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This study of 21 youthful parricide offenders (YPOs) ages 11–21 examined the relationship between psychopathology, level of psychopathy, and crime scene behaviors, particularly two forms of "body management": (1) "body movement" and (2) "body alteration." Undoing, a form of body alteration reflecting psychological rather than practical needs, for example, to lessen guilt or symbolically reverse the killing, was present in one‐third of the sample. The sample shared common characteristics with juvenile parricide offenders overall in that most of them killed one parent, were victims of chronic child abuse, had one or more psychiatric diagnoses (PTSD was most prevalent), used a firearm, and committed the killings at the family home. Unexpectedly, YPOs who were child abuse victims were not more likely to engage in undoing behaviors than non‐abused youth, and over half of the youth with undoing behaviors had elevated psychopathy levels. Three‐quarters of youth who moved victim bodies following the murders had elevated psychopathy levels. Similarly, all three youth who transported bodies away from the crime scene had elevated psychopathy levels and conduct disorder. None of the youth with psychotic symptoms engaged in undoing behaviors, altered victim bodies, moved bodies either within or away from the home, or had an elevated degree of psychopathy; they also most often killed using bladed weapons, whereas the nonpsychotic youth usually used firearms. Studies examining the influence of mental illness and psychopathy level on parricidal behaviors by youth are scarce, and to our knowledge this is the largest study to date investigating this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Body management; handling,manipulating and paying attention to the body is influenced by different factors and this research tries to explain the body managementand external factors affecting the body management of women in Sanandaj city.The theoretical framework of this research is based on the theories of Anthony Giddens and Erving Goffman.Method:The survey research method and the research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and the sample size is equal to 441 women aged 25 to 45 living in Sanandaj city,who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling.Findings:According to the results,there is a significant relationship between body management and social acceptance,dignity,discrimination and gender identity,and according to the regression test.In fact,from the point of view of the respondents,manipulation and adjustment of the body is a tool to receive approval and social acceptance,so that it can present a new and popular identity with a distinctive body and appearance.With this research,it can be concluded that,on the one hand,body management is an opportunity to improve the physical condition and health and adopt a healthy lifestyle,and on the other hand,it is a threat to health and adopting an unhealthy and pretentious lifestyle,and the important thing is how to take advantage of this opportunity with Paying attention to the interest and belonging of Sanandji women to the clothing style,eating style and style of consumption is to empower and display the art and ethnic identity to improve the status of Sanandji women.For this purpose,the officials should take advantage of this opportunity to introduce and modelbyincreasing awarenessand preparing the platform and conditions.

The objective of this research was to examine the manner in which exceptional female soccer pla​yers navigate the intersection of their feminine and athletic personas both within and beyond the realm of athletics. Phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research procedure, was employed in this investigation. In order to collect data, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was carried out with eight female soccer players aged 19-27 who were members of the Iranian Super League. Utilizing the theoretical sampling procedure, data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Following recording, each interview was transcribed by hand, line by line. Analysis of findings was conducted both during and subsequent to data collection. Certain participants held the perception that their feminine and athletic personas were harmonious in social and athletic settings. As reported by other participants, athleticism and femininity are diametrically opposed. Three overarching experiences are employed to address this incompatibility. 1. disclosing their feminine identities in social contexts and their athletic identities in sports contexts. 2.emphasizing the feminine characteristic in both settings. 3. emphasizing the athletic brand in both contexts. To alleviate the negative tensions and pressures caused by this conflict, female soccer players manage their feminine or athletic identities through appearance and body management, including apparel, makeup, hair and body manipulation, behavior, tone of voice, and gender role tasks. Perceptions of the (in)congruence between the athletic and feminine identities of female soccer players and the type of body management they employed were found to overlap.

The objective of this research was to examine the manner in which exceptional female soccer players navigate the intersection of their feminine and athletic personas both within and beyond the realm of athletics. Phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research procedure, was employed in this investigation. In order to collect data, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was carried out with eight female soccer players aged 19-27 who were members of the Iranian Super League. Utilizing the theoretical sampling procedure, data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Following recording, each interview was transcribed by hand, line by line. Analysis of findings was conducted both during and subsequent to data collection. Certain participants held the perception that their feminine and athletic personas were harmonious in social and athletic settings. As reported by other participants, athleticism and femininity are diametrically opposed. Three overarching experiences are employed to address this incompatibility. 1. disclosing their feminine identities in social contexts and their athletic identities in sports contexts. 2.emphasizing the feminine characteristic in both settings. 3. emphasizing the athletic brand in both contexts. To alleviate the negative tensions and pressures caused by this conflict, female soccer players manage their feminine or athletic identities through appearance and body management, including apparel, makeup, hair and body manipulation, behavior, tone of voice, and gender role tasks. Perceptions of the (in)congruence between the athletic and feminine identities of female soccer players and the type of body management they employed were found to overlap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Femininity and the role of motherhood are manifested as a gender rolestructure in the attitude towards motherhood. This attitude is different intraditional and modern women. The developments of the last century inthe world and in Iran have exposed the lifestyle components of women tochange. The current research was conducted with the purpose of asociological survey on the effect of lifestyle on the attitude towards the roleof motherhood in two generations of women in Rasht city. The data wascollected using a cross-sectional survey and questionnaire among marriedwomen with children with a sample size of 384 people, using a randomsampling method. Pearson’ correlation test and path analysis were usedfor data analysis. According to research hypotheses, the attitude towardsmotherhood and women s lifestyle were analyzed with the theories ofBourdieu, Giddens, Mannheim and some feminist narratives. According tothe findings, there is a significant relationship between attitude towardsmotherhood and lifestyle. With the modernization of the lifestyle, theattitude towards the motherhood’s role in women is also modernized, thisis visible in aspects of the lifestyle such as body management, shoppingstyle, cultural consumption and leisure time. According to the researchindicators, women’s attitude towards motherhood is neither traditional normodern, but intermediate, but close to modern; Women’s lifestyle is in theintermediate range (traditional-modern). Path analysis shows that culturalconsumption has the most direct effect on the attitude towardsmotherhood. body management and economic social status havedirect and indirect effects.

