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Background: It has been proposed that physical exercise can help improve upper limb functions in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients; yet evidence for this hypothesis is limited. Objective: To assess the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET) on general upper limb functions in sedentary people with PD and healthy adults (HA). Methods: Two groups, 19 PD patients (Hoehn & Yahr ≤ 2) and 20 HA, matched on age and sedentary level, followed a 3-month stationary bicycle AET regimen. We used the kinematic theory framework to characterize and quantify the different motor control commands involved in performing simple upper-limb movements as drawing lines. Repeated measures ANCOVA models were used to assess the effect of AET in each group, as well as the difference between groups following the training regimen. Results: At baseline, PD individuals had a larger antagonist response, a longer elapsed time between the visual stimulus and the end of the movement, and a longer time of displacement of the stylus than the HA. Following the 12-week AET, PD participants showed significant decreases of the agonist and antagonist commands, as well as the antagonist response spread. A significant group ∗ session interaction effect was observed for the agonist command and the response spread of the antagonist command, suggesting a significant change for these two parameters only in PD patients following the AET. Among the differences observed at baseline, only the difference for the time of movement remained after AET. Conclusion: A 3-month AET has a significant positive impact on the capacity to draw lines in a more efficiency way, in PD patients, indicating an improvement in the upper limb motor function.

Background: There is increasing evidence that executive functions and attention are associated with gait and balance, and that this link is especially prominent in older individuals or those who are afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases that affect cognition and/or motor functions. People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often present gait disturbances, which can be reduced when PD patients engage in different types of physical exercise (PE), such as walking on a treadmill. Similarly, PE has also been found to improve executive functions in this population. Yet, no exercise intervention investigated simultaneously gait and non-motor symptoms (executive functions, motor learning) in PD patients. Objective: To assess the impact of aerobic exercise training (AET) using a stationary bicycle on a set of gait parameters (walking speed, cadence, step length, step width, single and double support time, as well as variability of step length, step width and double support time) and executive functions (cognitive inhibition and flexibility) in sedentary PD patients and healthy controls. Methods: Two groups, 19 PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr ≤2) and 20 healthy adults, matched on age and sedentary level, followed a 3-month stationary bicycle AET regimen. Results: Aerobic capacity, as well as performance of motor learning and on cognitive inhibition, increased significantly in both groups after the training regimen, but only PD patients improved their walking speed and cadence (all p < 0.05; with no change in the step length). Moreover, in PD patients, training-related improvements in aerobic capacity correlated positively with improvements in walking speed (r = 0.461, p < 0.05). Conclusion: AET using stationary bicycle can independently improve gait and cognitive inhibition in sedentary PD patients. Given that increases in walking speed were obtained through increases in cadence, with no change in step length, our findings suggest that gait improvements are specific to the type of mot

Background: Aerobic exercise training (AET) has been shown to provide general health benefits, and to improve motor behaviours in particular, in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the influence of AET on their motor learning capacities, as well as the change in neural substrates mediating this effect remains to be explored. Objective: In the current study, we employed functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to assess the effect of a 3-month AET program on the neural correlates of implicit motor sequence learning (MSL). Methods: 20 healthy controls (HC) and 19 early PD individuals participated in a supervised, high-intensity, stationary recumbent bike training program (3 times/week for 12 weeks). Exercise prescription started at 20 min (+ 5 min/week up to 40 min) based on participant's maximal aerobic power. Before and after the AET program, participants' brain was scanned while performing an implicit version of the serial reaction time task. Results: Brain data revealed pre-post MSL-related increases in functional activity in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum in PD patients, as well as in the striatum in HC individuals. Importantly, the functional brain changes in PD individuals correlated with changes in aerobic fitness: a positive relationship was found with increased activity in the hippocampus and striatum, while a negative relationship was observed with the cerebellar activity. Conclusion: Our results reveal, for the first time, that exercise training produces functional changes in known motor learning related brain structures that are consistent with improved behavioural performance observed in PD patients. As such, AET can be a valuable non-pharmacological intervention to promote, not only physical fitness in early PD, but also better motor learning capacity useful in day-to-day activities through increased plasticity in motor related structures.

Le vieillissement est associé à de nombreuses modifications de l'organisme, reliées à des altérations des facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). Dans ce cadre, une masse maigre importante est considérée comme étant bénéfique pour la sensibilité à l'insuline. Ainsi, l'exercice contre résistance est jugé comme la stratégie la plus efficace pour permettre cette adaptation, surtout chez les adultes. Toutefois, chez les personnes âgées, les résultats ne sont pas toujours probants. Une raison sous-jacente empêchant l'adaptation optimale aux effets bénéfiques de ce type d'intervention serait l'augmentation des dommages oxydatifs avec le vieillissement. La supplémentation en antioxydants durant l'exercice contre résistance pourrait aider à l'obtention de meilleurs résultats. En effet, plusieurs études ont démontré qu'une supplémentation en antioxydants pouvait avoir des effets bénéfiques sur différents paramètres biochimiques et des dommages oxydatifs. Toutefois, l'effet des antioxydants en combinaison des exercices contre résistance sur l'ensemble de ces paramètres n'a toujours pas été vérifié chez les personnes âgées. Ainsi, la mise à disposition d'une nouvelle méthodologie pourrait s'avérer intéressante pour cette population. L'objet de cette thèse était de vérifier l'impact de ces interventions (supplémentation en antioxydants et exercices contre résistance) dans la prévention des facteurs de risque des MCV chez des personnes âgées. Les hypothèses avancées étaient que les personnes ayant participé à la combinaison des interventions (supplémentation en antioxydants et exercices musculaires) présentent une amélioration plus importante des paramètres biochimiques, de la composition corporelle et des facteurs de risque de MCV que les personnes ayant été soumises à l'une ou l'autre des interventions. Pour y répondre, 73 personnes âgées (59-73 ans, IMC[plus petit ou égal à]30kg/m[indice supérieur 2], sans incapacité physique ou médication influençant le méta