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1. Mosquito Control Activities during Local Transmission of Zika Virus, Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA, 2016

Author

McAllister, Janet C., Porcelli, Mario, Medina, Johana M., Delorey, Mark J., Connelly, C. Roxanne, Godsey, Marvin S., Panella, Nicholas A., Dzuris, Nicole, Boegler, Karen A., Kenney, Joan L., Kothera, Linda, Vizcaino, Lucrecia, Lenhart, Audrey E., Mutebi, John-Paul, and Vasquez, Chalmers

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- Inspection, Inspection, Permethrin, Mosquito control, Zika virus, Genetic vectors, Time, Containers, Pregnant women
Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus that can cause birth defects and is associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome, has rapidly spread throughout the Western Hemisphere (1-3). The virus is spread primarily by [...]

Published
2020
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6. An Outbreak Investigation of Salmonella Typhimurium Illnesses in the United States Linked to Packaged Leafy Greens Produced at a Controlled Environment Agriculture Indoor Hydroponic Operation – 2021

Author

McClure, Monica, primary, Whitney, Brooke, additional, Gardenhire, Ifueko, additional, Crosby, Alvin, additional, Wellman, Allison, additional, Patel, Kane, additional, McCormic, Zachary D., additional, Gieraltowski, Laura, additional, Gollarza, Lauren, additional, Low, Mabel S.F., additional, Adams, Jennifer, additional, Pightling, Arthur, additional, Bell, Rebecca L., additional, Nolte, Kurt, additional, Tijerina, Mary, additional, Frost, Joseph T., additional, Beix, James A., additional, Boegler, Karen A., additional, Dow, Julie, additional, Altman, Shana, additional, Wise, Matthew E., additional, Bazaco, Michael C., additional, and Viazis, Stelios, additional

Published
2023
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10. Rat Fall Surveillance Coupled with Vector Control and Community Education as a Plague Prevention Strategy in the West Nile Region, Uganda

Author

Boegler, Karen A., primary, Atiku, Linda A., additional, Enscore, Russell E., additional, Apangu, Titus, additional, Mpanga, Joseph Tendo, additional, Acayo, Sarah, additional, Kaggwa, John, additional, Mead, Paul S., additional, Yockey, Brook M., additional, Kugeler, Kiersten J., additional, Schriefer, Martin E., additional, Horiuchi, Kalanthe, additional, Gage, Kenneth L., additional, and Eisen, Rebecca J., additional

Published
2018
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12. Pathogenesis of oral FIV infection

Author

Miller, Craig, primary, Boegler, Karen, additional, Carver, Scott, additional, MacMillan, Martha, additional, Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, additional, and VandeWoude, Sue, additional

Published
2017
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17. Transmission of Borrelia miyamotoisensu lato relapsing fever group spirochetes in relation to duration of attachment by Ixodes scapularisnymphs

Author

Breuner, Nicole E., Dolan, Marc C., Replogle, Adam J., Sexton, Christopher, Hojgaard, Andrias, Boegler, Karen A., Clark, Rebecca J., and Eisen, Lars

Abstract

Borrelia miyamotoisensu lato relapsing fever group spirochetes are emerging as causative agents of human illness (Borrelia miyamotoidisease) in the United States. Host-seeking Ixodes scapularisticks are naturally infected with these spirochetes in the eastern United States and experimentally capable of transmitting B. miyamotoi. However, the duration of time required from tick attachment to spirochete transmission has yet to be determined. We therefore conducted a study to assess spirochete transmission by single transovarially infected I. scapularisnymphs to outbred white mice at three time points post-attachment (24, 48, and 72h) and for a complete feed (>72–96h). Based on detection of B. miyamotoiDNA from the blood of mice fed on by an infected nymph, the probability of spirochete transmission increased from 10% by 24h of attachment (evidence of infection in 3/30 mice) to 31% by 48h (11/35 mice), 63% by 72h (22/35 mice), and 73% for a complete feed (22/30 mice). We conclude that (i) single I. scapularisnymphs effectively transmit B. miyamotoirelapsing fever group spirochetes while feeding, (ii) transmission can occur within the first 24h of nymphal attachment, and (iii) the probability of transmission increases with the duration of nymphal attachment.

