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Background and aims: Body adiposity index (BAI) and conicity index have been known as useful measures in predicting cardio-metabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive potential of BAI and conicity index for the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in comparison with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 174 adults (87 with MetS and 87 healthy individuals) were recruited from a medical weight loss center. Anthropometric parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SDP and DBP), lipid profile, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured. Results: All anthropometric parameters were significantly higher in subjects with MetS than in healthy subjects. Both in MetS and healthy subjects, females had significantly higher BAI and BMI than males. In the fully adjusted model, the odds of MetS increased for each unit increase in BAI by 27 % (p = 0.001), in BMI by 33 % (p = 0.001), in WC by 13 % (p

Background: The concomitant occurrence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) causes a significant worsening of a patient's clinical condition. Indexes that employ anthropometric measurements alone or associated with blood parameters have been investigated for their ability to identify MetS. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three of these indexes, the body adiposity index (BAI), the lipid accumulation product index (LAP), and the cardiometabolic index (CMI), in a cohort of 1912 adult subjects with obesity. Methods and Results: MetS was found in 62.3% of the enrolled subjects, with a higher prevalence in males (72.5%) than females (60.9%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to define which index performed better. The BAI was found to be the lowest-performing index, with an ROC area of 0.50, a sensitivity of 30.31%, a specificity of 74.48%, and a likelihood ratio of 1.19. On the contrary, the LAP and the CMI showed a comparable ROC area of 0.82. The LAP had a sensitivity of 63.06%, a specificity of 86.55%, and a likelihood ratio of 4.69, while the CMI had a sensitivity of 67.59%, specificity of 81.55%, and a likelihood ratio of 3.66. The analysis was also performed in the group divided into males and females, with overlapping results. Conclusions: The LAP and the CMI performed better than the BAI in detecting MetS both in the general population with obesity and in the male/female subgroups. In the future, it will be important to validate these useful diagnostic tools in order to employ them in clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare anthropometric indices to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among first-degree relatives of diabetic patients in the Iranian community. Methods: In this study, information on 3483 first-degree relatives (FDRs) of diabetic patients was extracted from the database of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Overall, 2082 FDRs were included in the analyses. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between anthropometric indices and the odds of having diabetes. Furthermore, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to estimate the optimal cutoff point based on the sensitivity and specificity of each index. In addition, the indices were compared based on the area under the curve (AUC). Results: The overall prevalence of diabetes was 15.3%. The optimal cutoff points for anthropometric measures among men were 25.09 for body mass index (BMI) (AUC = 0.573), 0.52 for waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (AUC = 0.648), 0.91 for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (AUC = 0.654), 0.08 for a body shape index (ABSI) (AUC = 0.599), 3.92 for body roundness index (BRI) (AUC = 0.648), 27.27 for body adiposity index (BAI) (AUC = 0.590), and 8 for visceral adiposity index (VAI) (AUC = 0.596). The optimal cutoff points for anthropometric indices were 28.75 for BMI (AUC = 0.610), 0.55 for the WHtR (AUC = 0.685), 0.80 for the WHR (AUC = 0.687), 0.07 for the ABSI (AUC = 0.669), 4.34 for the BRI (AUC = 0.685), 39.95 for the BAI (AUC = 0.583), and 6.15 for the VAI (AUC = 0.658). The WHR, WHTR, and BRI were revealed to have fair AUC values and were relatively greater than the other indices for both men and women. Furthermore, in women, the ABSI and VAI also had fair AUCs. However, BMI and the BAI had the lowest AUC values among the indices in both sexes. Conclusion: The WHtR, BRI, VAI, and WHR outperformed other anthropometric indices in predicting T2DM in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of diabetic patients. However, further investigations in different populations may need to be implemented to justify their widespread adoption in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aims: Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are formulations of ingredients, resulting from a series of industrial processes. Excess intake of UPF is associated with an increased risk of obesity and chronic disease. The present study investigates the interaction between the consumption of UPF and genetic risk score with body composition, body adiposity index (BAI), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) in overweight and obese women. Method: The study is cross-sectional with 376 overweight and obese women aged 18–65 years. The food consumption was obtained with 147-item food frequency (FFQ), and food items were grouped according to the level of processing as per the NOVA classification. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including Caveolin_1 (Cav_1), Melanocortin4 receptor (MC4R), and cryptochrome circadian regulator 1 (CRY1), were used to calculate GRS. The individual risk allele for each SNP was calculated using the incremental genetic model. Each SNP was recoded as 0, 1, or 2 based on the number of risk alleles associated with a higher body mass index (BMI). Subsequently, the unweighted GRS was computed by summing the number of risk alleles across the three SNPs. The GRS scale spans from 0 to 6, with each point representing a risk allele.Anthropometric measurements and some blood parameters were measured by standard protocols. Results: After controlling for confounders such as age, energy intake, and BMI a significant interaction was found for appendicular skeletal muscle mass (β = −1.65, P = 0.04) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (β = −0.38, P = 0.07) on the NOVA classification system and GRS. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed a significant interaction between GRS and the NOVA classification system on some body composition, including appendicular skeletal muscle mass. A higher intake of ultra-processed foods may be associated with lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass in people with high obesity-GRS.

Background: Measurement of an individual's anthropometric indices is one of the many methods for determining physical health status. This study was designed to test the reliability of some anthropometric indices in predicting central obesity among undergraduate students in Edo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Random sampling was used in recruiting 843 undergraduate students aged 15-31 years old from Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, into this cross-sectional study. Traditional and new Anthropometric indices were determined by standard methods, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, Chi-square, and Mann--Whitney test, and correlations were determined and were deemed statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results: The majority of males (52.5%) and females (50.7%) were aged 19-22 years. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were significantly higher in males than females (P < 0.05). Conversely, body mass index (BMI), body roundness index (BRI), and body adiposity index (BAI) were significantly higher in females compared to males (P < 0.05). The female participants had significantly higher pulse rates, oxygen saturation, and pulse pressure than the males (P < 0.05). The AUC constructed showed WC and Waist--height ratio predicted central obesity in both genders (AUC ≥ 0.9). A significant positive correlation of WHtRatio with MUAC was observed in female participants, while a significant inverse correlation was observed between BAI and a body shape index in male participants in this study. Conclusion: Determining cutoff values for these indices, particularly in adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The steadily increasing number of people with obesity requires the development of simple and accurate methodological approaches to assess the absolute and relative amount of body fat mass. The body adiposity index (BAI) is one of the indices proposed to assess the body fat percentage. However, the comparison analysis of common methods, i.e., of bio-electrical impedance analysis and ultrasound scanning, and BAI was not performed for the Russian population.AIM: Comparison analysis of the body fat percentage estimates by bio-electrical impedance analysis, ultrasound scanning, and body adiposity index in the group of adult male and females.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An examination of healthy males and females from Moscow was conducted. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences were measured. The body fat percentage was obtained by bio-electrical impedance analysis — BIA (ABC-02 Medas), ultrasound scanning — US (BodyMetrixTM, IntelaMetrix), and body adiposity index.RESULTS: 263 females and 134 males aged 18 to 73 years participated in the study. Correlation coefficients between BAI values and the body fat percentage obtained by BIA and US were 0.749 and 0.763 (p

