the inhibition zone of each extract. Results: The research results show no difference in the effectiveness of each extract, and no inhibition zone was found for each extract. Conclusion: This study concludes that the two extracts are not effective against C.albicans.

Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata ROXB. SCHLECHT) is one of Indonesia medicinal plants which contains essential oils and flavonoids and it has interesting pharmacological activities, such as antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. It also contains pinostrobin which potent as anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities through inhibition of COX-2 enzymes. This research was to obtain pinostrobin derivatives of acylation reactions between pinostrobin and acyl chloride derivatives. The structure modifications of pinostrobin were obtained by Schotten-Baumann method through nucleophilic substitution reactions between pinostrobin and acyl chloride derivatives. Their structure had analyzed using the spectrophotometric analysis (NMR, IR, and GC/MS). The investigation of structure modifications of pinostrobin (1) from this plant has demonstrated the presence of pinostrobin acetate (2) and new pinostrobin propionate (3). The 2 and 3 are derivatives of pinostrobin that can be synthesized using the Schotten-Baumann method to yield 84.3% and 73.9%, respectively. The results of in silico study between pinostrobin and pinostrobin acyl derivatives on the COX-2 receptor with a PDB code: 1PXX showed that pinostrobin RS value was -87.18kcal/mol, while pinostrobin propionate had a RS value of -98.61 kcal/mol. It can be predicted that the pinostrobin acyl derivative has greater analgesic activity than pinostrobin, so it is feasible to be developed and carried out research on its analgesic activity in vivo.

A study was conducted to determine the best agronomic practices for the cultivation of jerangau merah as a new medicinal crop. Jerangau merah is scientifically known as Boesenbergia stenophylla is a ginger plants that is highly endemic to the Borneo Highland. This understorey herb grows in cluster and under the heavy shades of forest canopies and perceived only the sunflecks that pass through the forest canopies. Jerangau Merah has been consumed by the locals for its medicinal values since decades ago. Generally, B. stenophylla is well known for its function as antidote for alcohol. Moreover, the B. stenophylla is also beneficial for rheumatic pains, remedies for stomach ache and toothache and as antiseptic wash as well. This herb is not propagate by the locals due to its sensitivity to sunlight and lack of agronomic information for B. stenophylla. Harvesting it from their natural habitat, however, seen the decline it its population size hence cultivation is essential. This paper aimed to determine the total nutrients, dry matter yield and phytochrome content of Bosenbergia stenophylla R.M. Smith under different light regimes. A study for determining suitable planting media for B. stenophylla was conducted at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The treatments are: i) (M1) with the ratio of 3:2:1 top soil: sand: organic matter, media ii) (M2) consists of soil mixture 3:2:1 placed in water-logged polyethylene bags and media iii) (M3) contained only leaf litters. The results showed that the herbs showed significantly higher number of shoots and leaves in the common soil mixture. But, better root development in media containing leaf litters. The study proceeded with field experiment at Ba’Kelalan to determine the effect of different shade levels and fertilizing regimes on growth. B. stenophylla was cultivated under two different levels of shade cloths: 70% and 90% level of shade and different fertilizing regimes (T1 as control, no fertilizer applied to the plants; T2, chicken dung; T3, NPKMg and T4, mixed of chicken dung and NPKMg). The study for determining the effects of different shade level and fertilizing regimes on seedling’s growth which conducted at Ba’Kelalan in factorial randomized completely blocked design (RCBD). The data collected for 9 weeks of planting which include nutrient content in soil, leaf, PAR and phytochrome content and growth parameters. Regarding the nutrient uptake, the results showed no interactions between fertilizing regimes and shade levels. There were no significant different in nutrient elements except for magnesium and potassium. Magnesium is essential for the formation of chlorophyll which ensure efficiency of photosynthesis when under higher light intensity. Among all the fertilizer treatment, it was showed that chicken dung amendment has higher nutrient uptake. Thus, it is recommended chicken dung should be added into the NPKMg for better nutrient uptake. Further study on suitable fertilizer rates apply to B. stenophylla should be taken into consideration. Moreover, plants cultivated under 70% have been higher and have higher dry matter yield than those plants cultivated under 90%. The result also revealed that there was significant different in chlorophyll content of B. stenophylla cultivated under 70% which treated either with chicken dung and NPKMG respectively. However, plants under 90% have higher chlorophyll content than those under 70%. Based on the results, plants under 70% shade was taller than those under 90% and there were significant difference in height among treatments under 70%. It was observed plant treated with NPKMg was taller. This study showed that shade and fertilizers significantly affected the dry matter yield of B. stenophylla. Moreover, adding NPKMg to the treatments yields more dry matter content of jerangau merah. As for phytochrome content, there was no significant effect of fertilizer on phytochrome content. However, there was significant difference among the shade levels. 90% shade showed higher phytochrome content than those under 70%. In overall, both shade and fertilizer is important in cultivation of Jerangau Merah. 70% shade was observed to have significant effects on growth of jerangau merah and also more economical compared to 90%. Moreover, combination of organic matter and NPKMg also promote the growth of jerangau merah enhance the nutrient uptake efficiency of jerangau merah. However, further investigation of suitable fertilizer and application rate are required to determine suitable fertilizer for jerangau merah and application rate for optimum growth of jerangau merah.

