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This study aimed to provide irrefutable evidence of the preventive effects of oxymatine (OMT) on a model of endotoxin induced glaucoma in Wistar rats which can be attributed to its anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and TNF‐α antagonistic properties. To assess the impact of OMT on uveitic glaucoma, the normal group received 100 μL distilled water topically for 15 days, while the glaucoma control group was induced with uveitic glaucoma by applying 10 μL of 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) topically for 3 consecutive days. The treatment groups were then given OMT solution at a volume of 50 μL with varying doses of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% once a day via topical administration for 15 days. In addition, as a standard, the animals were also given 100 μL of 1% dorzolamide topically for 15 days. All ophthalmic dosing was carried out by pulling the lower eye‐lid of the experimental animals and administration of the respective solutions. The study uses cutting‐edge real‐time imaging of the retinal vasculature in anesthetized animals, postsacrifice lenticular picturization and biochemical evidence to support the changes in the retinal layers. LPS induced animals demonstrated increased IOP, disrupted antioxidant systems, massive lipid damage, enhanced TNF‐α activity and changes in intracellular ATPase and ionic activities. The damaged retinal vasculature and lenticular opacification further supported the biochemical evidence. However, using OMT at a 1% dosage effectively enhanced the antioxidant levels, regulated intracellular ion concentration and ATPases, decreased TNF‐α activity, and counteracted mechanobiological changes in the visual front and retina. Moreover, OMT can successfully normalize intraocular pressure, making it a highly beneficial treatment option for glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, we assessed that hypertension increases cataractogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of oral and topical administration of enalapril on two kidney one clip (2K1C)-induced hypertensive cataract model by evaluating the biochemical alteration of lenticular antioxidants, ionic content, ATPase activity, protein content and careful examination of the lenticular opacity. Animals were divided into normal and hypertensive animals. Hypertensive animals were divided into hypertensive control group (0.3% CMC), enalapril (oral) treatment group (20 mg/kg/day; p.o), and enalapril (topical) treatment group (0.1% w/v on the eye cornea) for a period of twelve weeks. During experimental study blood pressure, heart rate and morphology of the eyes were monitored biweekly. After twelve weeks, lenses were photographed and various catractogenic biochemical parameters were assessed. Enalapril (oral) treatment conserved the blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), restored the level of antioxidants, restored the lipid peroxidation marker, nitrite content, ionic content, ATPase function, protein content, and thus delayed the cataract formation. While, enalapril (topical) treatment exhibited anti-cataract effect without affecting the systolic and diastolic blood pressure that could be by restoring the antioxidant level, maintaining the ionic balance, balancing the protein levels, and by inhibiting the upregulated ocular renin angiotensin system. The overall results suggest that enalapril (topical) treatment showed conspicuous effect than enalapril (oral) treatment in adjourning the cataract formation. Based on the results, it may be concluded that upregulated ocular RAS by increasing oxidative stress and by misbalancing the lenticular ionic and protein content may lead to cataract formation in hypertensive condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to determine protective effects of Coleus forskohlii hydroalcoholic leaf-extract along with its fractions against fructose-induced cataract rat model. The Coleus forskolii leaf extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography and fractions were collected. A major high yielding fraction of the leaf extract, designated as fraction B6 was pharmacologically evaluated in Sprague Dawley albino rats at three doses 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg respectively. Compound B2; isolated from B6 fraction, identified as 'gallic acid' was also pharmacologically evaluated at three different doses. Cataract was induced by concurrent administration of fructose solution (10% w/v, per oral, dissolved in drinking water) for eight consecutive weeks. Mean arterial pressure, blood glucose level and lenticular opacity were determined. At the end of eight weeks, C. forskohlii leaf extract fraction and gallic acid reduced mean arterial pressure and glucose level in a dose dependent manner. In addition, C. forskohlii led to significant restoration of lens antioxidants enzyme level and reduced cataract formation in rats. These results showed the concentration dependent protective effect by C. forskohlii leaf extract against cataract formation due to restoration of oxidative