Abstract Background and aims Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) in adipocyte tissue and other body parts possesses numerous biological functions. In the present study, we sought to investigate the interaction between CAV-1 polymorphism and dietary fat quality indexes on visceral adiposity index (VAI) and body adiposity index (BAI) among overweight and obese women. Methods This study was conducted on 386 women aged 18–48 years old. Biochemical measurements were assessed by standard protocols. We used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to calculate the dietary intake and the indexes of dietary fat quality intake. Anthropometric values and body composition were measured by standard methods. Finally, the CAV-1 genotype was measured using the PCR–RFLP method. Results We found marginally significant differences between AA and GG genotypes of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P = 0.06) and BAI (P = 0.06) of participants after adjusting for potential confounders. For dietary intakes, after adjusting with the energy intake, mean differences in biotin (P = 0.04) and total fiber (P = 0.06) were significant and marginally significant, respectively. The interaction between two risk alleles (AA) with omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (W6/W3) on BAI, after adjustment for potential confounders (age, physical activity, energy intake, education), was marginally positive (β = 14.08, 95% CI = − 18.65, 46.81, P = 0.07). In comparison to the reference group (GG), there was a positive interaction between the two risk alleles (AA) with W6/W3 ratio on VAI (β = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.20, 8.84, P = 0.06) in the adjusted model. Conclusions We found that there might be an interaction between CAV-1 genotypes with dietary quality fat indexes on VAI and BAI among overweight and obese women.

ABSTRACT Objective: Recent studies investigated the role of amino acids (AAs) in weight management. We aimed to determine the association between AAs and three-year change of anthropometric indices and incident obesity. Materials and methods: Height, weight, hip, and waist circumference (WC) were collected at baseline and follow up. Three-year changes in anthropometric indices and obesity incident according to body mass index (BMI) (overweight & obesity) and WC cutoffs (obesity-WC) were ascertained. Dietary intakes of AAs were collected at baseline, using a food frequency questionnaire. Data analyses were conducted on 4976 adult participants and two subsamples, including 1,570 and 2,918 subjects, for assessing the AAs relationship with 3-year changes on anthropometric indices and obesity incident. Results: Lysine and aspartic acid were positively associated with higher weight change, whereas acidic AAs, cysteine, and glutamic acid showed a negative correlation with weight change. Furthermore, a weak positive correlation was shown for alkaline AAs, lysine, and valine with WC; however, acidic AAs, tryptophan, cysteine, and glutamic acid were negatively associated with WC. Aromatic and acidic AAs also demonstrated a weak negative relation with changes in BAI. Phenylalanine and Aromatic AAs showed a negative association with overweight &obesity incidence adjusting for potential confounders. Each quartile increases the dietary lysine, arginine, alanine, methionine, aspartic acid, and alkaline AAs related to a greater risk of obesity-WC, while tryptophan, glutamic acid, proline, and acidic AAs associated with lower obesity-WC risk. Conclusion: Our results suggested that certain dietary AAs may potentially change anthropometric indices and risk of obesity incident.

Background and aims: Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) in adipocyte tissue and other body parts possesses numerous biological functions. In the present study, we sought to investigate the interaction between CAV-1 polymorphism and dietary fat quality indexes on visceral adiposity index (VAI) and body adiposity index (BAI) among overweight and obese women. Methods: This study was conducted on 386 women aged 18–48 years old. Biochemical measurements were assessed by standard protocols. We used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to calculate the dietary intake and the indexes of dietary fat quality intake. Anthropometric values and body composition were measured by standard methods. Finally, the CAV-1 genotype was measured using the PCR–RFLP method. Results: We found marginally significant differences between AA and GG genotypes of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P = 0.06) and BAI (P = 0.06) of participants after adjusting for potential confounders. For dietary intakes, after adjusting with the energy intake, mean differences in biotin (P = 0.04) and total fiber (P = 0.06) were significant and marginally significant, respectively. The interaction between two risk alleles (AA) with omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (W6/W3) on BAI, after adjustment for potential confounders (age, physical activity, energy intake, education), was marginally positive (β = 14.08, 95% CI = − 18.65, 46.81, P = 0.07). In comparison to the reference group (GG), there was a positive interaction between the two risk alleles (AA) with W6/W3 ratio on VAI (β = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.20, 8.84, P = 0.06) in the adjusted model. Conclusions: We found that there might be an interaction between CAV-1 genotypes with dietary quality fat indexes on VAI and BAI among overweight and obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundObesity is a serious disease that burdens public health systems around the world. It is a risk factor for the development of several non-communicable chronic diseases that are related to the amount and distribution of body fat. Body composition assessment using simple and low-cost techniques can help in the early detection of excess fat, allowing for the prevention and treatment of both obesity and associated diseases. Thus, identifying and proposing valid anthropometric indices for this purpose can be a great ally of health programs.ObjectiveTo verify the validity of the Body Adiposity Index (BAI) in relation to Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) for estimating body fat percentage in Brazilian adults, as well as to propose a new mathematical model to estimate the fat-free mass of this population.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 424 subjects (of which 220 were women), aged between 20 and 59 years, were evaluated by BAI and DXA, then randomly divided into two groups stratified by sex: the development group (n = 283) and the cross-validation group (n = 141). Statistical analyses to test the validity of BAI as a predictor of fat mass, in addition to proposing a new mathematical model for estimating fat-free mass, using DXA as a reference method. The analysis included paired t-test, stepwise multiple regression, coefficient of concordance correlation, and Bland-Altman plots.ResultsThe BAI validity analysis showed a low correlation coefficient of agreement [CCC = 0.626; ρ (precision) = 0.795; Cb(accuracy) = 0.787]; in addition, the mean difference in the Bland-Altman plot was different from zero in the cross-validation group (p < 0.01) and limits of agreement (LOA) ranged between−8.0 and 14.4 kg, indicating a poor agreement between the BAI and the reference method. The new mathematical model for estimating FFM showed a high correlation coefficient of agreement (CCC = 0.952; ρ = 0.953; Cb = 0.999), in addition to acceptable LOA in the Bland-Altman plot (-6.7 and 6.7).ConclusionIn the studied sample, the BAI showed low validity for estimating body fat, while the new proposed model was found to be a good option to assess the body composition of Brazilian adults.