Three new diterpenoids, boesenmaxanes A-C (1-3), with an unprecedented core skeleton consisting of an unusual C-C bond between C-12 and an exo-cyclic methylene C-13, were isolated from the rhizome extracts of Boesenbergia maxwellii. The structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction data. Electronic circular dichroism spectra were used to determine the absolute configuration. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects, anti-HIV activity, and antimicrobial activity. Boesenmaxanes A and C (1 and 3) showed significant inhibitory activity in the syncytium reduction assay, with EC50 values of 55.2 and 27.5 μM, respectively.

From the methanolic extract of the rhizomes of Boesenbergia pandurata, a new flavanone derivative named (2R,7″S)-8-(1-phenyl-2-carboxyethyl)pinocembrin (1) and four known flavonoids (2–5) were isol...

Recent botanical explorations in the province of Palawan, Philippines, have resulted in the discovery of two new ginger species, namely Boesenbergia eburnea Docot and Boesenbergia leonardocoi Funak. & Docot, which are described and illustrated here, including information on their distribution, habitat, phenology, ecology and conservation status. Additionally, a key to Boesenbergia species in the Philippines is provided.

It can be difficult to identify health/functional foods that exert therapeutic benefits for alleviating gingivitis and periodontitis. Recently, extracts of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.), which is a tropical plant, have shown promising inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis. As a result, a clinical trial is being planned to assess utility of B. pandurata (Roxb.) extracts for promoting oral health; this study was designed to determine an appropriate human dose of the extracts for the trial. Pharmacokinetic studies of panduratin A, which is an active substance in fingerroot, were carried out in mice, rats, and dogs after oral administration of the extracts. The clearance data for each species were used to estimate clearance in humans through allometric scaling based on the maximum lifespan potential, and a daily dose providing sufficient anti-periodontitis activity was estimated for use in the clinical trial. The findings indicated that allometric scaling is a reasonable approach that is relatively free of safety issues and can be used to determine doses of substances for incorporation into health/functional foods appropriate for humans.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Due to the difficulty in early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer, many research studies and clinical trials have been developed to discover more efficient therapies. Besides Western medicine, traditional medicine has gained increased interest as a research field with potential to lead to the production of marketable therapeutic products. With the diversity of tropical plants in Asia, traditional medicine has been very popular and has served as a traditional therapy for generations. The Ngai bun (Boesenbergia pandurata) root is used not only as a food spice but also in ethnomedicine. This study aimed to compare the anti-tumor activity of Boesenbergia pandurata root extract against ovarian cancer cells and CD133+ ovarian cancer cells that were enriched from the original ovarian cancer cells. Methods: Crude extract of Boesenbergia pandurata roots were prepared in two kinds of solvents (methanol and chloroform). The ovarian cancer cells OVP-10 were used in this study. The population of CD133+ ovarian cancer cells (CD133+OVP-10) were sorted from the OVP-10 cancer cells. Both OVP-10 cells and CD133+OVP-10 cells were treated with these crude extracts. Adiposederived stem cells (ADSCs) were used as control normal cells for all assays. The anti-tumor activity of extracts were evaluated based on the IC50 values. Results: Based on the IC50 index, the chloroform extract had an anti-tumor activity higher than that of methanol extract, on both OVP-10 and CD133+OPV-10 cells (IC50 of methanol and chloroform extracts were 330.1 +/- 16.9 ug/mL and 246.5 +/- 21.2 ug/mL, respectively, for OVP-10 cells; IC50 of methanol and chloroform extracts were 411.8 +/- 83.7 ug/mL and 307 +/- 9.2 ug/mL respectively, for CD133+OVP-10 cells). The results also showed that CD133+OVP-10 cells were more resistant to chloroform extract than were OVP-10 cells (307 +/- 9.2 mg/mL vs. 246.5 +/- 21.2 mg/mL, respectively, for CD133+OVP-10 vs. OVP-10 cells, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The chloroform extract of Boesenbergia pandurata roots displayed strong antitumor activity against ovarian cancer cells OVP-10 and CD133+OVP-10; the latter cells were found to be more resistant than the original ovarian cancer cells.

