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The Crnopac massif is the southernmost part of the Velebit Mountain in Croatia. The aim of this work is to determine the forms, conditions and processes of morphogenesis of this karst system. The emphasis is on the surface and underground geomorphological features. The mapped karst forms of Crnopac include dolines, uvalas, karst towers, dry and blind valleys, and denuded caves. There are more than 300 caves in this area. The longest is Cave System Crnopac (> 55 km), the longest cave in the Dinaric karst. The development of the karst system is related to the relative tectonic uplift of the Crnopac massif. This led to a lowering of the level of allogeneic water input into the system and consequently to the formation of lower active conduits. In parallel, denudation of the surface was also active, lowering the level of the surface. Autogenous seepage of meteoric water from the surface led to the formation of vertical channels that intersect inactive channels. Geomorphological indicators suggest that this process did not take place with uniform dynamics.

The Velebit Channel and its marginal basins in the northeastern Adriatic Sea were analyzed in order to reconstruct the geomorphological evolution of this area during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene (130 ka, MIS 5 to MIS 1) using detailed seabed maps, new data on sea-level changes, and submarine investigation. Submerged parts of the canyon, paleodeltas, traces of ancient lakes, and a large polje were discovered by analyzing these maps. Significant climate fluctuation during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene caused large variations in the Adriatic sea-level. On the very indented karst relief, the paleogeographic changes were quite impressive. The paleoflow of the Zrmanja River modeled a canyon in the present Velebit Channel. A reconstruction of the paleoflow of the Zrmanja River shows that it could be traced at least 140 km from the current mouth during the Last Glacial Maximum. The transition from the marine to terestric/freshwater/lacustrine environment in the southeastern part of the Velebit Channel and in the marginal basins took place when the sea level dropped and oscillated between -20 m and -50 m (110 - 70 ka B.P.) after reaching a maximum of +5 m in 125 ka B.P. (MIS 5e). The basin in the northwest remained connected to the Kvarnerić marine basin at sea-level between -50 m and -80 m (70 - 30 ka B.P.). The sea completely receded from the Velebit Channel and Kvarnerić basin became polje during the Last glacial maximum (30 -20 ka B.P.) when the sea level fluctuated between -100 and -120 m, whereas lakes probably remained in the deep depressions. During rapid sea-level rise between 19 and 7 ka B.P. the sea flooded a large part of the Zrmanja paleoriver valey and canyon (all of the Velebit Channel) and the sea penetrated into marginal basins. At the beginning of the stagnation of the Adriatic Sea level 7 ka B.P. a fine example of drowned fluviokarst relief was formed and the dynamics of water in the karst underground became similar to the present.

U radu su istražene promjene u pružanju korita Drave od Repaša do Ferdinandovca u posljednjih 235 godina pod utjecajem prirodnih i antropogenih čimbenika. Duljina toka izmjerena je crtom sredine korita na temelju osam kartografskih izvora, uključujući karte vojnih izmjera iz razdoblja Habsburške Monarhije, topografske karte iz sredine i kraja 20. stoljeća, te arhivske i suvremene zračne snimke i ortofoto karte. Analizom promjena u duljini toka te pojavnosti geomorfoloških oblika korita i poplavne ravnice, poglavito mrtvica, određen je intenzitet promjena i dominantan čimbenik promjene. U promatranom razdoblju je na istraživanom segmentu rijeke došlo do značajnih promjena u duljini toka, koje su većinom uzrokovane ljudskim djelovanjem. Hidrotehničkim zahvatima na rijeci, prvenstveno presijecanjem meandara radi zaštite od poplava i poboljšanja protočnosti, duljina istraživanog segmenta se od kraja 18. stoljeća do danas smanjila za 14,8 km, odnosno za 48,4% početne duljine. Najveći intenzitet promjena zabilježen je na prijelazu u 20. stoljeće, kada je izvršena većina regulacijskih radova na rijeci, This paper investigates channel changes of the Drava River on the section from Repaš to Ferdinandovac in the last 235 years under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The length of the river was measured by the channel centreline based on eight cartographic sources, including maps of military surveys from the Habsburg Empire, topographic maps from the mid and late 20th century, and archival and contemporary aerial photographs and orthophotos. The intensity of changes and the dominant factor of change were determined by analysing the changes in flow length and the occurrence of geomorphological forms in the channel and floodplain, especially the oxbow lakes. During the studied period, observed significant changes in the length of the river in the studied section were mainly caused by human activity. As a result of engineering works on the river, primarily the artificial meander cutoffs due to flood protection, the length of the studied section has decreased by 14.8 km since the end of the 18th century, which corresponds to 48.4% of the initial length. The most significant changes were recorded at the turn of the 20th century, when most of the river regulation works were carried out.