Abstract Background The BMI index cannot always be used in people with intellectual disabilities due to neuromuscular coordination disorders and psychological barriers that may hinder conventional body weight measurement. The study aimed to assess the usefulness of BMI and BAI in estimating obesity and body fat in people with intellectual disabilities. Methods The first stage of the research involved 161 people with profound intellectual disabilities. Somatic parameters (BM, BH, WC, HC) were measured and BMI, BAI, WHR were calculated. Fifty seven persons with above-normal BMI and BAI were included in the second stage of the study and biochemical parameters were determined (TC, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TG, GL). Results According to both BMI and BAI classifications, most people were overweight or obese. A high correlation of %BF with BMI and BAI indices was observed (r = 0.78). The sensitivity of both indices was 95.65%. In groups with above-normal BMI and BAI, an upward trend was found for mean values of TC, LDL, TG, and GL, with a simultaneous downward trend for HDL. Statistically significant intergroup differences were recorded for TG and GL (p

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing chronic disease that can lead to disability and early death. This study aimed to establish a predictive model for the 10-year incidence of T2DM based on novel anthropometric indices. This was a prospective cohort study comparing people with (n = 1256) and without (n = 5193) diabetes mellitus in phase II of the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder (MASHAD) study. The association of several anthropometric indices in phase I, including Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Abdominal Volume Index (AVI), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), Weight-Adjusted-Waist Index (WWI), Body Roundness Index (BRI), Body Surface Area (BSA), Conicity Index (C-Index) and Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) with T2DM incidence (in phase II) were examined; using Logistic Regression (LR) and Decision Tree (DT) analysis. BMI followed by VAI and LAP were the best predictors of T2DM incidence. Participants with BMI < 21.25 kg/m2 and VAI ≤ 5.9 had a lower chance of diabetes than those with higher BMI and VAI levels (0.033 vs. 0.967 incident rate). For BMI > 25 kg/m2, the chance of diabetes rapidly increased (OR = 2.27). BMI, VAI, and LAP were the best predictors of T2DM incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology Volume 3: Issue 1, Article 6, 2022. Different techniques exist for examining body composition. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in body fat percentage as measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP), body adiposity index (BAI), bioelectrical impedance (BIA), a body mass index conversion equation (BMID), and skinfolds (SKF). Twenty-one male Utah Highway Patrol Officers participated in this study (age 35.19 ± 10.32 years, 1.79 ± 0.09 m tall, 92.20 ± 14.56 kg in weight, and 105.52 ± 10.01 cm hip circumference). All measurements were taken during a single visit and performed in the same order for all participants beginning with BIA, followed by ADP, and SKF. The BAI and BMI conversion equation were later calculated. For ADP and SKF the Brozek equation was used to convert body density to percent body fat (%BF). No significant differences were found among the different measurement techniques. No significant correlations were found between ADP, BAI, BIA, BMID, and SKF. Bland-Altman plots revealed small levels of bias, however, the upper and lower limits of agreement were large for all measures. Prediction equations such as BAI and BMID may be cheaper and faster for assessing large populations when compared with traditional laboratory techniques. This study found no significant different among the measurement techniques. Despite the non-significant differences, the authors suggest using a single measurement technique and not using techniques interchangeably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ageing process influences body composition and could be related to bone health. The current study was set out to evaluate the association between body adiposity index (BAI) and bone health in older adults. This is a cross-sectional study performed on 178 elderly persons (51 men and 127 women) with a mean age of 67.04 (range: 60-83) who was referred to the determined 25 health centres in Tehran. The anthropometric measurements were done. Further, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), parathormone (PTH), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), osteocalcin and urine C-terminal telopeptide I (CTX-I) were collected. The mean of body mass index (P < .001), body weight (P = .002), body fat (P < .001), waist circumference (P < .001), hip circumference (P < .001), urine CTX-I concentration (P = .011), 25(OH)D (P = .030), was higher in the highest BAI category in comparison with the lowest one. BAI was negatively correlated with urine CTX-I concentration (r=-0.165, P = .028). Moreover, linear regression showed an inverse association between BAI with urine CTX-I (β = -0.165, P = .025) and 25(OH)D (β = -0.039, P = .029). Moreover, the percentage of body fat was positively associated with serum hs-CRP (β = 0.026, P = .002). Our study showed a significant inverse association between BAI with urinary CTX-I which shows the effect of obesity on bone health. This study suggests that more clinical and prospective studies for monitoring body fat may have some favourable impacts on bone health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Excess visceral adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders, including deregulation of adipokine secretion, which may be corrected by aerobic exercise training. Asprosin is a novel adipokine responsible for the regulation of appetite and the release of glucose from the liver, and its levels are pathologically elevated in obesity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 8-week Nordic walking (NW) training at maximal fat oxidation intensity (FAT max ) on changes in body mass, as well as those in insulin resistance and asprosin levels among young women with visceral obesity and metabolic disorders. Materials and Methods: The study was completed by 14 women (30.14 ± 3.63 years) representing low levels of physical activity, visceral obesity (waist circumference 105.50 ± 14.87 cm, BMI 33.85 ± 5.48 kg/m2) and with metabolic disorders, who for 8 weeks (three times a week, 60 min), participated in NW training at the FAT max intensity (61.92 ± 6.71% HR max , 42.33 ± 8.69% VO2max) controlled on the basis of heart rate (114.21 ± 14.10 bpm). Results: After 4 and 8 weeks of NW training, a significant decrease in the concentration of asprosin, waist and hip circumference (HC), waist-to-height ratio and body adiposity index (BAI) (p < 0.05, large effect size) were found. Conclusion: The 8-week NW training at an FAT max intensity decreases the concentration of asprosin in the blood as well as visceral obesity in young women with metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveExcess visceral adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders, including deregulation of adipokine secretion, which may be corrected by aerobic exercise training. Asprosin is a novel adipokine responsible for the regulation of appetite and the release of glucose from the liver, and its levels are pathologically elevated in obesity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 8-week Nordic walking (NW) training at maximal fat oxidation intensity (FATmax) on changes in body mass, as well as those in insulin resistance and asprosin levels among young women with visceral obesity and metabolic disorders.Materials and MethodsThe study was completed by 14 women (30.14 ± 3.63 years) representing low levels of physical activity, visceral obesity (waist circumference 105.50 ± 14.87 cm, BMI 33.85 ± 5.48 kg/m2) and with metabolic disorders, who for 8 weeks (three times a week, 60 min), participated in NW training at the FATmax intensity (61.92 ± 6.71% HRmax, 42.33 ± 8.69% VO2max) controlled on the basis of heart rate (114.21 ± 14.10 bpm).ResultsAfter 4 and 8 weeks of NW training, a significant decrease in the concentration of asprosin, waist and hip circumference (HC), waist-to-height ratio and body adiposity index (BAI) (p < 0.05, large effect size) were found.ConclusionThe 8-week NW training at an FATmax intensity decreases the concentration of asprosin in the blood as well as visceral obesity in young women with metabolic disorders.