Gastrochilus heminii (Orchidaceae), a new orchid species from Sichuan Province, Southwest China, is described and illustrated. It morphologically resembles G. affinis and G. yei, but differs markedly from the former in having a thinner and slightly rolled downwards reniform epichile and the central thickened purple-red mat with irregular folds (vs. subtriangular epichile curves upwards, with 2 thick, brown to purplish-brown median ridges from base to apex), and can be clearly distinguished from the latter by having reniform epichile with lobed apex and subconical hypochile with bilobed apex that splits into two conical protrusions (vs. semi-rounded epichile not lobed and subconical hypochile not bilobed). The results of molecular phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosome internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and four chloroplast DNA fragments (matK, psbA-trnH, psbM-trnD, and trnL-F) of 36 Gastrochilus species showed that G. heminii was closely related to G. affinis and G. distichus.

The taxonomic history of Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) in China is reviewed. Based on field observations and herbarium specimen studies, a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Chinese Boesenbergia is carried out. The results suggest that those specimens previously misidentified as B. longiflora and B. fallax in China should be either B. maxwellii or B. kingii. Boesenbergia maxwellii is newly recorded for the country. Altogether, four species are recognized for China. Keys, descriptions, distributions and illustrations of all recognized species are presented.

Saensouk P, Saensouk S. 2021. Diversity, traditional uses and conservation status of Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 3083-3097. Southeast Asia is recognized as the center of Zingiberaceae distribution with Thailand is among the important regions. Nonetheless, a comprehensive study in a regional context that investigates the biological aspects of the family is lacking. This study aimed to determine the diversity, distribution, ecology, conservation status, and traditional uses of the family Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, northeastern Thailand. In total, three tribes, nine genera, 47 species of Zingiberaceae were identified during a botanical survey between January and December 2020 in Udorn Thani. Curcuma and Kempferia were the most diverse genera with nine and eight species, respectively, followed by Zingiber as the third most diverse genus with seven species and Alpinia as the fourth most diverse genus with six species. While the genera Etlingera and Hedychium were the least diverse with each containing just one species. For all Zingiberaceae species, the flowering period was found between March and September, while the fruiting period was found between May and October. Zingiberaceae was found with the greatest frequency in five ecosystem types, namely cultivated areas, deciduous dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest, dry evergreen forest and river basin. Twenty-one species were reported as rare species in research area, i.e. Boesenbergia baimaii, B. isanensis, Kaempferia picheansoonthonii, and K. udonensis. It was revealed that the traditional uses of many Zingiberaceae species from villagers in Udorn Thani Province were most frequently used for medicine, food, ornamentals, rituals, spices, perfume and cosmetics. Rhizomes, roots, pseudostems, young inflorescences, inflorescences, young leaves, leaves and fruits were the parts of this plant used.