U speleološkim objektima koji zadovoljavaju određene uvjete mogu nastati sezonske, višegodišnje i trajne pojave leda. U Hrvatskoj ih je najviše na Velebitu. U ovom se radu daje pregled novijih istraživanja o recentnoj dinamici leda te o njegovoj starosti u nekoliko odabranih lokaliteta na područja Srednjeg i Sjevernog Velebita. Glavni zabilježeni trend je naglo topljenje leda te smanjivanje njegove količine. Gubitak u Ledenoj jami u Lomskoj dulibi u razdoblju 1955.-2017. procjenjuje se na oko 8000 m 3 . Uzorci organskog materijala uklopljenog u špiljski led datirani su radiokarbonskom metodom. Najveća zabilježena starost takvog materijala je oko 3200 godina što je podatak o trenutnoj najvećoj poznatoj starosti leda u hrvatskom te cijelom Dinarskom kršu.

The paper presents project that included research on nature protection, population and tourism in karst national parks in Central and Southeastern Europe. The examined sites were Aggtelek NP (Hungary), Slovak Karst NP (Slovakia), Tara NP (Serbia), Krka NP (Croatia), Northern Pindos NP (Greece) and Apuseni National Park (Romania).

On December 29th, 2020, a strong Mw 6.4 earthquake hit central Croatia. The epicenter was located approximately 3 km southwest of Petrinja, and the intensity was estimated to VIII-IX EMS. The earthquake led to significant environmental effects related to earthquake magnitude, focal depth, and geological and geotechnical properties of the affected area.The Croatian Geological Survey (HGI-CGS) conducted extensive geological and geodetic surveys starting a few hours following the main shock to measure the earthquake’s effects,including those on infrastructures. Ten geologists from the Department of Geology carried out surveys from Decmber 31st, 2020 to January 7th, 2021 along the potential seismogenic source (inferred from geological maps and InSAR data) and in the wider epicentral area that suffered significant damage (e.g., Glina and Sisak).During a second phase, researchers from the University of Zagreb (PMF UniZG), Slovenia (GeoZS), Italy (INGV, ISPRA, U. Chieti) and France (CEREGE, IRSN) were mobilized to complete the observations. The collaboration with these geologists allowed to deepen the investigations and to bring further detail to quantify the effects. The surveys were then compiled based on data formats used by the European Community, namely those of the INGV EMERGEO team (Villani et al., 2017; for environmental effects including surface ruptures and liquefaction) and those of the SURE group (Baize et al., 2019 for surface ruptures).These observations revealed that the earthquake triggered a discontinuous, few km-long surface rupture with a maximum displacement of about 20 cm, which is consistent with the lower average of observations made on similar events (Wells and Coppersmith, 1994). Liquefaction spread over several tens of square kilometers mostly in river plains, the most distant being about 20 km from the epicenter (to be confirmed!). Other observed effects include lateral spreading, landslides, groundwater regime changes, rockfalls, and various infrastructure damage.The compilation of the acquired dataset into a unified database, consistent with database of other historical and recent events, is essential for establishing reliable empirical relations between geological effects and physical characteristics of earthquakes (magnitude, depth). This forms the basis for seismic hazard assessments, whether for “surface rupture”, “liquefaction”, or “ground-shaking” potential.