stress markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High glucose level is a strong initiator of both oxidative stress and DNA damage to various cellular proteins. This activates the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) enzyme, which is responsible for disturbing physiological energy metabolic homeostasis. The present study aimed to elucidate the association between stress and the PARP pathway by using resveratrol (RSV) and nicotinamide (NAM, PARP inhibitor) to treat diabetic cataract. Albino rats were used for the experimental study. A single streptozotocin administration (55 mg/kg, i.p.) prompted diabetes in the animals. The experimental groups were the normal group (non-diabetic) and the diabetic groups: the diabetic control animals (group D), the diabetic animals treated with RSV at 40 mg/kg/day, i.p. (D+ RSV group), NAM at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day, i.p. (D+ NAM100, D+ NAM300 groups, respectively), and a combination of RSV and NAM i.p. (D+ RSV+NAM100 = Combi 1 group, D+ RSV+NAM300 = Combi 2 group). Glucose levels and the eyes were examined biweekly; various cataractogenic parameters in the lenses were examined after completion of the eight-week experimental protocol. Compared to diabetic control, RSV monotherapy significantly decreased hyperglycemia and other lenticular alterations. NAM at the high dose only showed beneficial effects without altering the blood glucose level, lenticular aldose reductase (AR) activity, and sorbitol content, primarily restored the lenticular NAD level and decreased oxidative stress in diabetic rats. These findings regarding NAM treatment indicate that a pathway other than the antioxidant defense system and the polyol pathway, which might be due to PARP inhibition, is involved in diabetic cataracts. Moreover, compared to RSV monotherapy, combination treatments were effective. These results indicate that hyperglycemia and oxidative-osmotic-nitrosative stress play central roles in the pathophysiology of diabetic cataracts. Moreover, our study also revealed that concurrent treatment with the RSV and NAM may prove useful in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes and its secondary complications such as cataract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas fruits in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Carissa carandus unripe fruits were collected, dried, powdered and subjected to extraction using ethanol as solvent. Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n=6) and induced hepatotoxicity using carbon tetrachloride [CCl4 with Olive oil (1:1), 0.5 ml/kg, i.v.], administered for 5 days. Three different doses (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of Carissa carandus (EECC) fruits were used to administer and improvement in liver function was observed by estimation of serum marker enzymes like aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase ( ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total lipids (TL), albumin etc. The normal values for AST, ALT, ALP, SBLN, GGT, TP, TL and albumin in serum were significantly altered in hepatotoxic rats. These parameters attained near normal values in EECC (100 & 200mg/kg) treated rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the indigenous system of medicine, the Reno syrup (Ayurvedic preparation) reported to be useful in the treatment of urinary stones. In present study, we evaluated the antiurolithiatic property of Reno syrup using in vitro (homogeneous precipitation method) as well as in vivo (ethylene glycol induced hyperoxaluria model in rats) method. In vitro study was performed in glass tubes instead of collecting the precipitate over filter papers. Reno syrup at different dose (1 ml, 2ml and 4 ml) were compared with the standard Cystone syrup (1 ml). The activity of Reno syrup and Cystone syrup were evaluated by ability to inhibit the formation of calcium and phosphate precipitate in glass tubes containing 25 ml each of 25 mM CaCl2.2H2O, 25 mM Na2 HPO4.2H2 O or 25 mM Na2 C2 O4. Result of in vitro study indicates that Reno syrup (4ml) has more effective than Reno syrup (1 ml and 2 ml) and Reno syrup (4ml) showed comparable activity to the standard Cystone in terms of inhibiting the formation of calcium and phosphate precipitate. The results of in vivo study, Reno syrup significantly decreases the level of oxalate, calcium and phosphate excretion in urine of rats and significantly lowered the elevated serum levels of creatinine, uric acid, BUN and GFR at three different dose level 1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg and 4 ml/kg. Our findings indicate that Reno syrup (4 ml/kg, p.o.) has potential antiurolithiatic activity and in future it can be prescribed in the respective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polianthes tuberose is traditionally used against snake venom poisoning in Chhattisgarh region of India. The study aimed to examine the Naja venom neutralization potential of the ethanolic extract (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) of Polianthes tuberose (Agavacae). The ethanolic extract at 400 and 