Zingibereae is a large tribe in the family Zingiberaceae, which contains plants with important medicinal, edible, and ornamental values. Although tribes of Zingiberaceae are well circumscribed, the circumscription of many genera within Zingibereae and the relationships among them remain elusive, especially for the genera of Boesenbergia, Curcuma, Kaempferia and Pyrgophyllum. In this study, we investigated the plastome variation in nine species representing five genera of Zingibereae. All plastomes showed a typical quadripartite structure with lengths ranging from 162,042 bp to 163,539 bp and contained 132–134 genes, consisting of 86–88 coding genes, 38 transfer RNA genes and eight ribosomal RNA genes. Moreover, the characteristics of the long repeats sequences and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected. In addition, we conducted phylogenomic analyses of the Zingibereae and related taxa with plastomes data from additional 32 species from Genbank. Our results confirmed that Stahlianthus is closely related to Curcuma, supporting the idea of merging it into Curcuma. Kaempferia, Boesenbergia and Zingiber were confirmed as close relatives and grouped together as the Kaempferia group. Pyrgophyllum is not allied with the Curcuma clade but instead is embedded within the Hedychium clade. Our results demonstrate the power of plastid phylogenomics in improving the phylogenetic relationships within Zingibereae and provide a new insight into plastome evolution in Zingibereceae.

Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr. is a perennial medicinal herb belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. It is cultivated in some tropical countries in Southeast Asia including Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia and Malaysia. In Vietnam, it is known as "Ngai bun", and the fresh rhizomes are mainly used as a spice. This plant contains prenylated chalcones and other flavonoids as the major bioactive constituents. From the CHCl3 extract of Boesenbergia pandurata, we had isolated six flavanones. Their structures, pinocembrin (1), pinostrobin (2), alpinetin (3), di-Omethylpinocembrin (4), naringenin (5) and 5-Omethylnaringenin (6), were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and in comparison with previous works.

Three new compounds, i.e. stenophyllols A-C (1-3), were isolated from the rhizome of Boesenbergia stenophylla. The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, NMR and HRESIMS). In-vitro neuroblastoma cell viability assay showed stenophyllol A (1) was able to reduce the N2A cell viability to 20% within 24 h.

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death in developed countries. The regulation of vascular tone is a major approach to prevent and ameliorate vascular diseases. As part of our ongoing screening for cardioprotective natural compounds, we investigated the vasorelaxant effect of rhizomes from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. [Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr.] used as a spice and herbal medicine in Asian countries. The methanol extract of B. rotunda rhizomes (BRE) exhibited significant vasorelaxation effects ex vivo at EC50 values of 13.4 &plusmn, 6.1 &mu, g/mL and 40.9 &plusmn, 7.9 &mu, g/mL, respectively, with and without endothelium in the porcine coronary artery ring. The intrinsic mechanism was evaluated by treating with specific inhibitors or activators that typically affect vascular reactivity. The results suggested that BRE induced relaxation in the coronary artery rings via an endothelium-dependent pathway involving NO-cGMP, and also via an endothelium-independent pathway involving the blockade of Ca2+ channels. Vasorelaxant principles in BRE were identified by subsequent chromatographic methods, which revealed that flavonoids regulate vasorelaxant activity in BRE. One of the flavonoids was a Diels-Alder type adduct, 4-hydroxypanduratin A, which showed the most potent vasorelaxant effect on porcine coronary artery with an EC50 of 17.8 &plusmn, 2.5 &mu, M. Our results suggest that rhizomes of B. rotunda might be of interest as herbal medicine against cardiovascular diseases.