Introduction With the shift from traditional to modern society, significant sociocultural transformations have brought about remarkable transformations in both the concept of the body and related approaches. Body management practices have evolved into a whole new dimension that has experienced profound alterations. These transformations are so profound that they have given rise to a scientific domain solely devoted to the study and understanding of the concept of body management. Modern society is teeming with vast amounts of data pertaining to the body, spurring social researchers to delve into the intriguing domain of body management patterns. These studies, undertaken over the last few decades, have led to a myriad of investigations centered upon this very theme. Within contemporary societies, female cinema stars occupy a highly sought-after and idealized position in the sphere of body management. The cinema industry harnesses the power of women and men who exude specific fashion trends with the aim of captivating audiences and amassing profits. The principal objective of this research is to investigate to what extent women residing in Tehran emulate the body management practices employed by female cinema stars. Methodology The study in question adopts a qualitative methodology known as Grounded Theory, which brings together the Paradigmatic Model of Strauss and the Constructing Grounded Theory Model proposed by Kathy Charmaz. Utilizing this approach, this research employs tools such as in-depth interviews and observation for data collection, which are developed and fine-tuned as the study unfolds. For this study, the targeted participants are women who receive treatment in beauty clinics situated in District 5 of Tehran. To select participants, the study employs two sampling methods: purposive nonprobability sampling and theoretical sampling. The sample size is deliberately chosen to be sufficiently large in order to achieve theoretical saturation, meaning that the sampling process persists until no significant new insights are gained from adding additional samples to the study. During the data categorization and coding process, the initial step involves extracting phrases, explanations, sentences, and signaling words or phrases, as they serve as evidence that the interviewees have attempted to differentiate and label their body management practices, or to give further explanation on their body-related behaviors. This process is conducted through an open coding approach, which means that no rigid classification is imposed on the data and that the classifications emerge organically from the data itself. Subsequently, the identified codes are combined based on shared semantic themes. Afterwards, based on common features of grouped phrases within each theme, a hierarchical process is undertaken to unveil related themes, essential patterns, and ultimately, central themes. In the final phase of this research, the extracted themes are compared to the portrayal of female cinema stars' body management styles in their movies and on social media. Finings The target population of this research consists of 14 female participants, ranging between 17 to 68 years old, who have undergone at least one cosmetic surgery on different parts of their face and body. All participants in this study have chosen to undergo cosmetic surgery of their own accord. The primary model derived from this research aims to explore the sociological aspects of body management and the process of pattern replication in Iranian cinema, as seen in the case of female cinema stars. The data analysis process has employed open coding and axial coding methodologies suggested by the Paradigmatic Model of Strauss and Constructing Ground Theory Model proposed by Kathy Charmaz, where open coding was applied as the first step, followed by axial coding as the second step. A total of 25 axial codes were ultimately extracted. These codes were subsequently grouped into four overarching categories: antecedent conditions, facilitating conditions, interventions, and outcomes and strategies, as well as consequences. Causal conditions encompass events and situations that precede and contribute to the emergence of specific phenomena. These causal conditions are generally classified into four main categories: Causative Conditions: Events or circumstances that precipitate an event. Causative conditions are typically grouped into four primary categories. A significant antecedent condition influencing the decision to undergo cosmetic surgery is the media's competitive nature. Contextual Conditions: A set of characteristics that are closely associated with a particular phenomenon, reflective of the setting in which the event occurs. Antecedent and facilitating factors influencing the rise in cosmetic surgery rates encompass social pressures. These pressures are significant elements within the broader context where interventions take place. Intervening Conditions: Interventions involve procedures, practices, or strategies implemented to handle, control, or respond to a phenomenon. Several survey participants resort to cosmetic surgery as a strategy to garner attention and prominence. 4. Outcomes and Strategies: This category pertains to the outcomes, outputs, or consequences of actions and responses. These encompass increased social acceptance, reduced political and social engagement, elevated self-confidence, coping with aging issues, higher chances of success, amplified social stature, augmented income through social networks, aesthetic preferences, and the fulfillment of beauty standards. Results Social competition for beauty does not merely exist in the real world but is also amplified in the perceptions of female audiences through a form of media-induced competition. In essence, the competition for beauty is solidified within a reciprocal and dynamic relationship between the media and the social world. Cultural and social patterns, such as spiritual ownership, symbolic competition, and extravagant consumption, significantly influence individuals' media consumption and consequent interpretations. Actresses featured in both national and international media function as representatives of other social actors who serve as points of interest and competition in the realm of cosmetic surgery discourse. Some individuals tend to fixate solely on actresses' facial beauty, while overlooking other aspects of their appearance and character. Another significant causal condition is the negative perception of one's body, which is fostered by the media's influence. Discontent with one's life and the perception of certain problems as irreversible contribute significantly as antecedent factors that can lead to the decision to undergo cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, the progress of medical science has significantly contributed to the phenomenon of cosmetic surgery, as the media has allowed cultural and social acceptance of this trend. Concurrently, advances in medicine have made it easier than ever to satisfy these desires and cater to individuals' aesthetic goals. The trend of imitating the cosmetic surgery procedures of movie stars can be observed through the use of several strategies: garnering public attention, concealing one's true self, increasing social media followership, and closely monitoring and controlling one's body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to survey the lifestyles of the university students studying at shahid chamran university of Ahwaz against the clerics studying at religious in the same city. To clarify the point, weber, s model and that of bordieu were used as the theoretical framework of the research. There were two randomly selected samples. For Ahwaz religious relevant class sampling was made use of data gleaned from questionnaire distributed among 141 university students versus the same number of religious school were gathered via SPSS 19 to be analyzed. In the third phase of the research, it was assumed that both institutes and manpower there are affected by their respective organizational hierarchy in trems of lifestyles. Results from MANOVA revealed that there is no significant difference between the university students as against clerics. However as for the means related to the difference in terms of their lifestyles there does exist a management, making use of cosmetics and fitness, attitudes towards cosmetic surgery and difference in dress codes are concerned they were shown to be different. But, as far as spending free time, social interactions and everyday activities there were no significant differences. Thus it could be conclude that their respective educational setting did have an influence on their lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionWith the shift from traditional to modern society, significant socio-cultural transformations have brought about remarkable transformations in both the concept of the body and related approaches. Body management practices have evolved into a whole new dimension that has experienced profound alterations. These transformations are so profound that they have given rise to a scientific domain solely devoted to the study and understanding of the concept of body management. Modern society is teeming with vast amounts of data pertaining to the body, spurring social researchers to delve into the intriguing domain of body management patterns. These studies, undertaken over the last few decades, have led to a myriad of investigations centered upon this very theme.Within contemporary societies, female cinema stars occupy a highly sought-after and idealized position in the sphere of body management. The cinema industry harnesses the power of women and men who exude specific fashion trends with the aim of captivating audiences and amassing profits. The principal objective of this research is to investigate to what extent women residing in Tehran emulate the body management practices employed by female cinema stars.MethodologyThe study in question adopts a qualitative methodology known as Grounded Theory, which brings together the Paradigmatic Model of Strauss and the Constructing Grounded Theory Model proposed by Kathy Charmaz. Utilizing this approach, this research employs tools such as in-depth interviews and observation for data collection, which are developed and fine-tuned as the study unfolds.For this study, the targeted participants are women who receive treatment in beauty clinics situated in District 5 of Tehran. To select participants, the study employs two sampling methods: purposive non-probability sampling and theoretical sampling. The sample size is deliberately chosen to be sufficiently large in order to achieve theoretical saturation, meaning that the sampling process persists until no significant new insights are gained from adding additional samples to the study.During the data categorization and coding process, the initial step involves extracting phrases, explanations, sentences, and signaling words or phrases, as they serve as evidence that the interviewees have attempted to differentiate and label their body management practices, or to give further explanation on their body-related behaviors. This process is conducted through an open coding approach, which means that no rigid classification is imposed on the data and that the classifications emerge organically from the data itself.Subsequently, the identified codes are combined based on shared semantic themes. Afterwards, based on common features of grouped phrases within each theme, a hierarchical process is undertaken to unveil related themes, essential patterns, and ultimately, central themes. In the final phase of this research, the extracted themes are compared to the portrayal of female cinema stars' body management styles in their movies and on social media.FiningsThe target population of this research consists of 14 female participants, ranging between 17 to 68 years old, who have undergone at least one cosmetic surgery on different parts of their face and body. All participants in this study have chosen to undergo cosmetic surgery of their own accord. The primary model derived from this research aims to explore the sociological aspects of body management and the process of pattern replication in Iranian cinema, as seen in the case of female cinema stars.The data analysis process has employed open coding and axial coding methodologies suggested by the Paradigmatic Model of Strauss and Constructing Ground Theory Model proposed by Kathy Charmaz, where open coding was applied as the first step, followed by axial coding as the second step.A total of 25 axial codes were ultimately extracted. These codes were subsequently grouped into four overarching categories: antecedent conditions, facilitating conditions, interventions, and outcomes and strategies, as well as consequences.Causal conditions encompass events and situations that precede and contribute to the emergence of specific phenomena. These causal conditions are generally classified into four main categories:Causative Conditions: Events or circumstances that precipitate an event. Causative conditions are typically grouped into four primary categories. A significant antecedent condition influencing the decision to undergo cosmetic surgery is the media's competitive nature.Contextual Conditions: A set of characteristics that are closely associated with a particular phenomenon, reflective of the setting in which the event occurs. Antecedent and facilitating factors influencing the rise in cosmetic surgery rates encompass social pressures. These pressures are significant elements within the broader context where interventions take place.Intervening Conditions: Interventions involve procedures, practices, or strategies implemented to handle, control, or respond to a phenomenon. Several survey participants resort to cosmetic surgery as a strategy to garner attention and prominence.4. Outcomes and Strategies: This category pertains to the outcomes, outputs, or consequences of actions and responses. These encompass increased social acceptance, reduced political and social engagement, elevated self-confidence, coping with aging issues, higher chances of success, amplified social stature, augmented income through social networks, aesthetic preferences, and the fulfillment of beauty standards.ResultsSocial competition for beauty does not merely exist in the real world but is also amplified in the perceptions of female audiences through a form of media-induced competition. In essence, the competition for beauty is solidified within a reciprocal and dynamic relationship between the media and the social world. Cultural and social patterns, such as spiritual ownership, symbolic competition, and extravagant consumption, significantly influence individuals' media consumption and consequent interpretations.Actresses featured in both national and international media function as representatives of other social actors who serve as points of interest and competition in the realm of cosmetic surgery discourse. Some individuals tend to fixate solely on actresses' facial beauty, while overlooking other aspects of their appearance and character. Another significant causal condition is the negative perception of one's body, which is fostered by the media's influence. Discontent with one's life and the perception of certain problems as irreversible contribute significantly as antecedent factors that can lead to the decision to undergo cosmetic surgery.Furthermore, the progress of medical science has significantly contributed to the phenomenon of cosmetic surgery, as the media has allowed cultural and social acceptance of this trend. Concurrently, advances in medicine have made it easier than ever to satisfy these desires and cater to individuals' aesthetic goals. The trend of imitating the cosmetic surgery procedures of movie stars can be observed through the use of several strategies: garnering public attention, concealing one's true self, increasing social media followership, and closely monitoring and controlling one's body.

