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Background and Aim Patients with temporomandibular disorder often experience pain in various parts of the body. However, the degree of improvement of patients’ pain through temporomandibular joint correction has not been identified in an independent study. This study aimed to identify the symptoms most frequently reported by patients with temporomandibular disorder and determine the degree of pain improvement and structural changes through temporomandibular joint correction. Methodology Patients who complained of temporomandibular disorder and visited a dental clinic and agreed to participate were included in the study (n=85). The patients were divided into a nontreatment group (Control, n=35) and treatment group (Treatment, n=50) of the temporomandibular joint, and the treatment group received more than 10 correction treatments. All reported locations of pain were recorded preintervention and postintervention of temporomandibular joint correction treatment, and the degree of pain, which measured using a visual analog scale, was also recorded. Simultaneously, X-ray imaging was performed to confirm the structural difference between the pre-temporomandibular joint and post-temporomandibular joint correction treatment. Result Most of the patients with temporomandibular disorder complained of temporomandibular joint pain (n=66/85), but the majority complained of neck pain (n=61/85) and shoulder pain (n=60/85). In addition, there were many cases of headache (n=26/85), back pain (n=25/85), and lockjaw (n=22/85). In rare cases, complaints of facial pain (n=2/85), tinnitus (n=2/85), hip joint pain (n=4/85), knee pain (n=5/85), xeroma (n=1/85), and ear pain (n=1/85) have been reported. After temporomandibular joint correction treatment, the treatment group had significantly lower visual analog scale scores than pretreatment for TMJ pain, headache, shoulder pain, neck pain, back pain, and lockjaw (p Conclusion Temporomandibular disorders can cause pain in other parts of the body with an unknown cause. Therefore, these results show that if the pain in other parts of the body cannot be fundamentally resolved, temporomandibular joint correction treatment through the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder may need to be performed in dental clinics.

Objective This study investigates whether the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) affects the long-term speech outcomes in patients undergoing primary palatoplasty with radical intravelar veloplasty. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary university-affiliated hospital. Participants A consecutive cohort of 112 patients who underwent primary palatoplasty with radical intravelar veloplasty from August 2014 to March 2018 were included. Main outcome measures A 2 × 2 cm-sized ADM was incorporated as an interpositional graft between the oral and nasal lining at the soft-hard palate junction. The perceptual analysis of hypernasality and articulation was performed when the age of the patient reached at least 36 months. Cleft-related characteristics and surgical factors affecting the speech outcomes were investigated. Results The ADM was applied in 57 patients with a mean follow-up of45.76 months (SD, 10.69), while no ADM was used in 55 patients with a mean follow-up of 48.43 months (SD, 14.98). Regarding the hypernasality outcome, 33.3% (19 of 57 patients) of the ADM group and 27.3% (15 of 55 patients) of the control group showed a greater than mild-to-moderate degree. The distribution of hypernasality and articulation grade showed no significant difference between the two groups. After controlling for potential risk factors that may affect the speech outcomes, the use of ADM showed no significant relationship with velopharyngeal insufficiency. Conclusion The use of ADM use in primary palatoplasty with radical intravelar veloplasty is not associated with the alteration of speech function in early childhood.

Objective This study investigated the attitude of Korean physicians toward women’s access to emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) and the reclassification of ECP to a behind-the-counter (BTC) drug. Methods This study involved 946 physicians who had prescribed ECP in South Korea. The written questionnaires were completed by obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians, internal medicine doctors, and pediatricians. Results Regarding the barriers limiting women’s access to ECP, 24.8% of physicians responded that women lacked information about ECP and 22.5% felt that women were likely to be emotionally burdened by visits to clinics or hospitals to obtain ECP prescriptions. Ninety-two percent of physicians responded that ECP should remain a prescription drug while 6.1% stated preferences for a switch to a BTC drug. Physicians who opposed the switch were concerned about the potential abuse of ECP. In order to prevent ECP abuse, the most important factor to be considered was education on contraception. Conclusion A majority of Korean physicians opposed the reclassification of ECP to a BTC drug owing to their belief in increasing the role of educational initiatives about contraception and contraceptive practices before improving the access to ECP. This study is also of the opinion that contraceptive education for youth and adults in Korea should be more realistic and active, with an emphasis on regular contraception use before reclassification. Furthermore, we believe that efforts are needed to ensure accuracy of information on contraception to facilitate women’s access to ECP.