With the aim of developing environment-friendly agricultural products with antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a causative agent of Fusarium wilt, active substances from Boesenbergia pulcherrima roots were isolated. The hexane fraction from B. pulcherrima root extract was analyzed by GC/MS. The main peaks were estimated and identified to be methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, elemicin, α-asarone, and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-methoxyethenyl)benzene based on the Wiley library and by comparing retention times and mass spectra with their corresponding standards using GC/MS. For the identification of the compound in peak D that was estimated to be 1,2,4-trimethoxy-5-vinylbenzene, for which no reference standard was available, the hexane fraction was processed by column chromatography before NMR analysis. The result confirmed the compound to be 1,2,4-trimethoxy-5-vinylbenzene. Almost all compounds showed antifungal activity against F. oxysporum based on bioassays, and α-asarone had the highest activity. Therefore, B. pulcherrima root extract can be a potential source of environment-friendly agricultural products with antifungal activity against F. oxysporum.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. Kulturpfl., previously known as Boesenbergia pandurata (Family: Zingiberaceae) is a ginger species, locally known as fingerroot. It is an integral part of Southeast Asian traditional medicine in alleviating many gastrointestinal disorders such as flatulence, carminative, stomach ache, dyspepsia, and peptic ulcer. Aim of the study Earlier we have investigated the cytoprotective effect of Boesenbergia rotunda extract. In the present study, we investigated the gastroprotection activity of Boesenbergin A (BA), a chalcone isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda extract in ethanol-induced ulcer model in rats. Besides, the contribution of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant ability of BA as probable mechanisms involved in the anti-ulcer activity, also been studied. Materials and methods BA was orally administered in rats before ulcer induction with ethanol. The lesions of the gastric mucosa were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically. The efficiency of BA in mucus production, NO production, PGE2 synthesis, mucosal nonprotein sulphydryls, glutathione (GSH) level, and lipid peroxidation (MDA) level were studied. The involvement of the anti-inflammatory capacity of BA was analyzed by using the measurement of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Finally, the expression of biomarkers such as HSP 70 and iNOS was analyzed at the transcriptional and translational levels. Results We confirmed the protective capacity of BA via the reduction of ulcerated and haemorrhagic areas. It has induced the protection through lowering GSH, MDA and increased NP-SH level. The plasma NO levels were significantly less in BA treated rats. Both cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were decreased together with elevated PGE2. Upregulation of HSP and downregulation of iNOS were determined in immunohistochemical and gene expression studies Conclusions The current results suggest that the prophylactic effect found with BA is due to (i) boosting of gastric mucus production and suppression of inflammatory mediators, via pro-inflammatory cytokines and (ii) modulating the oxidative stress response. The usefulness of Boesenbergia rotunda in folk medicine in treating ulcers partially could be due to the presence of this chalcone.

Manguntungi B, Saputri DS, Afgani CA, Mustopa AZ, Fatimah, Kusmiran A. 2020. Biodiversity of Enterobacteriaceae on masin (fermented sauce) from Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1001-1006. Masin is fermented sauce originating from Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara which is made from raw shrimp with the addition of tamarind, salt, and fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata) flower. The study aimed to determine the biodiversity of pathogenic bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae family in Masin. The methods used in this study were isolation of bacteria using MRS media with modified NaCl concentration (1-12%) and molecular identification by using PCR-RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA-based sequencing analysis. The characteristics of bacteria that were successfully isolated on media with various concentrations of salt were round, milky white, and formed a flat edge with convex elevation in each colony. The highest bacterial population was 29.65 x 106 CFU/g in MRS + NaCl 7% treatment. From 48 selected isolates that morphologically close to Enterobacteriaceae family, 5 isolates were chosen for sequencing analysis. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, isolate 01 had a close kinship with Leclercia adecarboxylata, isolate 11 had a close kinship with Citrobacter freundii, isolate 33 had a close kinship with Enterobacter cloacae, isolate 40 had a close kinship with Pantoea agglomerans and isolate 46 had a close kinship with Enterobacter ludwigii.

The history of Haplochorema K.Schum. (Zingiberaceae) is reviewed, its morphology is compared to Boesenbergia Kuntze and the molecular phylogenetic position is shown in relation to other Zingiberaceae. Based on a comparative analysis of molecular and morphological data, Haplochorema is reduced to Boesenbergia with eight new combinations. A lectotype for Boesenbergia loerzingii (Valeton) K.Larsen ex M.F.Newman, Lhuillier & A.D.Poulsen is designated here.

Introduction Medicinal plants have been used for disease treatment throughout history, especially in parts of Asia. Vietnam is a tropical country which possesses forests with a wide diversity of plants, which have a long history of being used as alternative remedies for treatment of various diseases. In this study, we aimed to test the bioactivity of Boesenbergia pandurata (B. pandurata) plant extract-derived compounds, including Pinostropin, Pinocembrin, Alpinetin, and Isopanduratin A, on HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