This study investigates the relationship between the number of sports-bodybuilding activities with body management in women in Tabriz. Body management means manipulating the appearance of the body. The research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population was 1486 women participating in sports-bodybuilding activities in Tabriz. A sample of 205 people was selected based on Morgan's table. The sampling method was probabilistic cluster sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the number of sports-bodybuilding activities with the amount of body management and weight control and health components in Tabriz women with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.47 and 0.52 and significance level of 0.001, respectively. There was no significant difference between the number of sports activities with the number of surgical components, body management cosmetics, marital status and level of education. There was a significant inverse relationship between the age of Tabriz women and body management with Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.16 and significance level of 0.021. The rate of body management was significantly higher among employed women than non-employed women. Sports activities such as bodybuilding are concrete examples of the body's social structure that explicitly allows individuals to improve their behavior by mastering physical skills. Therefore, women can manage their body by using sports activities and achieve the desired result by controlling and the amount of activity

In the contemporary societies, especially in modern societies, the appearance is so important and body and face appearance one of considerable for gaining beauty and attraction, especially for women. Beauty and make up for being beauty is a phenomenon that now-a-days is very important in societies. The extension of new makeup patterns and the increasing tendency of young women and girls to use these accessories is one of the issues that is considerable to be investigated. Accordingly, this study has been investigated the reasons of female students' tendency to make-up patterns and accessories. This study is an applied one that qualitative approach and thematic analysis method was used to answer the research questions. The statistical population of this study consisted of women students of Yasouj University in the semester of 2016-2017, from which 30 sample cases were selected via purposive sampling method. Data analysis was done by categorization method. The results showed that the most important reasons for students' tendency to make-up's patterns and accessories were "gender attitude and identity", "fashionistic function of mass media", "being reference and influence of peer group", "internal concerns", and "duality of men's appearance orientation and moralism". These categorizes showed that identity, new media, advertisement industry via mass media, psychological and social interaction are main important reasons for using make up patterns and accessories among female students.