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes a committed step in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by reducing dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins. However, the role of this enzyme in determining flower color in the economically important crop chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is unknown. Here, we isolated cDNAs encoding DFR from two chrysanthemum cultivars, the white-flowered chrysanthemum &ldquo, OhBlang&rdquo, (CmDFR-OB) and the red-flowered chrysanthemum &ldquo, RedMarble&rdquo, (CmDFR-RM) and identified variations in the C-terminus between the two sequences. An enzyme assay using recombinant proteins revealed that both enzymes catalyzed the reduction of dihydroflavonol substrates, but CmDFR-OB showed significantly reduced DFR activity for dihydrokaempferol (DHK) substrate as compared with CmDFR-RM. Transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were consistent with the anthocyanin contents at different flower developmental stages of both cultivars. The inplanta complementation assay, using Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant (tt3-1), revealed that CmDFR-RM, but not CmDFR-OB, transgenes restored defective anthocyanin biosynthesis of this mutant at the seedling stage, as well as proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed. The difference in the flower color of two chrysanthemums can be explained by the C-terminal variation of CmDFR combined with the loss of CmF3H expression during flower development.

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease, which causes serious social and economic problems. The most important trial for the successful treatment of drug addiction is to prevent the high rate of relapse to drug-seeking behaviors. Opponent process as a motivational theory with excessive drug seeking in the negative reinforcement of drug dependence reflects both loss of brain reward system and recruitment of brain stress system. The negative emotional state produced by brain stress system during drug withdrawal might contribute to the intense drug craving and drive drug-seeking behaviors via negative reinforcement mechanisms. Decrease in dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens and recruitment of corticotropin-releasing factor in the extended amygdala are hypothesized to be implicated in mediating this motivated behavior. Also, a brain stress response system is hypothesized to increase drug craving and contribute to relapse to drug-seeking behavior during the preoccupation and anticipation stage of dependence caused by the exposure to stress characterized as the nonspecific responses to any demands on the body. Acupuncture has proven to be effective for reducing drug addiction and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, acupuncture has been shown to correct reversible brain malfunctions by regulating drug addiction and stress-related neurotransmitters. Accordingly, it seems reasonable to propose that acupuncture attenuates relapse to drug-seeking behavior through inhibition of stress response. In this review, a brief description of stress in relapse to drug-seeking behavior and the effects of acupuncture were presented.

Flavonol synthase (FLS) belongs to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD) superfamily. We isolated OsFLS from the rice ( Oryza sativa) cultivar "Ilmi" OsFLS includes highly conserved 2-ODD-specific motifs and FLS-specific regions. Recombinant OsFLS exhibited both FLS and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H) activities, converting dihydroflavonols into flavonols and flavanones into dihydroflavonols, respectively, and more efficiently used dihydrokaempferol than dihydroquercetin as a substrate. OsFLS was expressed in both nonpigmented and pigmented rice seeds and was developmentally regulated during seed maturation. Transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing OsFLS produced pale pink or white flowers with significantly increased levels of kaempferol-3- O-rutinoside and dramatically reduced levels of anthocyanin in their petals. Additionally, pod size and weight were reduced compared to the wild type. Several early and late biosynthetic genes of flavonoid were downregulated in the transgenic flowers. We demonstrated that OsFLS is a bifunctional 2-ODD enzyme and functions in flavonol production in planta.