Donja Cerovačka špilja smještena je na SI padinama masiva Crnopac (JI Velebit) i jedna je od poznatijih turistički uređenih špilja Republike Hrvatske. Zbog ranije poznatih arheoloških nalaza, a prije početka rekonstrukcije posjetiteljske infrastrukture pokrenuta su 2019. godine nova arheološka iskapanja. Tijekom iskapanja u arheološkoj sondi udaljenoj 120 m od ulaza otkriven je neporemećeni slijed klastičnih špiljskih sedimenata debljine oko 1.8 m. Uzevši u obzir činjenicu da špilje predstavljaju efikasne zamke za sedimente provedena su detaljna geološka istraživanja s ciljem karakterizacije sedimenata, određivanja njihova porijekla, taložnih okoliša i stupnja okolišnih promjena tijekom njihovog taloženja u glavnom kanalu špilje. Kombinacijom nekoliko sedimentoloških, mineraloških i paleontoloških metoda napravljena je karakterizacija sedimenata. Litofacijesna analiza korištena je za rekonstrukciju promjena u taložnim mehanizmima, a numeričkim metodama datiranja uspostavljen je vremenski okvir taloženja. Analiza litofacijesa upotpunjena paleontološkim analizama otkrila je nekoliko faza u razvoju ispune kanala na istraživanom profilu, od urušnih procesa, preko kaotičnih sedimenata s naznakama pretaloživanja, do taloženja u okolišima stajaćih voda i konačno antropogenog utjecaja. Taloženje se odvijalo u različitim klimatskim uvjetima, počevši od perioda izraženo hladne i suhe klime tijekom pleistocenskih stadijala, do vlažnih perioda s antropogenim utjecajem zabilježenih pri samom vrhu profila. Pretpostavljeno je, a potom i dokazano alohtono porijeklo većeg dijela sedimentne ispune. Klastični detritus vezan je uz izvorišne stijene i sedimente koje pronalazimo na širem slivnom području rijeke Otuče (karbonska klastična serija, srednje- gornje trijaska klastično-piroklastična serija i terra rossa Gračačkog polja). Iako su od ranije ove naslage smatrane pleistocenskim sedimentima (temeljem nalaza fosilne faune), napravljena je njihova stratigrafska kalibracija temeljena na metodi optički stimulirane luminiscencije (OSL), te metodi radioaktivnog ugljika na speleotemima. OSL datacija pokazuje da se taloženje alohtone ispune kanala odvijalo u periodu oko ili nakon 54000 godina prije sadašnjosti. Nakon početne, turbulentne faze, nastupilo je taloženje u okolišu mirnih voda djelomično ili potpuno potopljenog špiljskog kanala. Ova promjena vezana je uz razdoblje od prije 19500 godina (14C datacija). Kraj taloženja u vodenom okolišu nastupa prije perioda kasnog brončanog doba, a vezan je uz trajno neotektonsko izdizanje šireg područja duž glavnih rasjeda pružanja SZ-JI. Rezultati istraživanja su publicirani u znanstvenom članku i dostupni na poveznici: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart .2 021.672229/full.

Tijekom arheoloških iskopavanja Donje Cerovačke špilje 2019. godine, u pokusnoj su sondi ispod tankog brončanodobnog sloja utvrđeni neporemećeni geološki slojevi. Na poziv arheologa u sondi je obavljeno geološko uzorkovanje profila te je napravljen sedimentološki opis naslaga te uzorkovanje. Kako špilje predstavljaju učinkovite zamke za sedimente iz proučavanog slijeda naslaga, moguće je pratiti promjene u taložnim mehanizmima tijekom pleistocenskoholocenskog perioda. Primjenom više različitih analitičkih metoda napravljena je mineraloška, petrografska i biostratigrafska karakterizacija istraživanog sedimentnog profila. Analizom facijesa utvrđeno je nekoliko faza u razvoju klastične ispune špiljskih kanala. Taloženje se odvijalo pod različitim uvjetima od izraženo hladnih i suhih klimatskih razdoblja tijekom pleistocenskih stadijala, pa sve do humidnih perioda s antropogenim utjecajem na samom vrhu profila. Opisani sedimenti već su ranije temeljem nalaza koštanih ostataka špiljskog medvjeda svrstani u pleistocen, a cilj nam je kroz buduća istraživanja napraviti preciznu stratigrafsku kalibraciju baziranu na apsolutnom datiranju speleotema i sedimenta.