The body and the concept of the body, which were absent in traditional sociological analyses, are today at the heart of sociology, social life, and our identity self-concept. With the spread of new media and communication technologies, one of the most important challenges in the field of body management is related to the uncertainty surrounding the influence of global forces or local contexts. Based on the global-localization approach, based on the theories of Robertson, Giddens, Rogers, Featherstone and social acceptance, this article examines the effect of using new media on body management with the mediation of social acceptance among club women in the city of Noorabad, Memsani. Is. The research method was a survey, the data collection tool was a questionnaire, and the sampling method was proportional sampling with simple random sampling. According to the results of the research, women use modern media the most, respectively, to get information and how to use sports equipment, to search for fitness models and to get information about fashion and clothing (Internet); The use of fashion advertising networks, watching scientific, medical, sports and commercial (satellite) programs. Among the many indicators of body management structure, sports and fitness, surgery and body beauty and the quality of clothing have been the most influential indicators. By comparing the impact of new media (.81) and social acceptance (.17) on body management, it can be said that new media has significantly increased women's attention to body management in different dimensions, more than social acceptance. are [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being absent in traditional sociological analysis, today the body and the body concept is at the heart of our sociology, social life, and identity self-concept. With the development of modern media and communication technologies, one of the most important challenges in the field of body management relates to the uncertainty of the impact of global forces or local contexts. Drawing on the world-localization approach and based on the Robertson’s, Goddens’s, Fiderstone’s and social acceptance theories, this paper has investigated the impact of modern media use on body management mediated by social acceptance among club women in Noorabad Mamassani. In his research, the survey methodology was used, the data were collected using a questionnaire, and the sample was selected through simple random sampling. According to the results of the research, women mostly used modern media, respectively: knowing about the sports equipment and use of them, search for fitness patterns, and knowing about fashion and clothing (the Internet); the use of fashion advertising networks, watching science, medical, sports, and commercial (satellite) programs. Among the multiple indicators of body management construct, sports and fitness, surgery and beauty of the body and quality of clothing were the most influential indicators. Comparing the impact of modern media (0.81) and social acceptance (0.17) on body management, it can be said that modern media significantly increase women's attention to body management more than social acceptance in different aspects.

Abstract Background Women’s eating behaviours and exercise patterns have been found to fluctuate across the menstrual cycle, manifested by premenstrual food cravings and reduced exercise. However, the meaning and consequences of premenstrual changes in eating and exercise behaviours remains underexplored. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how women who feel negatively about their premenstrual bodies construct and experience premenstrual changes to eating and exercise practices, which disrupt their usual patterns of body management. Methods Four hundred and sixty women aged 18–45 completed an online survey in response to a Facebook advertisement targeted at women who feel negatively about their bodies during the premenstrual phase of the cycle. Participants reported moderate premenstrual distress, high body shame and high risk of disordered eating attitudes using standardised measures. Sixteen women reporting rich accounts of premenstrual body dissatisfaction were invited to participate in body-mapping, involving visually illustrating experiences on a life-sized outline of the body, followed by a telephone interview. Thematic analysis was used to explore qualitative survey, interview, and body-mapping data. Results and discussion Results found that outside of the premenstrual phase these women engaged in restrictive eating and intensive exercise behaviours, which were disrupted by premenstrual cravings, hunger, fatigue, pain and feeling physically uncomfortable. For a minority of the women, this facilitated self-care in reducing the strict management of their bodies during the premenstrual phase. Others experienced feelings of guilt, shame, self-disgust and pushed their bodies physically through increased exercise. Conclusions These findings emphasise the need to acknowledge changes in body management across the menstrual cycle, with implications for women’s mental health and feelings about the self. Internalisation of pressures placed on women to manage their bodies through restrictive eating behaviours and rigorous exercise plays a role in women’s premenstrual body dissatisfaction and distress. Plain English summary The current study aimed to explore how women who feel negatively about their premenstrual bodies construct and experience premenstrual changes to eating and exercise practices. Outside of the premenstrual phase these women engaged in restrictive eating and intensive exercise behaviours which were disrupted by premenstrual cravings, hunger, fatigue, pain and feeling physically uncomfortable. Some women allowed themselves to take a premenstrual break from their usual strict eating and exercise behaviours, whereas others felt guilt, shame, self-disgust and physically pushed their bodies through increased exercise. These findings emphasise that changes to eating and exercise behaviours across the menstrual cycle and pressures placed on women to manage their eating and exercise behaviours have implications for women’s premenstrual distress and body dissatisfaction.

Abstract. Body is something beyond Substantiality and it always affects the individual and social relations. Cultural capital could influence body management as part of their lifestyle. Although the body is important for everyone, the quality and quantity of body management in terms of gender are not the same. The aim of this study is to examine gender comparison of cultural capital impact on the management body. The method was survey and data collected through questionnaire. The participants sample consisted of 398 citizens of Shiraz who 18-65 years old were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Theoretical framework is based on Bourdieu's theories to explain the impact of cultural capital on body management and feminist theory was developed to explain gender differences. The results illustrate that excess of body management dealing with women and explain the importance of gender in the body management. As well as the objectified and embodied cultural capital and objectified cultural capital have positive effects on body management of women and men, respectively. While institutionalized cultural capital does not impact on the body management of any of these groups.

Background and Objectives: The unconventional body management among Iranian women has led to the emergence of various individual and social consequences, highlighting the necessity of investigating this phenomenon from different dimensions. This study aimed to examine the moderating role of religion in the relationship between identity and body management. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on all women (n=400) aged 15-65 years old in the city of Tehran, Iran, selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments consisted of three questionnaires, namely a researcher-made questionnaire on body management, the Dimensions of Religiosity Scale, and the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was evaluated as appropriate using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient method. Results: The results of the correlation test showed that at the 99% confidence level, there was a statistically significant correlation between tendency to body management and identity (r=-0.319, P

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of social factors on women’s Body Management in Qom. The theoretical framework was based on various theories by Giddens, Goffman, Nan Lane, Cooley, and Homans. This study was based on a survey design, and the data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included all women aged 16-60 years old in Qom. A total of 384 participants were selected using the Cochran’s Formula and quota sampling. SPSS software (Version 22) was used for data analysis. The findings indicated that body management had a significant and direct relationship with social pressure, social acceptance, and life satisfaction as well as achieving a higher social status and attracting the opposite sex. In addition, the results of regression analysis revealed that the aforementioned variables could explain 41% of the changes in ‘Body Management’. Furthermore, implications of the findings for social policy making were discussed. Finally, some suggestions were made for dealing with extreme tendency towards Body Management.

Comparing Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Body Contouring among Three generations of Women in Arak City Abstract The study of changes occurred in perception and performance of different generations is based on the assumption that, through experiencing different social revolutions, different generations have different experiences of beauty values, norms and performance. Based on this, the present research was carried out to study subjective and objective revolutions of beauty among three generations of women in Arak city. Theoretical framework of the research is developed based on theories by Bourdieu, Giddens, Inglehart, and feminism. The research methods were cross-sectional survey and causal-explanatory. The sample was calculated as 383 from three recent generations of women in Arak city (age groups 19-68) based on Cochran formula; but, to consider sample loss, the questionnaire copies were distributed among 390 women. The results showed “intergenerational distinctions in beauty's objectivity and intergenerational congruence in beauty's subjectivity” based on which we see that even if there are no significant differences among young, middle-aged, and old generations regarding physical self-concept but there are significant differences among these three generations regarding manifestation of and attempt to body contouring which appears as body management. Keywords: women, beauty, medium, inclination towards body contouring, body management, norms, self-concept

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the globalization dimensions on the gender identity of the youth in Abdanan city. Giddens' theory was used to explain this issue. The study is a cross-sectional survey and the statistical population includes young people aged 15-29 in Abdanan. The sample size was 400 people who were selected via a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The required data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS software. The Findings showed that gender identity was not different between boys and girls and there was a significant relationship between reflexivity, replacement, use of new information and communication technology, body management, and intimacy, with the youth gender identity. The independent variables of the present study explained 24% of the changes in the gender identity. Based on the findings, the independent variables of the study explained 24% of the changes in the gender identity variable. It is concluded that modernity waves and consequently the globalization of gender identity affected the youth of Abdanan city.