In this study, we extracted active components from thistle, persimmon leaf, and new green which are known to have a high content of antioxidants and also analyzed the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavening activity and flavonoid content. Both ultrapure water and alcohol were used as extraction solvents and the ratio of both solvents, sample, amunts extraction time, and extraction temperature were varied. The optimal extraction condition of each natural compounds were 2.5~3.5 h of the extraction time and 50 g/L of the sample amount. The optimal ratio of ultrapure water and alcohol and extraction temperature were as follows; persimmon leaf (55~65 vol%, 50~60 ℃), thistle (40~50 vol%, 55~65 ℃) and new green (55~65 vol%, 50~60 ℃). In addition, the antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content of the extract increased in the order of persimmon leaf, thistle, and new green.

Background Blood transfusions may be associated with risks and the risk: benefit ratio is not always clear, even in the setting of haemorrhage. Aims To describe the management practices and outcomes in women with profound anaemia who refused blood transfusion. Materials and Methods Retrospective analysis over a 10-year time frame of severely anaemic women (Hb

OBJECTIVE We sought to determine which clinical factors can predict this phenomenon and to better understand the clinical significance of negative loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) findings through long-term follow-up. METHODS We identified 559 patients with biopsy-confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 (CIN 2, 3) who were treated by LEEP between February 2001 and December 2010. Preconization clinical characteristics, as well as high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) status, were analyzed as possible predictors of an absence of a lesion in the specimen. The clinical significance of an absence of a lesion in the specimen, as well as other factors, was evaluated by Cox hazard regression analysis in terms of recurrence. RESULTS No lesion on the LEEP specimen was found in 102 (18.2%) of 559 patients with CIN 2,3 on punch biopsy. Punch biopsy status of CIN 2, low HPV viral load (

Objectives To characterize voiding symptoms during the peri- and post-menopausal periods and to investigate related hormonal changes. Methods We enrolled a total of 55 patients between February 10, 2013, and August 15, 2013, to participate in this cross-sectional study. To characterize patients’ voiding symptoms, we administered voiding questionnaires, including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and Sandvik Severity Index. Measured hormones included E2, FSH, TSH, prolactin, progesterone, and testosterone. Results In the univariate analysis, there were significant intergroup differences for all of the hormones except progesterone. Among the voiding symptoms, straining (IPSS question 1), frequency (IPSS question 2), and SUI were significantly different between the two groups ( p = 0.039. 0.010, and 0.017, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, frequency (IPSS question 2) and SUI were significantly different between the two groups ( p = 0.020 and 0.011, respectively). Among the hormones, only testosterone was marginally different between the two groups ( p = 0.059). Conclusions During the transition to menopause, voiding symptoms, such as frequency, can potentially worsen in the peri-menopausal period, and SUI is more prevalent in the post-menopausal period. Additionally, testosterone may have a role in voiding changes that occur during the menopausal transition.

To understand the cut-edge corrosion behaviors of Zn-Al-Mg alloy-coated steel better, mechanistic studies with a Zn-MgZn2 eutectic specimen fabricated by a hot-pressing process were conducted using various electrochemical methods, such as the scanning vibrating electrode technique and galvanic corrosion measurements. The results showed that the MgZn2 phase dissolved preferentially with the galvanic current flowing from the phase to Zn. Mg/Zn cations from the dissolving MgZn2 phase were reduced effectively, facilitating the co-precipitation of Mg(OH)2, Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6, and Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on the results, a much longer-lasting corrosion inhibition mechanism of the alloy-coated steel was provided.

Objectives : The Hwabyung Research Center of The Korean Society Of Oriental Neuropsychiatry has attempted to develop the 'Clinical Guidelines for Hwabyung'. Methods : The Hwabyung Research Center constructed a committee of experts and advisory group. Relevant literature was collected and evaluated in order to find out effective Pharmacotherapy (Herbal medicine), acupuncture and moxibustion, and cupping of Hwabyung. Results : We found some evidences that proved the effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy (Herbal medicine), acupuncture and moxibustion, and cupping in the treatment of Hwabyung. 1) We recommend Pharmacotherapy (Herbal medicine), acupuncture and moxibustion, cupping, psychotherapy and management, other therapeutic approaches and education for Hwabyung. 2) Pharmacotherapy (Herbal medicine) should be determined according to the pattern identification of Korean medicine. Further, the prescription should be cost-effective, safe and have no side effects. Also, the interaction between Herbal and Western drugs should be considered carefully. 3) There are general acupuncture, scalp acupuncture, Pharmacopuncture, Sa-am acupuncture as well as acupuncture treatments for Hwabyung. 4) Moxibustion and cupping are useful, relieving various somatic symptoms of Hwabyung. Conclusions : Pharmacotherapy (Herbal medicine), Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Cupping for Hwabyung were studied. We hope that the 'Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Hwabyung' are helpful for oriental medical doctors and patients.