Aims Recent studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome (MetS) was the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the institutionalized elderly. In addition, the occurrence of MetS was higher in those with longer age-adjusted institutionalization time. The present study was conducted to assess predictive value of markers of adipose tissue dysfunction for the early screening of MetS in this population. Methods and results Two hundred and eleven institutionalized older adults (132 women, aged 74.3 ± 7.3 years; 79 men, aged 71.5 ± 7.3 years) were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study. Lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI), and triglycerides (TG)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio were determined. The receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to compare the area under the curve of each index. The total prevalence of MetS was 23.8%. In female group, VAI and TG/HDL ratio presented moderate--high sensitivity (77.78% and 78.38%, respectively) and specificity (77.62% and 73.49%, respectively). In males group, LAP presented moderate--high sensitivity (75%) and specificity (76.9%). Conclusion Gender played a key role on the prediction of MetS by adipose dysfunction markers in institutionalized elderly. Accordingly, VAI and TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio showed the highest predictive value for MetS in female elderly. LAP was the strongest predictor of MetS in male elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The association between diabetes and obesity is very well established. Faced with this, several anthropometric indices of adiposity are often involved in studies on diabetes. Our main goal in this paper is to evaluate the association between body adiposity index (BAI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a sample of the Brazilian population after 5-year follow-up. Methods The data used come from the Baependi Heart Study cohort, which consists of two periods: cycle 1 (2005–2006) and cycle 2 (2010–2013). Individuals of both sexes (n = 1121) were selected by excluding participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline or those that were lost to follow-up. Results The diabetic subjects showed higher systolic blood pressure, BAI, body mass index, waist circumference and fasting glucose levels. In addition, using mixed-effects logistic regression, we found that the elevation of a single unit of BAI represented an increase of 8.4% in the risk of a patient developing T2DM (OR = 1.084 [95% CI 1.045–1.124]). Conclusions Obesity is recognised as one of the most important risk factors for T2DM and BAI has proven to be a useful tool in estimating the risk of a patient developing T2DM in a Brazilian population.

Abstract Background Rational measures in estimating adiposity distribution in diabetic patients has yet to be validated. This study aims to provide insight about the possible links between routinely available body adiposity parameters and the development of both diabetes and insulin resistance. Methods We performed a population-based cross-sectional study in 9496 subjects aged 40 years or older. All of the body adiposity measures including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI) and lipid accumulation product index (LAP) were separately evaluated according to standard measurement methods. Diabetes was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association 2010 criteria. Results All tested body adiposity measurements were significantly associated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2 h glucose, HbA1c and fasting insulin. Compared with other adiposity phenotypes, LAP have shown the relatively strongest while BAI have shown the relatively weakest association with increased odds of both diabetes and insulin resistance across all logistic regression models. Additionally, LAP provided the best discrimination accuracy for diabetes [area under the curve (AUC): 0.658 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.645–0.671] and insulin resistance (AUC: 0.781 95% CI 0.771–0.792) when compared with other body adiposity parameters. Conclusions The LAP index seems to be a better indicator than other adiposity measures tested in the study to evaluate the association of visceral fat mass with diabetes and insulin resistance, which should be given more consideration in the clinical practice.

Background Obesity is the cornerstone of metabolic syndrome (MetS); it is not possible to use BMI to differentiate between lean mass and fat mass. We aimed to investigate, for the first time, the possible association of new obesity indices; visceral adiposity index (VAI) and body adiposity index (BAI), with parameters of MetS in Egyptian obese patients. Patients and methods This was a case–control study that included unrelated 150 obese patients and 50 healthy controls. Obese patients were then subdivided into two subgroups, nondiabetic patients (n=85) and 65 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We measured the anthropometric measures; BMI, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio, BAI, and VAI. Results Among obese patients, we found significant positive correlations between parameters of MetS and obesity indices. Among obesity indiced, the highly significant positive correlations were found between VAI and parameters of MetS. After adjusting for the traditional risk factors, logistic regression analysis test found that the VAI value was the best predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with BMI and BAI. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the power of obesity indices; the sensitivity and the specificity of BMI were 94.7 and 99.9%, for VAI, they were 74.4 and 99.9%, and, for BAI, they were 83.3 and 58%, respectively. Conclusion BMI is still the most powerful diagnostic tool for obesity. Although, in certain conditions, where there are limitations of using BMI, we can use other obesity indices, VAI and BAI could be used to discriminate cardiovascular risk among obese patients.