Published
2024
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20. Seasonal fluctuations of small mammal and flea communities in a Ugandan plague focus: evidence to implicate Arvicanthis niloticus and Crocidura spp. as key hosts in Yersinia pestis transmission

Author

Moore, Sean M, primary, Monaghan, Andrew, additional, Borchert, Jeff N, additional, Mpanga, Joseph T, additional, Atiku, Linda A, additional, Boegler, Karen A, additional, Montenieri, John, additional, MacMillan, Katherine, additional, Gage, Kenneth L, additional, and Eisen, Rebecca J, additional

Published
2015
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22. Yersinia murine toxin is not required for early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by Oropsylla montana (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) or Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

Author

Johnson, Tammi L., primary, Hinnebusch, B. Joseph, additional, Boegler, Karen A., additional, Graham, Christine B., additional, MacMillan, Katherine, additional, Montenieri, John A., additional, Bearden, Scott W., additional, Gage, Kenneth L., additional, and Eisen, Rebecca J., additional

Published
2014
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24. Prevalence and distribution of seven human pathogens in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in Minnesota, USA

Author

Johnson, Tammi L., Graham, Christine B., Maes, Sarah E., Hojgaard, Andrias, Fleshman, Amy, Boegler, Karen A., Delory, Mark J., Slater, Kimetha S., Karpathy, Sandor E., Bjork, Jenna K., Neitzel, David F., Schiffman, Elizabeth K., and Eisen, Rebecca J.

Abstract

In the north-central United States, the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is currently known to vector seven human pathogens. These include five bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferisensu stricto, Borrelia mayonii, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis), one protozoan (Babesia microti) and one virus (Powassan). We sought to assess the prevalence and distribution of these pathogens in host-seeking nymphs collected throughout Minnesota, a state on the northwestern edge of the tick’s expanding range, where reported cases of I. scapularis-borne diseases have increased in incidence and geographic range over the past decade. Among the 1240 host-seeking I. scapularisnymphs that we screened from 64 sites, we detected all seven pathogens at varying frequencies. Borrelia burgdorferis.s. was the most prevalent and geographically widespread, found in 25.24% of all nymphs tested. Anaplasma phagocytophilumand Babesia microtiwere also geographically widespread, but they were less prevalent than Bo. burgdorferis.s. (detected in 6.29% and 4.68% of ticks, respectively). Spatial clusters of sites with high prevalence for these three pathogens were identified in the north-central region of the state. Prevalence was less than 1.29% for each of the remaining pathogens. Two or more pathogens were detected in 90 nymphs (7.26%); coinfections with Bo. burgdorferis.s. and either A. phagocytophilum(51 nymphs, 4.11%) or Ba. microti(43 nymphs, 3.47%) were the most common combinations. The distribution and density of infected ticks mirrors the distribution of notifiable tick-borne diseases in Minnesota and provides information on the distribution and prevalence of recently described human pathogens.

Published
2018
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29. Evaluating acarological risk for exposure to Ixodes scapularisand Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens in recreational and residential settings in Washington County, Minnesota

Author

Hahn, Micah B., Bjork, Jenna K.H., Neitzel, David F., Dorr, Frances M., Whitemarsh, Tessa, Boegler, Karen A., Graham, Christine B., Johnson, Tammi L., Maes, Sarah E., and Eisen, Rebecca J.

Abstract

The distribution of I. scapularis, the tick vector of the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, has been expanding over the last two decades in the north-central United States in parallel with increasing incidence of human cases of Lyme disease in that region. However, assessments of residential risk for exposure to ticks are lacking from this region. Here, we measured the density of host-seeking I. scapularisnymphs in two suburban and two rural public recreational sites located in Washington County, Minnesota as well as in nearby residential properties. We sought to compare tick densities across land use types and to identify environmental factors that might impact nymphal density. We also assessed the prevalence of infection in the collected ticks with Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferisensu stricto, B. mayonii), and other I. scapularis-borne pathogens including B. miyamotoi, Babesia microtiand Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Similar to studies from the eastern United States, on residential properties, I. scapularisnymphal densities were highest in the ecotonal areas between the forest edge and the lawn. Residences with the highest densities of nymphs were more likely to have a higher percentage of forest cover, log piles, and signs of deer on their property. In recreational areas, we found the highest nymphal densities both in the wooded areas next to trails as well as on mowed trails. Among the 303 host-seeking I. scapularisnymphs tested for pathogens, B. burgdorferisensu stricto, A. phagocytophilumand B. miyamotoiwere detected in 42 (13.8%), 14 (4.6%), and 2 (0.6%) nymphs, respectively.