Objectives :The goals of the present study are to assess children with tic disorders, their clinical characteristic and to prove the effectiveness of herbal treatments of tic disorders.Methods :The present study was conducted from January 2006 to April 2011 , with 200 out-patient children between the age of 6 to 12 diagnosed with tic disorder (after excluding 10 children who could not be clearly diagnosed) at the "H’herbal medicine clinic located in Seoul. Of these 200 children, we hav e evaluated the epidemiology and clinical manifestation, and analyzed the results of herbal medicine treatments. Results :1. Among the children diagnosed with tic disorder, TTD was most p revalent (43.3%) and males were more likely than females to express tics (5.45:1). Children with TD sought help significantly later (average age of 9.03 years) than the other types. 2. The analysis results of herbal medicine treatments are as foll ows. Compared to the pre-treatment assessment, children who received herbal medicine treatment for more than three months (n=52) showed a marked decrease in symptoms of motor tics (the number of motor tics, f requency, severity, complexity) and vocal tics (the number of vocal tics, frequency, severity), in the impairment l evel of combined tics (motor and vocal tics together) and in the overall score.Conclusions :In conclusion, we apprehended demographic and clinical characte ristics of tic disorder patients who visited a Korean traditional medicine clinic by analyzing the psychological asse ssment results. Furthermore, we identified the effectiveness of herb formula in tic disorder. Key Words: Tic disorders, Yale Global Tic Se verity Scale(YGTSS), Herbal treatments.

The immobilization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) onto the surface of silica beads via hyperbranched polysiloxysilane (HBPS) was studied to develop a new material for cell cultivation. HBPS terminated with a vinyl functional group was synthesized by self-polymerization of an AB2 monomer. The terminal vinyl group was converted into a chain-transfer agent for reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The obtained HBPS was immobilized on the silica surface by mixing silica beads and HBPS in hexane. The graft polymerization of PNIPAM onto the silica surface was achieved using RAFT polymerization. The molecular weights of the grafted polymers obtained by cleavage from the surface of silica beads using NaOH aqueous solution were in the range of 6000–23 000 and the polydispersity index values were 1.4–1.6. The grafted silica beads have been tested for cell cultivation. Silica-HBPS-g-PNIPAM with a higher molecular weight (Mn) of PNIPAM (cleaved PNIPAM Mn=14 800 and 23 700) showed a thermo-reversible phase transition at approximately 34 °C, and controlled cell adhesion and detachment was demonstrated with these beads. The objective of this study is to establish an immobilization method of PNIPAM on silica beads surface-modified by HBPS, which could be applied to cell cultivation. The PNIPAM-modified silica beads with enough loading of N-isopropylacrylamide (cleaved PNIPAM Mn=14 800 and 23 700) shows controlled cell adhesion and detachment due to lower critical solution temperature behavior of PNIPAM.

[Purpose] This study surveyed work accidents in order to prepare for an aging of society. [Subjects] We surveyed 785 workers at 493 workplaces in the area of Seoul. [Methods] An anonymous survey was done. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS for Windows for frequency, cross-tabulation, logistic regression, and correlation. [Results] The results demonstrate the necessity of the prevention of human errors at all levels, the implementation of the recognition of dangerous factors, the reduction of subconscious risky behaviors, and fast and rational decision processes for work performance. However, it is difficult to prevent 100% of human errors. [Conclusion] It is necessary to establish a work environment that considers humansAf physical and cognitive characteristics to prevent human errors from developing into accidents, and to have a program that enhances work abilities in preparation for the aging of society. Such a program would enhance physical abilities as well as cognitive abilities.