One of the issues in the field of body sociology is body management, which is widespread today among girls and women. It means people build social bodies by altering their physical appearance. The research method was applied in terms of purpose in the descriptive-analytical method. The research has used instruments including Bourdieu Cultural Capital Questionnaire and Researcher-Made Questionnaire of Women's Body Management Scale and Social Comparison of Gibbons and Bonk in 2019. The sample size was 382 women and girls aged 20-45 in the city of Sanandaj. The method was multi-stage cluster sampling. SPSS22 software and LISREL software were used for quantitative data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between variables of body management, cultural capital, media, and social comparison of mentioned variables. The sociological model of body management in women based on cultural capital and the media is mediated by social comparison mediation in Sanandaj. Social comparison with a impact coefficient of 0.45 can affect two variables of cultural capital that have had effects on the media variable of body management criterion. In urban women, social comparison is an essential source of information about body self-management, and social comparison processes fill the gap between self-talk and the concept of individual and inter-group identity.

Introduction: Research on health and body management and with the advent of the new age and consumer society, the appearance of the body has become very important for people in society; In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of general health in the management of male body athletes. Methods: In this study, in order to determine the sample size, the Cochran's formula of 381 samples was used as a multi-stage cluster sampling for an unlimited community. Independent t-test and Human Whitney were used for data analysis and SPSS software version 25 at the level of 0.05. Results: The results show that there is a significant relationship between general health of athletes's body management (P <0.05). Conclusion: General health seems to play an important role in body management components. In this regard, it is suggested that more studies be done to increase the external credibility of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social science research examines the relationships between different variables with respect to social issues; In this regard, the present study investigates the sociology of improving body management and its relationship with lifestyle in body consumption. Methods: The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study by age group (14-50) in Niavaran and Molavi districts of Tehran is 370,626 people and 384 people were selected as the research sample according to Cochran's formula. Independent t-test, Human Whitney and Wilcoxon tests and SPSS software version 25 at the level of 0.05 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that lifestyle, improved body management, mass media had an impact on women's consumption (P <0.05). Conclusion: It seems that body consumption is higher among women than men, and since body management should be considered in terms of health for men, the health organization should take measures to increase body management in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women's eating behaviours and exercise patterns have been found to fluctuate across the menstrual cycle, manifested by premenstrual food cravings and reduced exercise. However, the meaning and consequences of premenstrual changes in eating and exercise behaviours remains underexplored. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how women who feel negatively about their premenstrual bodies construct and experience premenstrual changes to eating and exercise practices, which disrupt their usual patterns of body management. Methods: Four hundred and sixty women aged 18–45 completed an online survey in response to a Facebook advertisement targeted at women who feel negatively about their bodies during the premenstrual phase of the cycle. Participants reported moderate premenstrual distress, high body shame and high risk of disordered eating attitudes using standardised measures. Sixteen women reporting rich accounts of premenstrual body dissatisfaction were invited to participate in body-mapping, involving visually illustrating experiences on a life-sized outline of the body, followed by a telephone interview. Thematic analysis was used to explore qualitative survey, interview, and body-mapping data. Results and discussion: Results found that outside of the premenstrual phase these women engaged in restrictive eating and intensive exercise behaviours, which were disrupted by premenstrual cravings, hunger, fatigue, pain and feeling physically uncomfortable. For a minority of the women, this facilitated self-care in reducing the strict management of their bodies during the premenstrual phase. Others experienced feelings of guilt, shame, self-disgust and pushed their bodies physically through increased exercise. Conclusions: These findings emphasise the need to acknowledge changes in body management across the menstrual cycle, with implications for women's mental health and feelings about the self. Internalisation of pressures placed on women to manage their bodies through restrictive eating behaviours and rigorous exercise plays a role in women's premenstrual body dissatisfaction and distress. Plain English summary: The current study aimed to explore how women who feel negatively about their premenstrual bodies construct and experience premenstrual changes to eating and exercise practices. Outside of the premenstrual phase these women engaged in restrictive eating and intensive exercise behaviours which were disrupted by premenstrual cravings, hunger, fatigue, pain and feeling physically uncomfortable. Some women allowed themselves to take a premenstrual break from their usual strict eating and exercise behaviours, whereas others felt guilt, shame, self-disgust and physically pushed their bodies through increased exercise. These findings emphasise that changes to eating and exercise behaviours across the menstrual cycle and pressures placed on women to manage their eating and exercise behaviours have implications for women's premenstrual distress and body dissatisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As modern values develop, centralization of the body is ascending. Statistics of cosmetic surgeries and makeup usage vividly clarifies the intensification of paying attention to the body. The term “body as a project” means that nowadays body management has turned into a routine process in order to identify the one’s personality for and unlike the past it does not belong to the elites anymore. Within this process, the media have an influential effect. Alongside the media, the popularity of social networks such as Instagram has led to many social consequences. This research is to discuss the effects of Instagram on body management among women by adopting a survey research method. Statistical population for this study includes women from 15 to 55 years of age who live in districts 1 and 20 of Tehran. the data was collected via a questionnaire. Multistage probability sampling is used to analyze the data gathered. the results suggest the more women use Instagram, the more they care about the idea of body management. Also how they use Instagram would affect the level of the management; this means women who follow celebrities pay more attention to their body. These women are not satisfied enough with their appearance and body. The results prove that there is a strong relationship between the usage of social media and the change in values women in Iran have regarding the body.