The development of breast cancer at an advanced stage is signed with metastatic phenomenon, triggering the high mortality, mainly for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER)2 positive cancers. Boesenbergia pandurata is well known as medicinal plant possessing anticancer potential due to the cytototoxic and antimetastatic characteristic of its active compound. The aim of this study is to observe the inhibitory effect of Boesenbergia pandurata ethanolic extract (BPEE) in combination with doxorubicin on migration of MCF-7/HER2 cells. The BPEE was prepared by 96% ethanol maceration. Under MTT assay, BPEE decreased the cells viability with IC50 value of 23±3.9 μg/mL. Lamellipodia and wound healing assay analysis showed that 5 μg/mL BPPE and its combination with 10 nM doxorubicin inhibited cells migration after 48 hours observation, while gelatin zymography analysis showed that this combination did not affect the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9, but single treatment of 5 μg/mL BPEE caused lower expression of both MMPs. The combination of 5 μg/mL BPPE and 10 nM doxorubicin inhibited the cells migration but not affect to the cells viability. Thus, BPEE is potential to be developed as an antimetastatic agent. The mechanism underlying the migratory inhibition effect needs to be explored further. Keywords : Boesenbergia pandurata, doxorubicin, MCF-7/HER2, migration Submitted

Beside as a spice in Indonesian cooking , Fingerroot ( Boesenbergia pandurata ) regularly is used as a mixture of herbal medicine. Scientifically, the phytochemical content of the fingerroot rhizome showed some therapeutical effects such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti or pro-oxidant, and also anticancer. In this article, we summarize some studies especially about anticancer activity of fingerroot and its constituent coumpound. We found that fingerroot is capable of inhibiting various pathways of cell physiology processes. One potential pathway to be inhibited by fingerroot is Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) which has role in apoptotic induction. In the future, it is necessary to purify the extract to obtain maximum efficacy and also formulation studies of fingerroot will be interesting to do to. Keywords : fingerroot, anti-cancer, chemopreventive, herbal medicine Beside as a spice in Indonesian cooking, Fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata)regularly is used as a mixture of herbal medicine. Scientifically, the phytochemical contentof the fingerroot rhizome showed some therapeutical effects such as antibacterial, antiinflammatory,anti or pro-oxidant, and also anticancer. In this article, we summarizesome studies especially about anticancer activity of fingerroot and its constituentcoumpound. We found that fingerroot is capable of inhibiting various pathways of cellphysiology processes. One potential pathway to be inhibited by fingerroot is Poly (ADPribose)polymerase (PARP) which has role in apoptotic induction. In the future, it isnecessary to purify the extract to obtain maximum efficacy and also formulation studiesof fingerroot will be interesting to do to.

The taxonomy and botanical history of Boesenbergia gelatinosa K. Larsen, B. jahaiana Meekiong & C.K.Lim, B. parvula (Wall.) Kuntze, and B. phyllostachya (Gagnep.) K.Larsen are reviewed as a group with similar characteristics. Based on morphological comparisons, ecological data, and molecular phylogenetic analyses using plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data, these species are determined to be conspecific with B. parvula and are here made synonyms. A new variety, B. parvula var. major Mood & Veldkamp is described.

Background: This study investigated how the inclusion of Boesenbergia pandurata extract (BPE) in goldfish feed affects fish growth, immunity, and resistance to infection by Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Methods: Four fish feeds, were prepared by adding BPE at the concentrations of 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 g kg-1, respectively, and 120 goldfish (Cyprinus carpio; initial weight 5 g) were separated into 12 boxes and fed with specific pellets and examined thrice. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, beginning with the different feeds, fish growth was measured at Weeks 4 and 8 after the feeding period. Moreover, a challenge test with pathogen bacteria to assay disease resistance was administered at Week 8 after the feeding period, and the survival rate and relative percentage of survival were quantified at Week 12. Results: At Week 8, the goldfish that were fed BPE-containing feeds were significantly heavier than the fish that received the control feed (pellet without BPE), and the highest weight gain, reaching 72.44 g, was obtained with Pellet 3; accordingly, the specific growth rate after BPE treatment (5.7%) was higher than that after control treatment. Conversely, the feed conversion ratio in the control group, 2.03, was higher than the ratios in the BPE groups, which were decreased to 0.55–0.90. Lastly, BPE treatment consistently enhanced the immunity parameters of goldfish (relative to control treatment) at weeks 4 and 8, and following BPE treatment, the rate of resistance against bacterial infection, 68.3%–77.0%, was higher than that after control treatment. Conclusions: BPE addition in goldfish feed clearly produces a positive effect by enhancing fish growth, immunity, and resistance to infection by pathogenic bacteria, and 4 g kg-1 is the optimal BPE concentration in feed prepared for goldfish.