800 mg/kg oral significantly inhibited the Naja venom induced lethality, haemorrhage, necrotizing effect, oedema in rats. The observation confirmed that the ethanolic extract of Polianthes tuberose possesses snake venom neutralizing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diospyros peregrina, commonly known as Kalatendu, is widely used in different parts of India for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of an methanolic extract of Diospyros peregrina leaves (DPLE) in alloxan diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia was induced by single intravenous injection of alloxan (70mg/kg body weight). The extract was administered orally at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, to normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Significant reduction in glucose was observed in alloxan diabetic rats. The studies indicate that the DPLE exhibited statistically significant antihyperglycemic activities in glucose tolerance test and alloxan induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morina longifolia Wall is a small genus of perennial herbs, belong to the family Dipsacaceae is traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and other diseases in Garhwal region of India. In present study attempt has been made to study the antiarthritic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Morina longifolia (MLE). The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated by using Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) induced monoarthritic rat model. Treatment of arthritic rat with MLE had significant effect on FCA-induced rat paw edema from 1st week to 6th week of the study; the results were comparable with the standard drug indomethacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress‐induced toxicity plays a major role in ocular diseases such as retinal degeneration, age‐related cataract (ARC) formation and macular dystrophy. In this study, we explored the possible role of resveratrol (RSV) at the different dose levels (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, ip) in an experimental model of naphthalene (1 g/kg/day, po)‐induced age‐related cataracts. Morphological changes in the eyes of the rats in two groups, the RSV and the ARC groups, were monitored weekly, and biochemical parameters in the lenses were assessed after completion of the experimental work. A comparison between the rats in the two groups showed that treatments at RSV doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg/day significantly retarded lenticular opacity, restored antioxidants (CAT, SOD, GPX, GSH), Ca2+ ATPase function, and protein contents, and reduced lipid peroxidation in the lenses of the animals in the RSV group. The treatment with resveratrol at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day did not show any anti‐cataractogenic effects. Based on the results of our investigation, we conclude that supplemental doses of resveratrol at 40 mg/kg/day effectively prevent cataract formation associated with the aging via increased soluble protein contents and Ca2+ homeostasis, apart from the antioxidant restoration. The results demonstrate that RSV treatment may be considered as a promising preventive or supplemental measure for delaying and/or preventing the formation of ARCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of A. parviflora was analysed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty-two compounds, accounting for 72.7% of the oil, were identified. The main components identified were β-caryophyllene (15.3%), germacrene D (14.7%), camphor (11.4%), artemisia ketone (7.8%), 1,8-cineole (5.8%), α-copaene (2.6%), artemisia alcohol (2.6%), terpinene-4-ol (2.3%), caryophyllene oxide (1.2%), α-pinene (1.1%), sabinyl acetate (1.1%) and α-humulene (1.1%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophora flavescens , the source of oxymatrine, is gaining popularity due to its potential in neuroprotection and treatment of various neurological conditions like epilepsy, depression, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. Its natural occurrence and promising preliminary research highlight its ability to reduce nerve cell damage and inflammation, attributed to its antiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, challenges like solubility, potential adverse effects and limited bioavailability hinder its full therapeutic utilization. Current strategies, including formulation optimization and innovative drug delivery systems, aim to enhance its efficacy and safety. Despite its potential, further research is necessary to overcome these obstacles and maximize its clinical effectiveness. Conclusively, oxymatrine demonstrates distinct neuroprotective properties, offering unique advantages over other agents currently being studied or used in clinical practice for neurological disorders. nevertheless, additional study is necessary to surmount current obstacles and maximize its effectiveness for clinical settings. This study provides a comprehensive overview of oxymatrine's neuroprotective mechanisms and therapeutic potential while emphasizing the need for continued investigation and development for practical clinical application.