Introduction Today, body management and the variables influencing it tend to be one of the most important topics in sociology. The body is not merely a biological and psychological aspect, but rather is a socially constructed phenomenon. The body should be regarded as a pivot that makes it possible for humans to understand the world. It is through the body that the individual assumes the essence of his or her existence according to social and cultural conditions, age, gender, and personality. The development of nutrition, health and sports technologies along with independence of operation, intense consumerism, the importance of youth and the growing interest in young and beautiful bodies have greatly been influenced by the popular culture of new media. These issues have made body a central theme in the social and cultural studies of contemporary society. Media in advertising and virtual space with a variety of advertising patterns, especially in sports clubs, instill a need for beauty and fitness among their target audience, mainly teenagers and young adults. Material & Methods The research method was descriptive-analytical and in terms of its purpose, it was pragmatic. It was implemented by field method. The statistical population of the study was girls and boys aged 16-18 years in Isfahan who participated in 470 public and private clubs active in the field of bodybuilding and aerobics in the first six months of 2018. Due to the lack of accurate statistics of their numbers, based on Kerjesi and Morgan's table for an unknown society, 384 individuals were selected as the research sample by the available sampling method. The research measurement tool consisted of a researcher-made questionnaire whose surface and content validity, after consultation with professors and experts, were verified by a careful examination of its texts and research literature (n = 10 persons). Its reliability was also calculated by Cronbach’s alpha (0.86). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, and second-order confirmatory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Studies show that in today's business community, in most cases, the value given to a person's appearance is greater than the value given to his personality, character, and behavior. Therefore, many young people nurture their body to be exposed to fashion in order to attract attentions because they believe that the body's appearance (being muscular and handsome) is one of the most important factors in making relationships and drawing attentions. Therefore, by raising awareness and insight in the society, especially among the youth, it is necessary to internalize the value of each person in addition to the facial aspects of body and fitness and physical strength in his dignity, modesty, and modes of behavior and character in communicating with others. Therefore, reducing various facets of a person's character to a mere aesthetic beauty cannot be an absolute value. The results showed that the most important factors affecting youth tendency to body management were, respectively, youth culture (0.84), social acceptance and peer group (0.81), satellite and media advertising (0.79), reference groups (0.72), body dissatisfaction (0.71), economic factors (0.62), and cultural capital (0.41). In this regard, it is suggested that sports managers and executives, especially leisure-time sports, be provided with training sessions for coaches and managers of sports clubs in the Ministry of Education, sports federations and subsidiaries such as sports clubs, universities and private sports clubs in order to explain the philosophy and principles of fitness and leisure activities. Moreover, by formulating laws and regulations along with by-laws required to suit the circumstances of society for bodybuilding centers and sports clubs, they elaborate a code of ethics in the field of bodybuilding and take regulatory actions and effective measures in this regard. They also describe the negative effects and consequences of youth make up in the mass media, especially television.