Background: The BMI index cannot always be used in people with intellectual disabilities due to neuromuscular coordination disorders and psychological barriers that may hinder conventional body weight measurement. The study aimed to assess the usefulness of BMI and BAI in estimating obesity and body fat in people with intellectual disabilities.Methods: The first stage of the research involved 161 people with profound intellectual disabilities. Somatic parameters (BM, BH, WC, HC) were measured and BMI, BAI, WHR were calculated. Fifty seven persons with above-normal BMI and BAI were included in the second stage of the study and biochemical parameters were determined (TC, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TG, GL).Results: According to both BMI and BAI classifications, most people were overweight or obese. A high correlation of %BF with BMI and BAI indices was observed (r = 0.78). The sensitivity of both indices was 95.65%. In groups with above-normal BMI and BAI, an upward trend was found for mean values of TC, LDL, TG, and GL, with a simultaneous downward trend for HDL. Statistically significant intergroup differences were recorded for TG and GL (p < 0.05) for both indices (BMI and BAI).Conclusions: Our research demonstrated that BAI is complementary to BMI and can be recommended for the estimation of body fat and cardiometabolic risks in people with intellectual disabilities. Due to the ease of measurement, BAI has high utility value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To verify the correlation between the percentage body fat (%body fat) evaluated by the Body Adiposity Index (BAI) and %body fat evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in elderly women. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with elderly women submitted to bone densitometry at an imaging clinic in the Northwest part of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state in Brazil. Sociodemographic data were evaluated through a questionnaire, which was structured by the researchers. The %body fat was evaluated by DXA and BAI. For the BAI calculation, stature was measured using a stadiometer coupled with a scale. Hip circumference was measured with a tape measure at the most protruding part of the hip. The BAI was calculated through an equation (BAI = [Hip / (height x vheight) - 18]. Results: Two hundred and five elderly women, aging 67.3 ± 5.8 years old, participated in this study. There was a higher prevalence of women with partners (61.5%), retired (90.2%) and with schooling between 4 and 8 years (47.3%). Regarding adiposity, the mean %body fat demonstrated by BAI was 34%, and 40.59% according to the DXA results. The Pearson's correlation was significant and high r=0.714 (p <0.001) and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.649 (95% CI, -0.106 - 0.852) (p<0.001), being considered strong. Conclusion: In this study, the BAI obtained the elderly women in southern Brazil showed a high correlation with the % body fat measured by DXA and can be used as a complementary index to assess the adiposity of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a risk factor for different chronic conditions. Over the years, obesity has become a pandemic and it is therefore important that effective diagnostic tools are developed. Obesity is a measure of adiposity and it has become increasingly evident that anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) used to estimate adiposity are inadequate. This study therefore examined the ability of different anthropometric measurements to diagnose obesity within a cross-section of Ghanaian women. Methods: We obtained anthropometric measurements and used that to generate derived measures of adiposity such as body adiposity index (BAI) and conicity index. Furthermore we also measured adiposity using a bioimpedance analyser. Associations between these measurements and percentage body fat (%BF) were drawn in order to determine the suitability of the various measures to predict obesity. The prevalence of obesity was determined using both %BF and BMI. Results: BMI, Waist and hip circumference and visceral fat (VF) were positively correlated with % BF whereas skeletal muscle mass was negatively correlated. Prevalence of obesity was 16% and 31.6% using BMI and %BF respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that these differences in prevalence was due to BMI based misclassification of persons who have obesity as overweight. Similar, shortfalls were observed for the other anthropometric measurements using ROC. Conclusions: No single measure investigated could adequately predict obesity as an accumulation of fat using current established cut-off points within our study population. Large scale epidemiological studies are therefore needed to define appropriate population based cut-off points if anthropometric measurements are to be employed in diagnosing obesity within a particular population.

Abstract Background A number of prior studies have examined the association between anthropometric measures and mortality, but studies investigating the sex-specific predictive value of novel anthropometric measures on mortality are scarce so far. Therefore, we investigated the sex-specific relevance of the new anthropometric measures body adiposity index (BAI) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) as well as the common measures body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) for cause-specific mortality risk. Methods The analysis was based on data from the German population based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) Augsburg cohort study. A total of 6670 men and 6637 women aged 25 to 74 years at baseline examination were included. During a mean follow-up period of 15.4 years, 2409 persons died. Via Cox proportional hazard regression, the associations between the different anthropometric measures and all cause-, cardiovascular disease (CVD)- and cancer mortality were assessed. Results BMI, WC, and WHR were significantly associated with all-cause and CVD-mortality in both sexes. WC and WHR were particularly associated with higher all-cause and CVD-mortality risk in women, while in men especially WHtR and BAI were strongly related to these outcomes. Females with WC, WHtR, and WHR measures in the 4th quartile compared with women in the 2nd quartile had a higher risk of death from cancer. Contrary, men in the lowest quartile of WC and WHtR in comparison to men in the 2nd quartile had a significantly elevated cancer mortality risk. BAI was no risk predictor for all-cause and cause-specific mortality in women. Conclusions Central obesity reflects higher all-cause and CVD-mortality risk particularly in women. BAI and WHtR seem to be valid as risk predictors for all-cause and especially CVD mortality in men but not women. There are marked sex-differences regarding cancer mortality risk for the different anthropometric measures.

Background: With the increasing prevalence of obesity in Iraq, an increasing trend towards better physical fitness has emerged among young adults. At the same time, an increasing number of dietary supplements is offered to improve fitness and shed the extra weight. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is commonly used for such purpose. Aim: The current study was designed to test if CLA can actually accelerate weight loss when combined with dieting and moderate exercise and to examine its effect on anthropometric measures of obesity. Subjects & methods: Sixty young males enrolled willingly in the study and were put on a low-carbohydrate low-fat diet and moderate high intensity interval exercise (HIIT) program. Forty of them were given CLA (1000 mg/day) for 8 weeks while the remaining twenty served as control group. Body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and body adiposity index (BAI) were recorded as baseline and again after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: The CLA-treated group showed significantly greater reduction in all four measures by the end of the study. The control group had significant but less decrease in BMI & SAD but not in WHR or BAI. The percent change difference between the first and second four weeks of the study also showed statistical difference among the two groups and for different measures. The most significant finding was that SAD dropped more rapidly during the first 4 weeks of the study indicating a preferential loss of visceral fat. Oppositely, WHR dropped during the second half of the study indicating loss of more abdominal fat stores. Discussion: Regardless of the mode of action of CLA, its accelerative effect in weight loss is augmented by the combination with dieting and physical activity. It also corresponds to the natural body preference to losing the more metabolically active visceral fat prior to switching to the loss of subcutaneous fat. Whether or not this effect is sustainable requires further study.