Published
2018
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30. Isolation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia mayoniiFrom Naturally Infected Rodents in Minnesota

Author

Johnson, Tammi L., Graham, Christine B., Hojgaard, Andrias, Breuner, Nicole E., Maes, Sarah E., Boegler, Karen A., Replogle, Adam J., Kingry, Luke C., Petersen, Jeannine M., Eisen, Lars, and Eisen, Rebecca J.

Abstract

Borrelia mayoniiis a newly described member of the Borrelia burgdorferisensu lato complex that is vectored by the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularisSay) and a cause of Lyme disease in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Vertebrate reservoir hosts involved in the enzootic maintenance of B. mayoniihave not yet been identified. Here, we describe the first isolation of B. mayoniifrom naturally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopusRafinesque) and an American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicusErxleben) from Minnesota, thus implicating these species as potential reservoir hosts for this newly described spirochete.

Published
2017
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33. An Outbreak Investigation of SalmonellaTyphimurium Illnesses in the United States Linked to Packaged Leafy Greens Produced at a Controlled Environment Agriculture Indoor Hydroponic Operation – 2021

Author

McClure, Monica, Whitney, Brooke, Gardenhire, Ifueko, Crosby, Alvin, Wellman, Allison, Patel, Kane, McCormic, Zachary D., Gieraltowski, Laura, Gollarza, Lauren, Low, Mabel S.F., Adams, Jennifer, Pightling, Arthur, Bell, Rebecca L., Nolte, Kurt, Tijerina, Mary, Frost, Joseph T., Beix, James A., Boegler, Karen A., Dow, Julie, Altman, Shana, Wise, Matthew E., Bazaco, Michael C., and Viazis, Stelios

Abstract

•SalmonellaTyphimurium outbreak investigation linked to packaged leafy greens.•Investigated a controlled environment agriculture indoor hydroponic operation.•Recovered the outbreak strain from a sample from a stormwater drainage basin.•Epidemiologic, traceback, and laboratory data led to voluntary recalls of product.•Recovered an isolate of SalmonellaLiverpool from an active indoor growing pond.

Published
2023
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34. Ebola virus disease cluster--Northern Sierra Leone, January 2016

Author

Alpren, Charles, Sloan, Michelle, Boegler, Karen A., Martin, Daniel W., Ervin, Elizabeth, Washburn, Faith, Rickert, Regan, Singh, Tushar, and Redd, John T.

Subjects
World Health Organization, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus, Virus diseases
Abstract

On January 14, 2016, the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation was notified that a buccal swab collected on January 12 from a deceased female aged 22 years (patient [...]

Published
2016

35. Notes from The Field: Ebola Virus Disease Cluster - Northern Sierra Leone, January 2016.

Author

Alpren, Charles, Sloan, Michelle, Boegler, Karen A, Martin, Daniel W, Ervin, Elizabeth, Washburn, Faith, Rickert, Regan, Singh, Tushar, Redd, John T, Interagency Investigation Team, eHealth Africa, CDC, World Health Organization, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, United Kingdom, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, School of Public Health, University of Makeni, Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health & Sanitation, Sierra Leone, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, and all these individuals meet authorship criteria

Abstract

On January 14, 2016, the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation was notified that a buccal swab collected on January 12 from a deceased female aged 22 years (patient A) in Tonkolili District had tested positive for Ebola virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The most recent case of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in Sierra Leone had been reported 4 months earlier on September 13, 2015 (1), and the World Health Organization had declared the end of Ebola virus transmission in Sierra Leone on November 7, 2015 (2). The Government of Sierra Leone launched a response to prevent further transmission of Ebola virus by identifying contacts of the decedent and monitoring them for Ebola signs and symptoms, ensuring timely treatment for anyone with Ebola, and conducting an epidemiologic investigation to identify the source of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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37. Prevalence and Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Eastern National Parks.