It takes material as well as immaterial elements to have a good life. Among some upper middle-class Iranians, there is a growing interest in having a healthy lifestyle and increase one's quality of life to the extent that we can talk about a culture of health and wellbeing in which different rituals and body management practices are employed to help people follow their sense of the good life. This is studied in this paper from a "resource culture" perspective wherein resources are the means to create, sustain, and alter social relations, units, and identities within the framework of cultural ideas and practices. This paper examines how undertaking a new health-based lifestyle transforms people's social network, sense of identity, or group memberships, providing them with new opportunities to pursue what they think is the good life. Participants of the study include 30 members of a social media group named "Our keto Lives" in Tehran who were interviewed in two intensive, online focus group sessions. The result of the study indicates that as an increasingly popular dietary movement, Keto is capable of inspiring its followers to significantly change their life circumstances through a variety of body management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The unconventional body management among Iranian women has led to the emergence of various individual and social consequences, highlighting the necessity of investigating this phenomenon from different dimensions. This study aimed to examine the moderating role of religion in the relationship between identity and body management. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on all women (n=400) aged 15-65 years old in the city of Tehran, Iran, selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments consisted of three questionnaires, namely a researcher-made questionnaire on body management, the Dimensions of Religiosity Scale, and the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was evaluated as appropriate using Cronbach's alpha coefficient method. Results: The results of the correlation test showed that at the 99% confidence level, there was a statistically significant correlation between tendency to body management and identity (r=-0.319, P<0.001). Moreover, based on the results of regression analysis, religiosity had a moderating role in the relationship between identity and tendency to body management (β=-0.31, P<0.001) and strengthens the negative correlation between dependent and independent variables. It was also revealed that the beliefs and consequences dimensions of religiosity had respectively the highest and least moderating effect in the relationship between tendency to body management and identity (β=0.78, P<0.001; β=0.776, P<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: The results showed that religiosity could play a role in the tendency to body management, meaning that a higher level of religiosity led to a lower tendency to body management by affecting identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active aging is a broad concept in the sociology of aging. It emphasizes the links between health and activity and aging healthily (WHO, 2001a). As a strategy, active aging is to maximize everyone's potential to improve their individual quality of life. Self-management is a concept to which the idea of active aging is applied. This theory is used in many intervention. Self-management in aging relates to people's involvement in initiating progressive actions that will prepare them for aging. The Body Management in Safe Ranges (BMSR) program is a self-management program for aging. BMSR uses functional task (FT) movement as a means for managing aging, strengthens participants' self-efficacy, supports cognitive-motor strategies and movement in safe ranges. We use quasi experiment 2x2x2 design: intervention (experiment - control) X time (beforeafter) X group (community-retirement residence). For collecting data were used self-management questionnaire (SMAS-30), general self-efficacy questionnaire, BMSR questionnaire (BMSR-21) created for the current study. A significant improvement was found in the intervention group compared to the control group. No difference was found between social networks. Significant improvements were seen in program participants' reports about their physical abilities and condition, as well as their perceptions of the program, self-efficacy and additional factors encouraging them to improve their day-to-day functional abilities. The higher the final BMSR score given, the better their self-management abilities and selfefficacy. It was found that positive change to managing their bodies in safe ranges correlated to positive changes in self-management and self-efficacy ranges. BMSR is an independent factor that does not depend on social networks and environment or on participants' starting condition (age, amount of physical exercise, pain levels), can be carried out in varied framework, physical conditions, and abilities for which further research is needed. Changes seen in self-management and selfefficacy measurements in the intervention groups indicate that the BMSR program can serve as a self-management program in old age using movement as a means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro-ana is an online community that shares resources that support the progression and maintenance of eating disorders. It simultaneously offers participants anonymity and visibility in virtual space as well as the chance to develop social connections with other like-minded individuals who support, rather than censure, their "deviant" behaviors. This paper attends to the intersection of religion, embodiment, and digital culture in the pro-ana movement by exploring how anas embody religious values through their performances of pro-ana culture. We see this both in terms of the more obvious mobilizations of religious rhetorics common with some of the pro-ana community, as well as in more subtle manifestations of Protestant values embedded in key pro-ana commitments and behaviors. By analyzing the popular pro-ana site "MyPancakeAddiction," I explore how anas embody this digital culture through performances of a shared value system rooted in commitments to individualism, self-control, and mastery – themes often associated with Protestantism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Human beings are creatures with physical bodies and material body is a construct in which gender, race, ethnic, and class differences are shaped and manifested. Thus, the focused attention to body together with its prevalence in the sociological texts, in particular within the recent two decades, has raised considerable debates concerning issues including identity, social movements, consumer culture, lifestyle, and ethics (Zokaie, 2007). One of the issues proposed in relation to the lifestyle indicators is body management which is so pervasive among the youths nowadays. Body management can be stated as the actions and deeds including appearance, make-up, sports interests, and dietary. According to the analysts and based on some statistics and evidence, the attention to the body has dramatically increased in Iran in recent years (Zaer Rezaie, 2006) so that over 36000 Iranians undergo cosmetic surgery each year, as said by unofficial statistics. It is worth mentioning that Iran holds a high rank among different cosmetic surgeries, e.g. the first place in rhinoplasty or nose surgery in 2010. In the present study, given the importance of body in general, problematic status of plastic surgery, and growing desire to manipulate the body in Iran in particular, the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style" was investigated using discourse-historical approach of critical discourse analysis (CDA). Accordingly, it was tried to answer the following questions: How was the body articulated as a discourse in this documentary and which of the discourses related to the body were focused and decentered respectively? Generally, how were the cosmetic surgery and body represented in the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style"? In what social discourses was the documentary made and how was this discourse setting represented in the documentary? The conceptual framework of this study and its fundamental concepts include body, body management, and cosmetic surgery which will be defined in the following. Body: body is generally perceived as the collection of the flesh and organic bones; however, this concept enjoys a particular style and role and is considered to be under the control of the culture in the cultural studies. It is constantly called for playing roles or doing physical activities in the form of dietary, exercise or cosmetic surgery (Barker, 2008, p. 786). Body management: as one of the lifestyle indicators, body management is regarded as any constant control and manipulation of the apparent and outward features of the body which is done by different surgeries and make-up (Chavoshian & Azadarmaki, 2002, p. 64). Cosmetics and medical care behaviors are among different dimensions of this indicator. Cosmetic Surgery: cosmetic Surgery has no medical significance or necessity and is purely for the sake of beauty. This surgery is true of healthy people (kuczynski, 2006, p.8; as cited in Feynman, 2010). Contrary to the reconstructive surgery, cosmetic surgery is to improve the organ which is already normal without any surgery (Hayes & Jones, 2013). In this respect, these surgeries, in Jones’s (2008) terms, are selective. Material and Methods Having considered the society as a discourse setting, emphasizing the significance of the visual culture and media representation, and taking this presumption that the dominant discourse system of the society produces the cultural products including movies (here documentary) which are under the control of power, the authors of this study made an attempt analyze the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style". Documentaries, particularly social-political documentaries, are of the media texts that are of particular interest to audio-visual media audience due to their close relationship with the power structure (Alavi, 2013). "Nose, Iranian Style" was made by Mehrdad Oskouei in 2005. In the reconstruction tradition, this study tried to qualitatively provide a critical discourse analysis of the text of the documentary. Moreover, the theoretical approach of the study was sociological and in the domain of cultural studies. The significance of the cultural studies approach has been due to the interconnection of the physical, cultural, and social aspects of the human experiences. This study was based on the discourse-historical approach of Ruth Wodak in CDA. As one of the scholars in critical discourse analysis, Wodak regards discourse as complex mingling of the discourse actions which are interrelated simultaneously and successively and indicate itself in and through the social areas of actions, genres, symbols, and oral or written texts. In Wodak’s words (2001, pp. 11-12), discourse analysis is to indicate how discourses are made by social institutions and conversely in what ways social institutions make those discourses; what function ideology has in social institutions and how the power is achieved and reserved. To operationalize the discourse-historical approach, Wodak refers to five discourse strategies including nomination, prediction, argumentation, perspetivisation, Intensification, and Mitigation which each are employed in the form of the conflict of competing discourses for the sake of their own positive and the other’s negative representations. Conclusion With regards to the institution, it can be said that the documentary and its dominant narration were laid upon a number of effective institutions concerning the body and cosmetic surgery, namely education, religious, and medical institutions whose fields of action and speakers were schools and only girl students, religious schools and clergymen and preachers, and hospitals, medical conferences and physicians, surgeons, and nurses respectively. Another institute was cultural institution whose representatives were the staff and advocates of media, arts, and cinema. Within the school institution, the documentary solely highlighted the students’ narration and eliminated the teachers, instructors, and educators. At this level, students largely agreed with the cosmetic surgery. The medical discourse concerning the body was heard from the voice of plastic surgeons through which they dramatically and confidently confirmed such actions and talked about the unique and artistic expertise of the cosmetic surgeons, economical prices of the surgery, its positive consequences and social privileges obtained due to the surgery. All in all, they advocated the nose surgery and the significance of the physical body. Another institution was religious institution which found a public arena to talk and deliver a speech. At this level, clergymen and preachers, instead of directly and explicitly condemning nose surgery, deeply and pathologically talked about why the Islamic culture of the youths of the 60s in Iran faded out, how the war discourse was formed and the values of the Islamic society went down. Among their reasons, loss of identity, alienation, flaw, apparent lack, and self-centeredness were mostly highlighted. In the arts arena, particularly cinema, the experts considered the operated noses as a problem making all the applicants of acting the same and expressed their dissent in this regard. Moreover, another part of the documentary was about those who had already undergone the nose surgery including both girls and boys. On one hand, these respondents confirmed this action and referring to it as a “right”, they stated that they accepted the suggestion of the physicians and relatives and underwent this surgery. On the other hand, they were not dare enough to take responsibility for their actions individually and were placed in the dialectics like trust-doubt, anxiety-fun, and pleasure-individuality. Generally speaking, the results of this study revealed that in the discourse of the documentary, institutions like education, religion, medicine, and arts were the main elements. Indeed, the documentary, as a discourse text, was the manifestation of the discourse conflict and value conflicts of the related discourses. The narration of the documentary also indicated that none of the aforementioned discourses preceded the other and dominated the discourse setting. In other words, as implied, the narration indicated that none of the central discourses concerning the body can totally be hegemonic due to the changes occurred and existed in the social context of Iran and can dominate the mentioned arena.