Objective: The BAI can be used to reflect %body fat. This study aimed to compare BAI with other methods used in the determination of body fat. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Turkish adults. BAI, BMI, WHR, WHtR, body weight, hip and waist circumference (WC), skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) were measured. Body fat was measured using Bioelectric Impedance Analysis. Results: The Bland-Altman analyses conducted in this study showed that for % body fat estimations, BIA was in excellent agreement with skinfold measurements (p = 0.131) without proportional bias (p = 0.082), but that BAI was not in agreement with BIA and skinfold measurement. There were a statistically significant positive correlation between BAI and other measurements in terms of females and males and also regardless of sex. Conclusion: BAI was not in agreement with BIA and skinfold measurement methods for % body fat estimations, it had a significantly stronger correlation with % fat calculated using BIA and skinfold thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: One of the complications of obesity is low back pain, frequently associated with postural disorders. Body adiposity index (BAI) can be calculated without weighing, which may be rendered useful in settings where measuring accurate body weight is problematic. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare two indices of somatic structure, i.e., BAI and BMI regarding their accuracy (specific and sensitive) in predicting postural aberrations. METHODS: The study group comprised of 1281 participants aged 20–22 years, who were students from universities in southern Poland. Anteroposterior spinal curvatures were measured using the Rippstein plurimeter. All subjects were measured for body height (BH) and mass, waist and hip circumference (WC and HC, respectively). RESULTS: In both male and female groups classified according to BAI cut-off points, a significant linear relationship was noted for the lumbar lordosis angle, i.e., the latter increased along with the BAI increase. The analysis of variance confirmed statistically significant differences in lordosis angles in both groups (women f = 19.6, p < 0.001; men f = 21.18, p < 0.001). These data evidenced a weak relationship between LL and the BAI. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between LL and BAI was 0.2 and 0.21 for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that, contrary to BAI, BMI value did not indicate a significant difference in lumbar lordosis angle between normal weight and obese participants (women and men). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body adiposity index (BAI) was recently proposed as a better indicator of body adiposity than body mass index in adults. The association between BAI and cardiometabolic risk factors has been widely investigated. However, the strength and magnitude of these associations varied as a function of the endpoint evaluated, the study design, the population investigated, and the cut-off points used. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between BAI and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in a large sample of Brazilian adults and to propose the most appropriate cut-off points for BAI for the identification of CHD risk in the adult Brazilian population. Data from 15,092 civil servants (54.4% women) from universities and research institutes in six Brazilian states were evaluated in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). All were aged 35–74 years at baseline. The Framingham coronary risk score was used to identify a very high risk of CHD (≥20% risk of CHD over the next 10 years) and a high risk of CHD (≥10% risk). BAI cut-off points capable of detecting a risk of CHD were determined using ROC curves and associations were tested using Poisson regression with robust variance, according to sex and age. Three multivariable models were examined. BAI remained positively associated with a very high and high risk of CHD following adjustment for potential confounding factors in all the strata and multivariable models (p < 0.05), with the exception of model 3 (adjusted for education level and waist-to-hip ratio) for very a high risk of CHD in younger women (p = 0.06). In the adjusted models, the prevalence ratios for a very high and high risk of CHD, irrespective of age group, varied between 1.23 (95%CI: 1.09–1.39) and 1.64 (1.33–2.03) and 1.07 (1.03–1.12) and 1.47 (1.36–1.60) in men; and 1.57 (1.08–2.31) and 2.42 (1.36–4.31) and 1.29 (1.13–1.47) and 1.82 (1.54–2.15) in women, respectively. The optimal cut-off points of BAI to determine a risk of CHD were: 28.0 in men of both age groups, and 34.0 in younger women and 36.0 in older women to determine a very high risk; and 26.0 in younger men and 34.0 in women of both age groups to determine a high risk. BAI showed a reasonable ability to predict coronary risk in participants of the ELSA-Brasil (AUC>60%, except for the group of men of 60–74 years of age). Higher BAI levels were found to be associated with a greater risk of developing CHD in both men and women of different ages participating in the ELSA-Brasil, suggesting that BAI may be a useful tool for screening for CHD risk in Brazilian adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher relative adiposity is independently associated with adverse health consequences. As such, accurate estimates of body composition in field settings are of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Body Adiposity Index (BAI) and Relative Fat Mass (RFM) as measures of total body adiposity. BAI and RFM were assessed in young adults (n = 188, 48.4% female, 21.8 ± 4.8 years, 24.4 ± 4.6 kg/m2). Adiposity was assessed using the 4C model (%Fat4C) and derived from underwater weighing for body density, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral content, and bioimpedance spectroscopy for total body water. Bivariate correlations between BAI, RFM, and %Fat4C were assessed using Pearson's r. Differences between measures were assessed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. BAI and RFM were associated with %Fat4C (r = 0.668 and 0.827 respectively, both p <.001). BAI and RFM overestimated %Fat4C (+4.3 ± 6.1 versus +4.3 ± 4.6, respectively, p <.001). The large error limits the practical utility of these anthropometric indices. Abbreviation: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; BAI: Body Adiposity Index; BM: Body Mass; BMI: Body Mass Index; CM: centimeter; DXA: Dual X-ray Absorptiometry; HC: Hip Circumference; KG: kilogram; RFM: Relative Fat Mass; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciencesp; WC: Waist Circumference; %Fat: Body Composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among hypertensive subjects, the lack of physiological blood pressure drop as part of diurnal blood pressure variations is termed as non-dipper blood pressure. Herein, we investigated the relationship between hypertension character and body composition indices. This study included a total of 104 patients (54 M, mean age: 47.6 ± 12.1 years). Patients' heights, weights, and waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body composition indices were calculated. All patients' office blood pressure measurements and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure readings were recorded. A blood pressure drop of at least 10% compared with daytime blood pressure readings is called dipper blood pressure, while a drop of less than 10% is termed as non-dipper blood pressure. Based on ambulatory blood pressure readings, the patients were grouped into Group 1 (dipper pattern; 51 pts, 34 M, mean age 45.6 ± 12.3) and Group 2 (non-dipper pattern, 53 pts; 20 M, mean age 49.6 ± 11.6). The proportion of females and smokers were significantly lower in Group 1 than Group 2. BRI, BAI, waist-to-height ratio, and waist circumference were significantly higher in Group 2 than Group 1. There were significant positive correlations between body roundness index (BRI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-to-weight ratio, and WC and nocturnal mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Percent systolic nocturnal drop was significantly correlated with waist-to-height ratio, BAI, and BRI. Similarly, percent diastolic nocturnal drop and waist-to-height ratio, BAI, and BRI were correlated. In conclusion, the relatively new body composition indices, namely BRI and BAI, are more closely related to nocturnal blood pressure readings among non-dipper subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Obesity is responsible for a large proportion of the total burden of diseases in Europe. The aim of this study was to compare classic anthropometric parameters with new obesity-related indices (the visceral adiposity index [VAI] and the body adiposity index [BAI]) and to examine their usefulness in the assessment of weight reduction and its effect on the leptin concentration. Methods: We tested 50 patients with obesity, undergoing the implementation of the BioEnterics® Intragastric Balloon (BIB-system) for 6 months. The leptin concentrations and the calculated subcutaneous fat thickness as well as the anthropometric indices were determined prior to the implementation and after the balloon removal. Results: The therapy resulted in a drop in the BAI value without a significant effect on the VAI in subgroups of patients with class I, II, and III obesity. The therapy-induced changes in BAI both in the entire tested group and in patients with class I and II obesity correlated well with the percentage of drop in body weight, body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous fat thickness, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and leptin concentration. Changes in the VAI value correlated with changes in the body weight, BMI, WHtR values, subcutaneous fat thickness, and leptin concentration decrease only in patients with class III obesity. Conclusions: BAI seems to be a better indicator than VAI for reflecting the reduction in body weight in people with class I and II obesity treated with the BIB-System. VAI appears to be a better obesity indicator than BAI only in people with class III obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The estimation of fat mass with indirect techniques is beneficial in daily clinical practice. This study aimed to compare new and old body shape indices using bioimpedance analysis for the assessment of body fat mass in obese and morbid obese Turkish females. Material and Methods: Four hundred thirty-eight obese and morbid obese females were enrolled in the study. Anthropometric measurements of the study participants were completed using standard techniques. Body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), a