Objectives : This study was designed to report the effect of Jawon(Ziuan)`s purgative action for insomnia. Methods : A 60 year-old male patient has been suffered from insomnia for 2 years and has been on taking sleeping tablets during about a year and a half. We administered Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang because we thougt that the disease was So-Yang-Bing Li Jeung. And Jawon was added for quick improvement. Results : 1. The score of PSQI(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) decreased from 18 to 16 after the patient tooks Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang. 2. After 23 days, the patient tooks Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang with Jawon at the same time. With the purgative action with Jawon appearing, the score of PSQI decreased from 16 to 4 extremely and accompanying symptoms were also improved. Conclusions : In this case, for the patient taking Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang with Jawon at the same time is far more effective than only doing Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang. The result was more improved with appearing the effect of purgative action.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to provide exercise programs for the prevention of work related chronic back pain. Background: In order to prevent musculoskeletal disease, including proper medical care health promotion programs are needed. Method: This is a research of musculoskeletal disease looking at 618 workers working at a car engine manufacturing factory from April to July of 2008. Through questionnaire specific areas of musculoskeletal diseases experienced by the workers were identified and preventative exercise program for chronic low back pain was recommended. Result: Research showed that of the musculoskeletal disease experienced by the workers, 197 presented with low back pain, 171 presented with shoulder pain, 64 presented with neck pain and 44 presented with knee pain. The symptoms of low back pain included stiffness(143), twinge and burning sensation(24) and absence of sensation(19). Using this result 4 types of exercise programs were recommended for prevention of chronic low back pain. Conclusion: Preventative exercise programs recommended for the workers in this research is easily accessible for the workers. Use of the suggested exercise programs will inevitably decrease work related low back pain. Also 2 other recommendations were made: 1) Internal structural change may be necessary using ergonomics. 2) More exercise programs to be used to increase adaptation and tolerance of joints and muscles that are constantly used for repetitive work. Application: This study can be used to provide for the prevention of work-related Chronic Low Back pain.

Objectives : By analyzing and comparing indications, components and their doses of herb medicines, which were recorded in insomnia chapters of medical books, we examined historical changes and made clear documentary ground of medications. Methods : 1. 10 books which were noted in insomnia part of "The Eastern Medical Textbook of neuropsychiatry" and 13 books were mentioned in same part of "Uibujeonrok" were selected as reference. 2. We searched article database such as KISS, riss4U and journals issued by the Korean society of oriental neuropsychiatry. Finally, 39 books which were noted in 3 literature reviews, were chose as reference. 3. In reference books, we collected the herb medicines in chapters related to insomnia. 4. In case of no section associated with insomnia in books, we found prescriptions related to insomnia in whole chapters. 5. If the chief virtue of medication was not primarily for insomnia, we excluded applied or added herb medicines. 6. We classified prescriptions into small groups which had same name, and then rearranged them in chronological order. Results and Conclusions : 1. Banha-tang(banxiatang) of "Hwangjenaegyeong Youngchu" was the first-recorded prescription used for insomnia. 2. The chapter of insomnia appeared in "Chunkeumyobang" at first. 3. Ondam-tang(Wendantang) was most cited prescription in medical books. It was recorded totally 19 books from "Chunkeumyobang" to "Hyeoljeungron". 4. We suspects indications, components, dosage of medication of insomnia in Donguibogam were revised according to author`s clinical experience and circumstances.