The Holocene is on global multimillenial scale generally regarded as a relative stable in hydroclimate terms, but at the finer scale, it is characterized by frequent changes both in temperature and precipitation. Based on stable isotope (δ13C and δ18O) records of two coeval stalagmites from Nova Grgosova Cave (Croatia), we identified several centennial to millennial hydroclimate oscillations. During the 9.2-8.8 ka period local environmental conditions were improved in terms of vegetation dynamics, while the following 8.2 ka event was characterized by change in seasonal distribution of precipitation with somewhat drier autumn/winter seasons. The most remarkable excursion in δ13C series occurred around 7.4 ka within the Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO), due to reduced vegetation and soil microbial activity in response to enhanced spring/summer aridity, and likely also reduced autumn/winter precipitation. Regional signal of aridity during the 4.2 ka event is relatively small in magnitude, and must be confirmed in other coeval speleothems. Since the lowlands along the rivers further to east were preferred for human settlement over hilly region of Nova Grgosova Cave, Neolithic agricultural revolution and associated anthropogenic deforestation left no trace in studied speleothems, supporting hydroclimate causes of isotopic variations rather than anthropogenic. However, potential record of the short-term (centennial) climatic variability during the last millennium has been overprinted by the human intervention into natural forest landscape related to the mining activity. Namely, increased copper production required more arable land for increased population, mine timber (supporting pillars), as well as wood for smelting, which all lead to intensified deforestation and consequently masked δ13C signal of concurrent rapid climate changes such as those of Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age.

Uz biološku raznolikost, georaznolikost predstavlja temeljni element krajobrazne i opće prirodne raznolikosti. Georaznolikost je širok pojam koji obuhvaća tri podtipa raznolikosti u prirodi: geološku, geomorfološku i pedološku raznolikost. Geomorfološka raznolikost definirana je geomorfološkim oblicima i pojavama te procesima koji ih oblikuju. Geobaština je pojam užeg značenja jer obuhvaća samo najvrjednije dijelove georaznolikosti koji su zaštićeni. Kao vrijedne dijelove prirode štiti ih se neposredno i posredno putem zakona i prostornih planova kao zaštićena područja, dijelove ekološke mreže ili zbog njihove uloge u funkcioniranju ekosustava i krajobraznih cjelina. Geomorfološki lokaliteti geobaštine imaju različite razine intrinzične, kulturološke, gospodarske, ekološke, krajobrazne, edukativne i znanstvene vrijednosti. U istraživanju georaznolikosti, njenom vrednovanju i interpretaciji koriste se različite baze podataka složene iz povijesnih izvora, terenskih i daljinskih istraživanja. Temeljni kartografski prikaz i alat za analize izveden iz geomorfološke baze podataka je geomorfološka karta s pripadajućim morfometrijskim kartama. Područje Grada Zagreba do sada nije imalo sustavnu analizu georaznolikosti. Geografski i geomorfološki se prostire kroz različite krajobrazne cjeline Medvednice i doline rijeke Save. U skladu s geološkom građom, hidrološkim i klimatskim prilikama na tom se području javlja više morfogenetskih kategorija reljefa: fluvijalni (dolina Save), fluviodenudacijski (Medvednica s južnom predgorskom stepenicom), te krški i fluviokrški (Medvednica). Opća obilježja georaznolikosti ne utječu samo na geografske i geomorfološke značajke prostora nego i na podzemne i površinske vode, klimu, živi svijet, zatim na razvoj urbanog, periurbanog i ruralnog prostora Zagreba zbog čega je važno poznavanje njenih značajki. U tom smislu izrađuje se geomorfološka karta Parka Maksimir s ciljem inventariziranja georaznolikosti, analize značajki i interpretacije njegove geomorfološke raznolikosti i održivog upravljanja.