body shape index, waist to hip ratio and body roundness index (BRI) were calculated. The body fat ratio was evaluated using TANITA-48M. Results: All the anthropometric indices except waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and ABSI correlated with body fat (%). BMI and BAI were the best predictors of body fat ratio derived from bioimpedance analysis for all participants. Only for obese females, BAI alone as well as BAI and BMI together were the best predictive methods of body fat (%). In the morbid obese group, BAI alone proved to be the best predictive method for body fat (%) estimation. Conclusion: In clinical practice, the determination of body fat ratio with indirect techniques may help physicians estimate the risk of diseases in obese and morbid obese patients. BAI can help estimate body fat ratio easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obesity is responsible for a large proportion of the total burden of diseases in Europe. The aim of this study was to compare classic anthropometric parameters with new obesity-related indices (the visceral adiposity index [VAI] and the body adiposity index [BAI]) and to examine their usefulness in the assessment of weight reduction and its effect on the leptin concentration.Methods: We tested 50 patients with obesity, undergoing the implementation of the BioEnterics® Intragastric Balloon (BIB-system) for 6 months. The leptin concentrations and the calculated subcutaneous fat thickness as well as the anthropometric indices were determined prior to the implementation and after the balloon removal.Results: The therapy resulted in a drop in the BAI value without a significant effect on the VAI in subgroups of patients with class I, II, and III obesity. The therapy-induced changes in BAI both in the entire tested group and in patients with class I and II obesity correlated well with the percentage of drop in body weight, body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous fat thickness, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and leptin concentration. Changes in the VAI value correlated with changes in the body weight, BMI, WHtR values, subcutaneous fat thickness, and leptin concentration decrease only in patients with class III obesity.Conclusions: BAI seems to be a better indicator than VAI for reflecting the reduction in body weight in people with class I and II obesity treated with the BIB-System. VAI appears to be a better obesity indicator than BAI only in people with class III obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to find out the risk factor of bone mineral density (BMD). Methodology: Cross-sectional data were collected on 233 participants (males and females) with age ranging from 20 to 70 years. The subjects were divided into two groups consisting of young adults of 20–45 years and older adults of >45 years. The BMD was calculated by a heel ultrasonic test. Each subject was measured for various adiposity markers like body fat, body mass index, body shape index (BSI), body adiposity index and lifestyle parameters. Results: BSI was found to be higher among older adults in both males and females. The risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia was also seen to be significantly higher among older adults of >45 years (p < 0.001). Various factors like age (p < 0.001), milk intake status (p < 0.05), education (p < 0.01), occupation (p < 0.05) and body adiposity index (p < 0.05) were found to be risks for osteoporosis and osteopenia. Conclusion: In our study, BMD was found to be highly correlated with age, and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis increased as age increased. Illiteracy, milk consumption status, homemakers and higher body adiposity were also identified as risk factors for developing osteopenia and osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary Background & aims The Body Adiposity Index (BAI) is an anthropometric measure developed to estimate body composition in field settings. Although this novel measure has been validated against clinical measures of adiposity (%Fat), the relative accuracy of other anthropometric measures, such as Body Mass Index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), have not been assessed in comparison to the BAI using a 4-compartment (4C) model. Purpose The primary aim of this study was to examine the association between BMI, WC, BAI, and %Fat in young adults, and determine the relative accuracy of each anthropometric measure when predicting %Fat. Methods BMI, WC, and BAI were assessed in a sample of young adults (n = 188, 48.4% female, 21.8 ± 4.8 years). %Fat assessed using the 4C model was derived from underwater weighing for body density, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral content, and bioimpedance spectroscopy for total body water. Bivariate associations were assessed using Pearson's r, with the relative accuracy of each measure assessed using multivariate linear regression and compared using Akaike's information criterion, R2 and ΔR2 statistics. Results BMI, WC, and BAI were associated with %Fat (r = 0.192, 0.194, and 0.668, respectively, all p <.01). WC and BAI collectively explained 46.3% of the variation in %Fat, and removing BAI significantly reduced model fit (p <.001). When stratified by sex, BAI provided greater accuracy when predicting %Fat beyond WC in men (ΔR2 = 2.6%, p =.022), but not women (ΔR2 = 2.1%, p =.078). Conclusion WC and BAI are more strongly associated with %Fat as measured by the 4C model than BMI in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renin-angiotensin-system (RAS), endothelial dysfunction and sympathetic nervous system are mechanistic risk factors of hypertension. The study sought to elucidate the interplay of adipokines in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. This comparative cross-sectional study recruited 200 confirmed hypertensive patients from the KATH and 50 age-matched normotensives. Participants’ blood pressures, anthropometric and socio-demographic information were voluntarily obtained. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and resistin of the participants were quantified using the ELISA. Renal function, lipid profile and glycemic status of all subjects were also analyzed. Hypertensive patients showed a significantly higher anthropometric indices of adiposity compared to normotensives, CI (p < 0.0001), BAI (p < 0.0001) and AVI (p = 0.002). Adiponectin levels (p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in the hypertensive relative to the normotensives. Furthermore, significantly higher concentrations of serum leptin (p = 0.016) and the leptin-adiponectin ratio (p = 0.001) were observed among the hypertensive compared to the normotensives. The study further observed a direct association between serum leptin and weight (r = 0.111, p = 0.022), BMI (r = 0.129, p = 0.009) and WHtR (r = 0.098, p = 0.045) but inverse relationship with height (r = −0.134, p = 0.006) among the hypertensive. Serum leptin has a significant negative correlation with HDL-C among the hypertensive (r = −0.174, p = 0.013). The fully aOR for hypertension as predicted by resistin and adiponectin were 1.12 (95% Cl, 1.02–1.25); p = 0.019) and 0.93 (95% Cl, 0.91–0.95); p = 0.0001) respectively. We found that elevations in serum levels of leptin and resistin, and low levels of adiponectin may play a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Therefore, adipokines may offer themselves as potential indices for early and accurate detection of high blood pressure. At the same time our present results also confirm the conclusions with respect to correlation of leptin and obesity. Further longitudinal studies in a larger population are warranted to investigate the physiological and pathological functions of adipokines in hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive body fat raises the risk of metabolic diseases and hence it is important to sensitively predict body fat. BMI has been used as a proxy method for detecting obesity in population but has been criticized for its inaptness in distinguishing between muscle and fat. And hence this study examined several obesity indices for their potential to forebode body fat per cent (BF %). Cross-sectional study was conducted among 20-47 year old healthy Indian premenopausal female subjects (n = 81). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), waist to hip ratio (WHR), body adiposity index (BAI) and conicity index (CI) was studied. BF % was estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis. BMI, WHtR, WC and BAI proved to have strong correlation with BF %. BMI, WHtR, WC and BAI at their respective optimal cutoff points of 23.1 Kg/m2 (sensitivity 98%), 0.47 (sensitivity 94%), 73.50 cm (sensitivity 98%) and 31.39 % (sensitivity 88%) displayed higher predictive accuracy in determining excess body fat in healthy premenopausal women. Hence, anthropometric indices can be used as an effective tool in adiposity risk assessment at the individual and population level for better understanding of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity has raised concerns regarding the importance of different techniques, which are used to assess body growth composition that can be used at the level of primary health care settings with minimal knowledge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different surrogate indices of fatness (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], waist-to-height ratio [WHtR], and body fat percentage [BF%]) with the percentage of body fat and their usefulness as a predictor of obesity among adult population. Materials and Methods: The community-based cross-sectional study done over a period of 1-year involved 1080 adult participants from a rural area in Haryana. Anthropometry, along with BF% (using hand held analyzer) were recorded using standard procedures. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity as per the modified criteria of BMI for the Asian Indians was found to be 15.0% and 34.6%, respectively. Positive correlation was seen among all the indices except between the WHR and body adiposity index (BAI) using Pearson′s correlation analysis. Maximum correlation was seen between WHtR and WC (r = 0.923), whereas WHtR depicted maximum correlation (r = 0.810) with BF%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the WHtR was the most sensitive and specific indicator for the study population to predict overweight and obesity comparable to that calculated by body fat analyser followed by BAI, BMI, and WHR. Conclusion: A single value of WHtR irrespective of gender and the area of residence can be used as a universal screening tool for the identification of individuals at high risk of development of metabolic complications.