Today, body management and the variables influencing it tend to be one of the most important topics in sociology. The body is not merely a biological and psychological aspect, but rather is a socially constructed phenomenon. The body should be regarded as a pivot that makes it possible for humans to understand the world. It is through the body that the individual assumes the essence of his or her existence according to social and cultural conditions, age, gender, and personality. The development of nutrition, health and sports technologies along with independence of operation, intense consumerism, the importance of youth and the growing interest in young and beautiful bodies have greatly been influenced by the popular culture of new media. These issues have made body a central theme in the social and cultural studies of contemporary society. Media in advertising and virtual space with a variety of advertising patterns, especially in sports clubs, instill a need for beauty and fitness among their target audience, mainly teenagers and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human body is immersed in a network of complex norms, expectations, rules and performances. It is a kind of "a medium of culture" (Bordo 2003: 165) and the intersection of the individual and the social (Gimlin 2002). The body is also a means of personal expression in everyday life. Gender is one of the crucial categories for understanding the body. Analyzing the body from the gender perspective shows how the gendered body is created and presented. There is a discrepancy between the second-wave and third-wave feminist interpretations of the various beautifying practices and the production of the normative feminine body. In this article, the category of gender is intertwined with the category of age, focusing on the analysis of experiences and interpretations of their own bodies from the position of older women. Interviews were conducted with older women, residents of four homes for older persons in Zagreb and Split. The analysis focuses on the self-perception of their own body and physical appearance, everyday practices of maintaining body functionalities, everyday practices of beautification and interpretations of recent dominant beauty standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's society, body management in the sense of continual manipulation in the visual aesthetics has been expanded dramatically. Body is a very important issue theoretically and practically and many studies have addressed it. Moreover, there are much debates on body as a social and identity-making element in sociology. Body management is common among the youth, and different behaviors such as body building, food diets and make up have been represented for it. In this study that aimed to the meta-analysis of the relationship between body management and cultural capitals, 10 studies from 38 research in the body management which has the necessary qualifications, were selected from databases and by using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA), data were analyzed. In this study, according to results of the heterogeneity, random effects model was appropriate and the measure of the combined effect relationship was 32 percent that is a medium effect size based on the Cohen's criteria. In other words, the cultural capital plays a medium role in the variance explanation of body management.

Introduction With the appearance of recent developments in modern culture and the globalization trend, and then technologies related to body, body management has become more important than before. The body and its management are cultural subjects related to social values and norms and if the cultural elements change in cultural globalization, the "behaviors" of humans change in this field, too. In fact, the nature of consumption and the nature of body in modern society and globalization era have made the body management behaviors such as make up, diet, aesthetic surgery, etc. are more frequent among women and have made an important social problem. Materials & Methods In this study, a quantitative approach and measurement method was used and the necessary data was collected by using a questionnaire. Research population included the girls and women aged 18 – 65 years old, residing in Kermanshah, of whom 600 individuals were randomly selected as sample size according to Lin's Table. The method was multi-stage quota sampling method. The face validity and construct validity methods (Factor analysis technique) were used to assess the instrument's validity. Discussion of Results & Conclusions According to the findings the two variables of traditional mass media and traditional lifestyle, have no meaningful relationship with body management. Perhaps it can be said that the relationship between traditional mass media and body management is not significant because the former's tools, such as national TV and radio, are directed by governmental and official organizations so they cannot ignore officially accepted cultural norms. Concerning the relationship between traditional lifestyle and body management it seems that people with traditional lifestyle use traditional mass media more so and are not therefore influenced by global messages in relation to the body. On the other hand, the study findings indicate that there is a positive and strong relationship between new informative and communicative technologies with body management. It seems that new informative and communicative mass media are effective on body management due to vast possibilities concerning make-up and fusionism. Even some satellite channels, internet sites and periodicals have been established in relation to body and its management exclusively. Other findings indicate that modern lifestyles have a positive relationship with body management. People who follow modern lifestyles welcome the modern and global measures in relation to bodily beauty because body management is one of the modern lifestyles' elements. Finally, based on multivariable regression findings the four variables of new informative and communicative technologies, modern lifestyle, friendly lifestyle and inspection, were able to explain 52.20 percent of the dependent variable's changes.

Introduction With the appearance of recent developments in modern culture and the globalization trend, and then technologies related to body, body management has become more important than before. The body and its management are cultural subjects related to social values and norms and if the cultural elements change in cultural globalization, the "behaviors" of humans change in this field, too. In fact, the nature of consumption and the nature of body in modern society and globalization era have made the body management behaviors such as make up, diet, aesthetic surgery, etc. are more frequent among women and have made an important social problem. Materials & Methods In this study, a quantitative approach and measurement method was used and the necessary data was collected by using a questionnaire. Research population included the girls and women aged 18 â 65 years old, residing in Kermanshah, of whom 600 individuals were randomly selected as sample size according to Lin's Table. The method was multi-stage quota sampling method. The face validity and construct validity methods (Factor analysis technique) were used to assess the instrument's validity. Discussion of Results & Conclusions According to the findings the two variables of traditional mass media and traditional lifestyle, have no meaningful relationship with body management. Perhaps it can be said that the relationship between traditional mass media and body management is not significant because the former's tools, such as national TV and radio, are directed by governmental and official organizations so they cannot ignore officially accepted cultural norms. Concerning the relationship between traditional lifestyle and body management it seems that people with traditional lifestyle use traditional mass media more so and are not therefore influenced by global messages in relation to the body. On the other hand, the study findings indicate that there is a positive and strong relationship between new informative and communicative technologies with body management. It seems that new informative and communicative mass media are effective on body management due to vast possibilities concerning make-up and fusionism. Even some satellite channels, internet sites and periodicals have been established in relation to body and its management exclusively. Other findings indicate that modern lifestyles have a positive relationship with body management. People who follow modern lifestyles welcome the modern and global measures in relation to bodily beauty because body management is one of the modern lifestyles' elements. Finally, based on multivariable regression findings the four variables of new informative and communicative technologies, modern lifestyle, friendly lifestyle and inspection, were able to explain 52.20 percent of the dependent variable's changes.

Lifestyles, since their emergence as constructive parts of modernity changes, have formed cultural and economic procedures and they even represent a quest for personal identity and have also affected social communications. Therefore sociologists are paying more attention to the subject of lifestyle these days and are studying the factors like religiosity of people influencing it. In this study which is a basic research, survey method was applied to assess the relationship between variables theoretically, and questionnaire was used to collect information. The questionnaires have been filled out through face to face method. Statistical population included 370 women of twenty years old or over, residing in Tehran. Probability sampling was put to use through multi-stage cluster sampling which is normally applied for wide areas. The research aims to examine and recognize the relationship between religiosity and lifestyle among women. The theory is based upon Weber’s theory of action. According to religiosity assessment measures of Gluck and Stark four aspects are considered to measure religiosity: beliefs, emotions, outcomes, practices and knowledge. Also, to assess life styles, three indicators of body management, interpersonal relationships, and norms of consumption were used. Findings indicate that among independent variables which have been confirmed to have a weak relationship with dependant variables (such as religiosity, cultural asset and age), the highest correlation exists between religiosity and lifestyle. It was also confirmed that there is a relationship between women’s lifestyle, their body management and their consumption norms. Among the most important achievement of this study is the relationship between religiosity and lifestyle. Accordingly, when religious institutions begins losing their power, and individual selections in the field of religion become a norm, and when intellectual and opinionative principles intermingle, individuals are not the only influential factors on people’s reactions towards social issues, decision makings, and opinions of the speakers of religion institute. Therefore beside religious options, individuals’ selective practices in the area of lifestyle are also affected by cultural patterns.