U geografskim istraživanjima prvi korak u analizi je inventarizacija prostornih podataka. U današnje vrijeme, nove tehnologije omogućuju njihovo brže i točnije prikupljanje. Razvojem GIS programa prostor je moguće kvantificirati te izvoditi kompleksnije prostorne upite, a samim time i zaključke. U izradi GIS baze podataka georaznolikosti Parka Maksimir i Značajnog krajobraza Savica korištene su metode mobilne kartografije, terenskog rada, analize postojećih prostornih podataka te daljinska istraživanja bazirana na analizama satelitskih snimki. Prikupljeni prostorni podaci organizirani su u bazu koja je projektirana kroz dvije faze. Prva faza rezultira konceptualnim modelom u kojem su klasificirana temeljna obilježja prikupljenih podataka te im je određena prostorna reprezentacija. U drugoj fazi razvijen je logički model baze podataka gdje su podaci logički grupirani u zasebne geografske podatkovne cjeline. Definirani su entiteti i veze. Stvaranjem prostorne baze podataka u zaštićenim područjima stvara se mogućnost boljeg praćenja stanja pojedinih obilježja prostora te se samim time nadograđuju i upravljačke mogućnosti te se ubrzava donošenje odluka. U upravljanju georaznolikošću određenog prostora GIS baza podataka omogućuje računanje indikatora stanja georaznolikosti, praćenje prema indikatorima, te modeliranje budućih procesa.

Aims: According to geographic possibilism, the environment does not determine socio-economic development, however natural settings set certain constraints and limitations. Our main study question is how do natural settings influence population dynamics? In this study, we examine this question using the example of ŠibenikKnin County, which includes the area of Krka National Park. Methods: We used a GIS-based statistical approach for this study. The following parameters represent the natural factors: elevation ; slope ; distance from the sea ; proportion of karst areas. In addition, the distance from the national park was also added as an independent semi-natural factor (though it is a social construction). The dependent social parameters are population densities for selected historical dates, population change, the year of maximum population, natural increase, migration, and age index. The analysis units are the settlements (199 of them are found in the County) and local government units (there are 20). Results: The study period can be divided into 4 basic phases: from the first census in 1857 to 1921, there was a slow increase in most settlements ; then a relatively constant phase up to 1961 (some settlements already started to decrease in that period) ; a slow decrease until 1991 ; and a quick decrease with some stabilization thereafter. These processes were also accompanied by significant inner and outer migrations. As for the relationships, we found that elevation has the highest correlations with most population parameters, but distance from sea was also significantly correlated with population change and migration in certain periods. On the other hand, the proportion of karst showed a statistically significant correlation with population density values. Conclusion: Our final conclusion is that correlations between natural and population parameters are low but statistically significant in many cases, thus the basic principles of environmental possibilism are valid for the area.

The aim of the research is to contribute the knowledge of surface and underground karst relief in the area of West Medvednica Mt.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-hol-10.1177_09596836211019120 for Holocene hydroclimate changes in continental Croatia recorded in speleothem δ13C and δ18O from Nova Grgosova Cave by Maša Surić, Andrea Columbu, Robert Lončarić, Petra Bajo, Neven Bočić, Nina Lončar, Russell N Drysdale and John C Hellstrom in The Holocene

U elaboratu su prikazani rezultati hidromorfološkog monitoringa tekućica u Hrvatskoj obavljeni u 2019. i 2020. godini za naručitelja Hrvatske vode.