Indonesia is a tropical country which cause so many types of herbs and spices can grow, such as Fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata) and orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata). These two herbs are widely used in traditional medicines by Indonesian local inhabitants. Based on the literature studies that have been carried out on several scientific journals, it can be concluded that fingerroot plants possess functional properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, anti-aging, anti-obesity, and inhibition of melanogenesis and tyrosinase activities, while orange jessamine leaves have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-nociceptive, and anti-diarrheal activities.

TRAIL is a promising anticancer agent due to its unique ability to kill tumor cells selectively without harming non-malignant cells. However, some cancer cells are reported to be TRAIL - resistant. Searching potent TRAIL agonist to overcome resistance is an important strategy for its successful use as an anticancer agent. As a part of our continuous research on natural inhibitors, activity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of Boesenbergia pandurata rhizomes afforded three ( 1 – 3 ) new isopimarane diterpenes, boesenberols I–K, together with two ( 4 – 5 ) known compounds. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated using HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. All compounds showed TRAIL-resistance overcoming activity.

SummaryBackground Photoaging is a severe skin damage that occurs as a result of exposure to external elements, primarily ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Chronically, UV-irradiated skin exhibits the signs of sunburn and hyperpigmentation with the destruction of connective tissues. Previously, Boesenbergia pandurata (B. pandurata) and its active compound panduratin A showed antiphotoaging activities in vitro and in vivo. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of B. pandurata intake on skin hydration, gloss, wrinkling, and elasticity. Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to clinically evaluate the effect of B. pandurata ethanol extract (BPE) containing 8% of panduratin A on human skin hydration, gloss, wrinkling, and elasticity. Ninety-two subjects were randomly assigned to receive tablets containing either BPE or placebo for 12 weeks. Results The test group had significantly increased skin hydration and gloss and decreased wrinkling compared to the placebo group at 12 weeks. There was no significant difference in skin elasticity between the two groups; however, the increment rate in the test group was higher than that in the placebo group at 12 weeks. None of the subjects developed adverse symptoms during the study period. Conclusion These results suggest that BPE can be used as a nutraceutical or nutricosmetic material for improving human skin hydration, gloss, and wrinkling.

Human pancreatic cancer cell lines have a remarkable tolerance to nutrition starvation, which enables them to survive under a tumor microenvironment. The search for agents that preferentially inhibit the survival of cancer cells under low nutrient conditions represents a novel antiausterity strategy in anticancer drug discovery. In this investigation, a methanol extract of the rhizomes of Boesenbergia pandurata showed potent preferential cytotoxicity against PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells under nutrient-deprived conditions, with a PC50 value of 6.6 μg/mL. Phytochemical investigation of this extract led to the isolation of 15 compounds, including eight new cyclohexene chalcones (1–8). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic data analysis. Among the isolated compounds obtained, isopanduratin A1 (14) and nicolaioidesin C (15) exhibited potent preferential cytotoxicity against PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells under nutrition-deprived conditions, with PC50 values of 1...

Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including those that have the ability to inhibit bacterial growth, lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) and Fingerroots (Boesenbergia pandurata). Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium that causes dental caries. This Experiment want to determine the content of chemical compounds and the antibacterial activity of Lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon nardus) and Fingerroots (Boesenbergia pandurata) against Streptococcus mutans. The study was conducted experimentally with samples of lemongrass and Fingerroots. Extraction using maceration method using 70% Ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening test with color test and determination of total flavonoid levels using a spectrophotometer. Antibacterial activity test uses the disk diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans. Phytochemical screening results of lemongrass extract and fingerroots with color test qualitative test showed positive containing flavonoids, saponins and tannins. In the test determination of total flavonoid levels, showed an average total flavonoid levels in lemongrass extracts of 48.61 mgQE / g and in Fingerroots extracts of 24.71 mgQE / g. The results of the antibacterial test against Streptococcus mutans obtained the largest average diameter of inhibitory zone in the extract of Fingerroots 5% w / v (11.167 mm), then the concentration of 5% w / v combination of lemongrass: Fingerroots 1: 2 (10.83 mm ), 2: 1 combination (10,067 mm). lemongrass (9.33 mm), 1: 1 combination (9,133 mm), Based on the Post Hoc test results that were comparable to positive controls were 5% fingerrots, combination of lemongrass: 1: 2 Fingerroots, and 2: 1 combination. The average total flavonoid level in lemongrass extract is more than the average total flavonoid content in Fingerroots. But in the same concentration 5% Fingerroots extract provides the greatest antibacterial inhibitory activities.