Background South Korea has a dual medical system comprising conventional Western medicine (WM) and traditional Korean medicine (KM), which has yielded both positive results (increased opportunity to choose medical care) and negative results (increased medical costs). Thus, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has been performing a pilot project to evaluate this collaborative system in the real clinical situation. As treatment of dementia requires a social approach, the Korean government aims to strengthen the role of the national health care system to reduce the burden of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical - and cost-effectiveness of collaborative KM and WM treatment in patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Korea. Method/design In total, 180 patients with dementia or MCI will be recruited and will undergo monthly check-up for 12 weeks. Information regarding demographic characteristics, baseline disease-related data, and outcomes related to cognitive function and quality of life will be obtained. For data analysis, the patients will be classified into 2 groups using a comparative observational study design: the sole treatment group, which will receive either WM or KM alone, and the collaborative treatment group, which will receive both WM and KM. Discussion The treatment of dementia/MCI in South Korea will be studied in the real world during the pilot project. There will be no limitations on the type of treatment or the specific treatment method. Examining the clinical- and cost- effectiveness of the different methods will supply information for building an optimal medical system for the treatment of dementia/MCI. Trial registration The protocol for this study has been registered at the clinical research information service (CRIS: KCT0002868).

The dilution effect of high plasma volume contributes to a lower level of specific tumor marker such as prostate-specific antigen. To date, few studies have focused on this effect of other tumor marker levels. Therefore, we evaluated the dilution effects of a higher plasma volume on lowering the serum concentration of various tumor markers such as CA125 and CA19-9. Data from patients (age ≥40 years) visiting our public health center between March 2007 and March 2013 were gathered. A total of 19,439 male and 11,655 female native Koreans were eligible to have a serum CA125 and CA19-9 screening for ovarian and pancreatic cancer, respectively. CA125 levels in 11,234 women were analyzed. There was a statistically significant trend toward a lower likelihood of having a serum CA125 level >35 U/mL with increased body mass index (BMI), with obese men having a 53.1% lower likelihood than those with a normal BMI. After CA19-9 analysis in 29,978 participants, there was also a significant trend toward a lower likelihood of having a serum CA19-9 level >35 U/mL with increased BMI, with obese men having a 27.0% and obese women having a 32.7% lower likelihood than those with a normal BMI. These results might affect tumor screening efficiency for ovarian and pancreatic cancer using serum CA125 and CA19-9, respectively. Further studies are needed to better define these results in clinical practice.

Severe iron deficiency resulting in anemia is a common problem during pregnancy and in menstruating women. Several choices for IV iron replacement therapies exist and increased pressures on budgets may require cheaper 'iron sucrose similar' (ISS) to be used. In our practice, an iron sucrose similar (Ferex; ISS(FRX)) was introduced to reduce costs in the treatment of pregnant women or those planned for surgery. Post several months of use we observed increased rates of adverse events from patients and hence performed this analysis to confirm these findings.Data on adverse events was retrospectively collected from 658 patients treated between September 2004 and December 2011. Patients were analyzed in three cohorts, iron sucrose originator (IS(ORIG)), ISS(FRX) diluted in 100 mL saline and ISS(FRX) diluted in 200 mL saline.The mean age was 38.5 years and included patients having normal delivery, Cesarean section, myomectomy, hysterectomy, cystectomy and adnexectomy. There were 169 patients in the IS(ORG) group and 210 and 279 in the ISS(FRX)-100 and ISS(FRX)-200 groups respectively. Adverse drug reactions were more frequent in the ISS(FRX) groups vs. IS(ORIG) (11.0 vs. 14.3 vs. 1.8%; p 0.02). Events were mild-to-moderate in nature and were predominately injection site reactions and phlebitis.may be impacted by imbalance in baseline characteristics and cumulative iron dose received, however events were mostly acute and all patients received 200 mg iron as single administration.This is the first large analysis suggesting increased adverse events due to an ISS. For our practice, the use of ISS(FRX) was discontinued owing to safety concerns outweighing the theoretical cost benefit. This study raises the question on the appropriate approval process for complex drugs and if these can be substituted without appropriate clinical testing, both for efficacy and most importantly safety, in routine clinical practice.

Papillary squamotransitional cell carcinoma (PSTCC) of vagina is not a common disease. Especially primary neoplasm, which is not associated with carcinoma of urinary tract is very rare. To our knowledge, there have been only three reported cases of primary vaginal PSTCC without the history of urothelial carcinoma. Here, we report primary vaginal PSTCC accompanied by cervical squamous carcinoma in situ without the history of urothelial carcinoma with brief review of literature.