Author

Johnson TL, Graham CB, Boegler KA, Cherry CC, Maes SE, Pilgard MA, Hojgaard A, Buttke DE, and Eisen RJ

Subjects
Animals, Borrelia burgdorferi isolation & purification, Ixodes growth & development, Nymph growth & development, Nymph microbiology, Nymph parasitology, Parks, Recreational, United States, Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolation & purification, Babesia microti isolation & purification, Borrelia isolation & purification, Ixodes microbiology, Ixodes parasitology
Abstract

Tick-borne pathogens transmitted by Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), also known as the deer tick or blacklegged tick, are increasing in incidence and geographic distribution in the United States. We examined the risk of tick-borne disease exposure in 9 national parks across six Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic States and the District of Columbia in 2014 and 2015. To assess the recreational risk to park visitors, we sampled for ticks along frequently used trails and calculated the density of I. scapularis nymphs (DON) and the density of infected nymphs (DIN). We determined the nymphal infection prevalence of I. scapularis with a suite of tick-borne pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti. Ixodes scapularis nymphs were found in all national park units; DON ranged from 0.40 to 13.73 nymphs per 100 m2. Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, was found at all sites where I. scapularis was documented; DIN with B. burgdorferi ranged from 0.06 to 5.71 nymphs per 100 m2. Borrelia miyamotoi and A. phagocytophilum were documented at 60% and 70% of the parks, respectively, while Ba. microti occurred at just 20% of the parks. Ixodes scapularis is well established across much of the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic States, and our results are generally consistent with previous studies conducted near the areas we sampled. Newly established I. scapularis populations were documented in two locations: Washington, D.C. (Rock Creek Park) and Greene County, Virginia (Shenandoah National Park). This research demonstrates the potential risk of tick-borne pathogen exposure in national parks and can be used to educate park visitors about the importance of preventative actions to minimize tick exposure., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2016. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.)

Published
2017
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38. Evaluation of the infectiousness to mice of soil contaminated with Yersinia pestis-infected blood.

Author

Boegler KA, Graham CB, Montenieri JA, MacMillan K, Holmes JL, Petersen JM, Gage KL, and Eisen RJ

Subjects
Animals, Female, Housing, Animal, Mice, Plague blood, Plague microbiology, Sciuridae, Soil chemistry, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Yersinia pestis pathogenicity, Plague transmission, Soil Microbiology, Yersinia pestis physiology
Abstract

Plague, an often-fatal zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized by epizootic and quiescent periods. How Y. pestis is maintained during inter-epizootic periods is poorly understood, but soil has been implicated as a potential reservoir. Although previous studies have suggested that Y. pestis is able to survive in soil for weeks or months, it is unclear whether or not it is infectious to susceptible hosts. Here we investigate the potential for Y. pestis to infect mice through close contact with contaminated soil under laboratory conditions. In an attempt to approximate the natural conditions under which animals would be exposed to Y. pestis-contaminated soil, mouse cages filled with soil from a plague-endemic region were held at temperature and humidity ranges observed in ground squirrel burrows. These laboratory "burrows" were contaminated with highly bacteremic blood (>10(8) cfu/mL) to simulate the introduction of infectious material from a dying animal during an epizootic. Outbred Swiss-Webster mice with scarified skin patches were held on contaminated soil for 10 days and monitored for signs of illness. Following exposure to contaminated soil, one animal of 104 became infected with Y. pestis. None of the remaining animals seroconverted following a 21-day holding period. Under our experimental conditions, which maximized the likelihood of contact between susceptible mice and contaminated soil, transmission efficiency from soil to mice was 0.96% (95% CI 0.17, 5.25%). This suggests that although transmission of Y. pestis from contaminated soils is possible, it is not likely a major transmission route under natural conditions.

Published
2012
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