This study aimed to determine the effect of temu kunci’s extract (Boesenbergia pandurata) on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. This research was conducted using seven treatments with three replications. The experiment was carried out using Kirby Bauer’s method, the number of bacteria used was in accordance with the standards of Mc Farland 1. Blank discs were soaked in temu kunci’s extract in concentration of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. Streptomycin was used as a positive control and sterile aquades as a negative control. All the discs were placed on the surface of bacteria cultured on MHA and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C. Diameter of inhibition zone formed was measured by using a caliper. Data were analyzed descriptively. The average diameter of inhibition zone of temu kunci’s extract with a concentration of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% were 8.00, 12.30, 13.85, 19.16, and 19.86 mm, respectively. The average diameter of inhibition zone formed on the positive control and negative control were 14,25 and 0 mm, respectively. The conclusion showed that the temu kunci’s extract (Boesenbergia pandurata) has the ability to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

This study aimed to determine the inhibitory effect and the concentration of fingerroot extract to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth. The data was analyzed descriptively. Ampicillin was used as positive control, distilled water was used as negative control, and the treatments were given fingerroot extract with a concentration of 5%, 15%, 25%, 35% and 45%. This study was conducted with three replications. The parameter measured was the diameter of inhibition zone formed by diffusion method. The average diameter of inhibition zone of the fingerroot extract were 15% : 10.3 mm; 25% : 13,6mm; 35% : 18,7mm; 45% ± 21,1mm, and at a concentration of 5% the inhibition zone is not formed. The final conclusion is that the fingerroot extract can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The higher concentration of fingerroot extract, the more extensive inhibition zone formed.

Boesenbergia fallax Loes., previously known as a synonym of B. longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze, is recognized as belonging to the genus Zingiber Mill. Furthermore, it is conspecific with Z. liangshanense Z. Y. Zhu, which was incorrectly treated as a synonym of Z. striolatum in ‘Flora of China’. A new combination, Z. fallax (Loes.) L. Bai, Juan Chen & N. H. Xia is proposed here, and Z. liangshanense is treated as its synonym. Lectotypes are designated for B. fallax and Z. liangshanense. Zingiber fallax is now known to occur in southern Sichuan Province and northwestern to central Yunnan Province, China.

Boesenbergia pandurata Roxb. Schlecht. (Zingiberaceae), called ``Ngai bun'' in Viet Nam, is one of the Southeast Asian medicinal plants and its rhizomes are used primarily as a spice. This is a perennial, short-stemmed plant, formed by leaf sheaths and can grow up to 50 cm. The leaves are 7-11 cm wide and 25-50 cm long. Its rhizome surfaces are light brown in color, the inner rhizome is yellow, oval-shaped, and has a very aromatic odor. In folklore, Boesenbergia pandurata rhizomes are used as a spice for food processing. This plant contains pinostrobin as the major constituents. Previously showed that pinostrobin compound is the main ingredient together with a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial, inhibition of free radicals, ... Pinostrobin is necessary composition for the screening, testing, and quality evaluation of the rhizomes of B. pandurata species and others in the Zingiberaceae family. This research had conducted a reference standard of pinostrobin isolated from the rhizomes of B. pandurata had 99.26 % purity, which is reliable in medicinal testing. An HPLC method for pinostrobin determination was conducted and The quantitative HPLC analysis was validated for system suitability, selectivity, linearity ranges, and precision. Application of the process to investigate the preparation of extract shown that reflux extraction with ethanol obtained the highest pinostrobin content with 22.05 % in extracts and 2.89 % in dried rhizomes of B. pandurata.