A földrajzi posszibilizmus elgondolása szerint a természeti környezet nem determinálja a társadalmi-gazdasági fejlődést, de hatással van rá. Kutatásunk fő kérdése, hogy mennyire szoros ez a kapcsolat a népességváltozás dinamikája és a természeti adottságok között. Jelen tanulmányban ezt a kérdést konkrétan a horvátországi Šibenik- Knin megye területére vonatkozóan vizsgáljuk, mely magába foglalja a Krka Nemzeti Parkot is. Módszertanunk meghatározó alapja a statisztikai megközelítés és a geoinformatikai elemzések.A vizsgálatban a következő természeti tényezők szerepelnek: tszf. magassság, lejtőszög, tengertől mért távolság, karsztterületek aránya. Ezen kívül a nemzeti parktól vett távolságot is független paraméterként vettük figyelembe. A függő paraméternek tekintett szociális tényezők az alábbiak: népsűrűség (különböző időpontokban, mióta van népszámlálás), népességváltozás, maximális népesség éve, természetes szaporodás, vándorlás, életkor-index. A vizsgálati egységek a települések, melyekből 199 található a megye területén és a járások, melyekből viszont 20 van. A vizsgált időszak 1857-től az első népszámlálástól a 2011-es utolsó népszámlálásig tart. Ezt 4 részre lehet bontani. Az első időszakot 1857-1921-ig lassú növekedés jellemezte a legtöbb településen. A második szakasz 1961-ig tartott, és a népesség többnyire közelítőleg konstans volt, bár egyes helyeken már ekkor megindult a csökkenés. Ezt követően 1991-ig lassú csökkenés jellemezte a településeket, amit gyors visszaesés és részleges stabilizáció követett. A népességváltozásokat a természetes szaporodás mellett a jelentős belső és külső vándorlási folyamatok is befolyásolták. Ha e folyamatok természeti tényezőkkel való kapcsolatát tekintjük, akkor azt kapjuk, hogy a tszf. magasság a legtöbb népességi paraméterrel szorosan korrelál, de ezen kívül a tengertől való távolság is szoros korrelációt mutat a népességváltozással és a migrációval bizonyos periódusokban. A karsztos területek aránya a népsűrűséggel mutat statisztikailag szignifikáns korrelációt. Összességében az a megállapításunk, hogy a természeti és népességi paraméterek között az esetek nagy részében statisztikailag szignifikáns, de nem túl szoros kapcsolat van, ami azt jelenti, hogy a földrajzi posszibilizmus minőségi jellegű állítását statisztikailag pontosítottuk a vizsgált területre vonatkozóan.

U radu se kroz prikaz i analizu dijela ocjena hidromorfološkog monitoringa raspravlja o najčešćim zabilježenim promjenama erozijsko- sedimentacijskih procesa koje su po-sljedica ljudskih aktivnosti na tekućicama u Hrvatskoj. Prikazan je i relativan utjecaj tih ocjena na ukupnu hidromorfološku ocjenu vodnog tijela. Naglašena je važnost erozijsko- sedimentacijskih procesa za riječni ekosustav te istaknuta potreba boljeg poznavanja te održivog upravljanja količinom i dinamikom riječnog sedimenta.

Within the last campaign of speleothem-based palaeoenvironmental reconstruction embraced under the REQUENCRIM (HRZZ) project, three caves were selected for the thorough multi-year monitoring and speleothem analyses – Modrič Cave in North Dalmatia, Lokvarka Cave in Gorski kotar and Nova Grgosova Cave in central Croatia (SURIĆ et al., 2018). While Lokvarka Cave speleothems evidenced frequent hydrological changes and associated depositional interruptions, Nova Grgosova and Modrič caves hosted relatively stable conditions, appropriate for the speleothem deposition without strong kinetic isotopic disequilibrium effects. Two speleothems collected from Nova Grgosova Cave appeared to be the best material in terms of U-Th dating and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) analyses, although they covered only the last 10 ka with minimal, but evident isotopic variations characteristic for the Holocene. On the other hand, three stalagmites from Modrič Cave offer the longest composite speleothem record on the eastern Adriatic coast, with maximum age of 365 ka. Given the relatively large δ18O and δ13C ranges (-8.16‰ – -2.97‰ and -13.11‰ – -1.00‰, respectively), it is evident that they recorded significant palaeoenvironmental changes from OIS 10 to the Recent, particularly within the OIS 10 – OIS 7, then OIS 6 – OIS 5 and OIS 4 – OIS 2 periods, as well as from OIS 1. Speleothem deposition throughout both glacial and interglacial periods stresses once again the importance of palaeoclimatological studies in Croatia due to its position and varying influences by both Atlantic and Mediterranean air masses. References: SURIĆ, M., LONČARIĆ, R., BOČIĆ, N., LONČAR, N., BUZJAK, N. (2018): Monitoring of selected caves as a prerequisite for the speleothem-based reconstruction of the Quaternary environment in Croatia. Quaternary International, 494, 263-274.