Abstract Background and objectives Comparisons of predictive performance of various anthropometric measures in high blood pressure have not been investigated. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the predictive power of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity index (BAI) and A Body Shape Index (ABSI) for predicting hypertension in adults. Methods The data of 277 subjects (109 men and 168 women) as a part of the major Lifestyle Promotion Project (LPP) conducted in the districts of Tabriz-East Azerbaijan-Iran were collected for this study. The weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and BMI, BAI and ABSI were calculated. Blood pressure was measured twice, after 5 minutes of rest. The ANOVA and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) were used for statistical analysis. Results In all subjects, BMI (area under the curve (AUC): 0.65) predicted systolic blood pressure equally (P < 0.05). None of them had a significant prediction for diastolic blood pressure. By gender, considering P -value (P < 0.05), BMI predicted systolic in men (AUC: 0.71) and women (AUC: 0.61) and diastolic blood pressure only in men (AUC: 0.79). In addition systolic blood pressure in women was predicted by both BAI (AUC: 0.66) and ABSI (AUC: 0.67). Furthermore, BAI (AUC: 0.82) predicted diastolic blood pressure in men. Conclusion Although it was claimed that ABSI and BAI as the indexes of high waist circumference and body fat percent respectively, express the excess risk, based on our results, they are not better alternative than BMI in the clinical evaluation for screening for high blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body mass index (BMI) helps in the evaluation of obesity in pregnancy. Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine association between maternal BMI and neonates requiring the neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission. Materials and Methods: All obstetric patients who were admitted for obstetric intervention in the third trimester between April 1, 2014, and September 30, 2015, were studied. Patients with singleton pregnancy gestational age more than 35 weeks were included in the study and multifetal gestation a known case of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic hypertension were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into four groups on the basis of BMI; in all these groups, maternal and fetal outcome was studied. Results: According to BMI, 22.4% of patients were obese and 35.3% of patients were of normal BMI. Gestational DM, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and preeclampsia remained statistically significant high in obese and overweight group as compared to women with normal BMI. There was no significant association between antepartum hemorrhage, intrauterine growth restriction, malpresentation, and preterm between obese and nonobese groups. NICU admission rate was significantly associated with maternal obesity. For BMI and NICU admissions, relative risk (RR) in underweight versus healthy was 6.00 (P = 0.011, confidence interval 1 [CI1]:.29–27.76). In comparing women with BMI <30 to women with BMI ≥30, newborns of obese women were 5.9% more likely to need NICU admission (RR: 1.336, P = 0.04, CI: 1.021–1.749). Conclusion: This study showed an increased risk of wide variety of pregnancy and perinatal complications and higher neonatal admissions in overweight and obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]