Cardiovascular complications and renal disease is the growing cause of mortality in patients with diabetes. The subversive complications of diabetes such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance lead to an increase in the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF) as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among the commercially available anti-hyperglycemic agents, incretin-based medications appear to be safe and effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated cardiovascular and renal disease. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been shown to be fruitful in reducing HbA1c, blood glucose, lipid profile, and body weight in diabetic patients. Several preclinical and clinical studies revealed the safety, efficacy, and preventive advantages of GLP-1RAs against diabetes- induced cardiovascular and kidney disease. Data from cardio-renal outcome trials had highlighted that GLP-1RAs protected people with established CKD from significant cardiovascular disease, lowered the likelihood of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and lowered all-cause mortality. They also had a positive effect on people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and CKD. Beside clinical outcomes, GLP-1RAs reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and improved lipid profile pre-clinically in diabetic models of cardiomyopathy and nephropathy that demonstrated the cardio-protective and reno-protective effect of GLP-1RAs. In this review, we have focused on the recent clinical and preclinical outcomes of GLP-1RAs as cardio-protective and reno-protective agents as GLP-1RAs medications have been demonstrated to be more effective in treating T2DM and diabetes-induced cardiovascular and renal disease than currently available treatments in clinics, without inducing hypoglycemia or weight gain., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Despite large investments by industry and governments, no disease-modifying medications for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found. The failures of various clinical trials indicate the need for a more in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of AD and for innovative therapeutic strategies for its treatment. Here, we review the rational for targeting IP3 signaling, cytosolic calcium dysregulation, phosphodiesterases (PDEs), and secondary messengers like cGMP and cAMP, as well as their correlations with the pathophysiology of AD. Various drugs targeting these signaling cascades are still in pre-clinical and clinical trials which support the ideas presented in this article. Further, we describe different molecular mechanisms and medications currently being used in various pre-clinical and clinical trials involving IP3/Ca +2 signaling. We also highlight various isoforms, as well as the functions and pharmacology of the PDEs broadly expressed in different parts of the brain and attempt to unravel the potential benefits of PDE inhibitors for use as novel medications to alleviate the pathogenesis of AD., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The present study was designed to evaluate the antihypertensive activity and cardioprotective effects of magnesium taurate against cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 )-intoxicated albino rats. Sprague Dawley male albino rats (120-150 g) were divided into five groups having six animals in each group. Hypertension and cardiotoxicity were induced in animals by administration of CdCl 2 (0.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for four weeks. Magnesium taurate (2 and 4 mg/kg/day) was administered orally after induction of hypertension (after two weeks) in their respective groups concurrently with CdCl 2 for next two weeks. Amlodipine (3 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was used as a standard and administered after induction of hypertension. Blood pressure was monitored biweekly by using non-invasive blood pressure system and biochemical parameters and histopathology of the heart were evaluated after four weeks of the experimental protocol. During the four weeks of the experimental protocol, the toxic control group showed significant elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure concomitant with augmentation of cardiotoxicity as indicated by reduction in myocardial antioxidants including glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and increased malondialdehyde level in heart as compared to the normal group. The oral administrations of magnesium taurate significantly restored the blood pressure, myocardial antioxidants and malondialdehyde level as compared to toxic control group. In addition, histopathological examination showed that magnesium taurate treatments substantially reduced the myocardial damages against CdCl 2 treatment. The results suggest that magnesium taurate has prominent antihypertensive and cardioprotective activity via its potent antioxidant activity and can be used as a nutrition supplement to improve the cardiovascular health.