Od 2017. do 2019. godine istraživačka skupina Zavoda za fizičku geografiju Geografskoga odsjeka PMF-a zajedno s projektnim partnerom tvrtkom Elektroprojekt d.d. razvijala je metodologiju te provela prvi nacionalni monitoring (praćenje) i ocjenu hidromorfološkog stanja većih prirodnih i umjetnih jezera u Hrvatskoj sukladno Okvirnoj direktivi o vodama Europske unije. Glavni ciljevi projekata bili su: 1. Objedinjavanje i prikaz postojećih metoda i alata praćenja hidromorfoloških obilježja stajaćica i ocjene hidromorfoloških promjena u zemljama članicama Europske unije, sukladno Okvirnoj direktivi o vodama Europske unije ; 2. Uspostava i provedba hidromorfološkog monitoringa na stajaćicama u Republici Hrvatskoj te ocjena hidromorfološkog stanja stajaćica ; 3. Razvijanje metodologije praćenja i ocjene hidromorfoloških elemenata kakvoće u stajaćicama, koja bi odgovorila na potrebe detektiranja promjena hidromorfoloških uvjeta i procesa te određivanja razine odstupanja od referentnih uvjeta. Projekt je uz razvoj metodologije obuhvaćao i prvi terenski hidromorfološki monitoring na svim većim prirodnim i umjetnim jezerima u Hrvatskoj (ukupno 82 vodna tijela).

Značajni krajobraz Risovac - Grabovača kraj Perušića u Lici geomorfološki i speleološki je interesantno područje s brojnim estetskim, znanstvenim i obrazovnim vrijednostima. U sklopu projekta temeljnih geomorfoloških i speleoloških istraživanja, bez kojih nije moguće kvalitetno vrednovati georaznolikost i geobaštinu, korištene su morfometrijske i morfogenetske metode te metode speleoloških istraživanja. Cilj istraživanja bio je inventarizirati i analizirati geomorfološke pojave i procese u postupku ocjene stanja te kao polazište za vrednovanje radi kvalitetnog upravljanja i zaštite geobaštine. Temeljem hipsometrijskih odnosa izdvojene su morfografske reljefne cjeline. Definirane su i glavne morfostrukturne cjeline. Na istraživanom području prevladavaju krški i fluviokrški reljef s brojnim površinskim i podzemnim reljefnim oblicima. Brojni su i elementi antropogenog reljefa. Od reljefnih oblika detaljnije su analizirane ponikve i speleološki objekti kao najbrojnije i najinteresantnije pojave velikog geoturističkog potencijala., The Significant landscape Risovac - Grabovača near Perušić in Lika is a geomorphologically and speleologically interesting area with numerous aesthetic, scientific and educational values. As part of the project of basic geomorphological and speleological research, without which it is not possible to qualitatively evaluate geodiversity and geoheritage, morphometric and morphogenetic methods and methods of speleological research were used. The aim of the research was to inventory and analyze geomorphological phenomena and processes within the condition assessment and as a starting point for evaluation for quality management and protection of geoheritage. Based on hypsometric relationships, morphographic relief units were singled out. The main morphostructural units are also defined. Karst and fluviokarst relief with numerous surface and underground relief forms prevails in the investigated area. There are also numerous elements of anthropogenic relief. The dolines and caves as the most numerous and most interesting phenomena of great geotourism potential have been analyzed in more detail.

Suburbs and rural areas around cities are considered to be the most dynamic parts of urban areas. Because of the introduction of new spatial elements and the intertwining of different functions in the service of the city, population and economy, these are areas of intense spatial transformation that have their reflection in the landscape. The state of the landscape was explored in the suburban and rural areas of the City of Zagreb, which due to the significance of the capital is rapidly developing. The analysis was based on the habitat map of the Republic of Croatia, geomorphological, geoecological and demographic data. Initial research was carried out within the study of the analysis and evaluation of development potentials and restrictions of the City of Zagreb suburban and rural area. It was made for the City Office for the Strategic Planning and Development with the aim of planning spatial development. Landscape regionalization and research of the composition, structure and ecosystems services of the landscape units was carried out. In the research area unbuilt surfaces prevail. Most of them are forests thanks to the significant proportion of the mountain and dynamic hilly areas of Medvednica Mt. and Vukomeričke gorice. Other mostly unbuilt areas are mosaic landscapes of agrarian active areas around the settlements. These are the areas of fragmentation and degradation due to the strong anthropogenic pressures and accelerated landscape transformations due to the urbanization. Their geographical layout, features and condition are the result of relief, climate and pedological conditions and anthropogenic influences. Among natural areas under the strongest pressure there are parts of the forest ecosystems in the transitional zone between Nature Park Medvednica and Zagreb. In the past decades there were recorded the consequences of serious disturbances of the landscape and the quality of the ecosystem services. With the deterioration of climate change effects geomorphological and hydrological risks may be exacerbated, especially in the cases of settlements and roads in hilly areas with degraded slope stability.

The tombolo is a depositional geomorphological form (sandbar, barrier or spit) that joins an island or a barrier with the mainland or another island, resulting from longshore drift or the migration of an offshore bar toward the coast (WARD, 2004). Two tombolos, recent and submerged, are on the south-western coast of Prvić Island (Kvarner area, the north-eastern channel part of the Adriatic Sea). Three geomorphological factors are important for the origin of these tombolos: specific geological fabric, oceanographic conditions and sea-level change during Holocene. Prvić Island is mostly formed in carbonate rocks consisting of Upper Cretaceous and Palaeogene carbonate rocks, and partially of Palaeogene siliciclastic rocks (MAMUŽIĆ et al., 1969). Most of the island has a typical karstic landscape. The investigated area close to Cape Pipa is located in the central part of the south-western coast. The coastal relief and geologic fabric are very different in relation to other coastal parts of this island. There Palaeogene flysch bedrock is partially covered by Quaternary sediments. This sediment body has a form of irregular triangle with a base length of approximately 50 m. The height of this deposit is 10 to 12 m. The stratification is well visible in the sediment body, where silty sand prevails. Some layers contain angular fragments and blocks from carbonate rock mass. Cape vertex itself is formed of collapsed blocks of talus breccia and provide an obstacle to wave motion. Beach sediment body connects the cape vertex with the coast. Wind waves from the northwest (tramuntana) and southeast (jugo) generate longshore currents, which are responsible for coastal erosion and accumulation of sediment in the beach bodies. Recent tombolo is in a state of equilibrium in the present climatic and oceanographic condition. Much bigger triangular tombolo form is clearly visible on the sea bottom, southeast from Cape Pipa. Paleo-coastline is approximately 300 m long. Unusual dark parallel lines are clearly visible on the ortho-photo image, where these submerged outcrops look like artificially built walls. The exploration by scuba-diving has revealed that they are outcrops of more resistant sub-vertical layers within the flysch rock mass. Concave traces of ancient coast are clearly visible on the western side and less noticeable on the south-eastern side. This submerged tombolo form was formed behind another obstacle, and it is located at depths up to 10 m. The Njivice Rock is built of relative resistant carbonate breccia. The conditions for forming a submerged tombolo could have occurred during the sea-level rise during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (SURIĆ, 2009 ; TSIMPLIS et al., 2009). The sea has flooded the submerged tombolo probably in the last phase of rapid sea-level rise at the beginning of Holocene. A large part of less resistant Quaternary sediments and fine-grained flysch rock mass were eroded. Njivice Rock played an important role in the formation of the tombolo. This rock provided an obstacle to waves in the shallow and flattened area. Two generations of tombolos co-existing at close proximity is a unique phenomenon in the Adriatic Sea, and possible in the Mediterranean Sea. This work has been supported in part by the University of Rijeka (Uniri-tehnic-18-97 1232) and GEOSEKVA (HRZZ IP-2016-06-1854).