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Several closely related Myb-like activator proteins are known to have partially redundant functions within the plant circadian clock, but their specific roles are not well understood. To clarify the function of the REVEILLE 4, REVEILLE 6, and REVEILLE 8 transcriptional activators, we characterized the growth and clock phenotypes of CRISPR-Cas9-generated single, double, and triple rve mutants. We found that these genes act synergistically to regulate flowering time, redundantly to regulate leaf growth, and antagonistically to regulate hypocotyl elongation. We previously reported that increasing intensities of monochromatic blue and red light have opposite effects on the period of triple rve468 mutants. Here, we further examined light quality-specific phenotypes of rve mutants and report that rve468 mutants lack the blue light-specific increase in expression of some circadian clock genes observed in wild type. To investigate the basis of these blue light-specific circadian phenotypes, we examined RVE protein abundances and degradation rates in blue and red light and found no significant differences between these conditions. We next examined genetic interactions between RVE genes and ZEITLUPE and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5, two factors with blue light-specific functions in the clock. We found that the RVEs interact additively with both ZEITLUPE and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 to regulate circadian period, which suggests that neither of these factors are required for the blue light-specific differences that we observed. Overall, our results suggest that the RVEs have separable functions in plant growth and circadian regulation and that they are involved in blue light-specific circadian signaling via a novel mechanism.

Low-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites have attracted much interest in solid-state lighting and displays, but the toxicity and instability of lead halide are obstacles to their industrial applications, which must be overcome. As an alternative, Cu(I)-based hybrid metal halides have emerged as a new type of luminescent material owing to their diversified structure, adjustable luminescence, low toxicity and low cost. Herein, we report three one-dimensional (1D) hybrid Cu(I)-based halides with the general formula ACu2Br4 (A = [(Me)4-Pipz]2+ and [BuDA]2+ and [TMEDA]2+). These 1D hybrid Cu(I) halides display stable broadband blue emission with maximum emission peaks in the range of 445–474 nm and the highest photoluminescence quantum yield of 37.8%. Furthermore, in-depth experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that the broadband blue emissions originate from the radiative recombination of self-trapped excitons. Most importantly, there is no structural degradation and attenuation of emission intensity even after continuously soaking these halides in water for at least two months, demonstrating their ultra-high anti-water stability. Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that a large number of weak hydrogen bonds can protect the inorganic skeleton from degradation due to water. This work provides a new strategy for the design of water-stable Cu(I)-based halides with efficient blue emission and wide potential applications in humid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the emergence of chemical intelligence in proteinoid–ZnO nanocomposites through their interaction with visible light. When these novel materials are exposed to light, they display electrical spiking behaviour that is similar to the action potentials of neurons. We examine the influence of various light conditions, such as wavelength, intensity, and duration, on the photo-response of these nanocomposites. The results indicate that higher light intensity and longer duration are associated with increased frequency and amplitude of voltage spikes. Furthermore, blue light is more effective than red light in this regard. This light-dependent behaviour indicates a form of chemical intelligence, in which the material learns and responds to external stimuli. The results of our research emphasise the potential of proteinoid–ZnO nanocomposites to develop bio-inspired, light-sensitive systems, which can lead to advancements in areas such as photocatalysis, unconventional computing, and adaptive materials. This study enhances the understanding of chemical intelligence and how it is demonstrated in synthetic nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, CaO-B2O3-2SiO2: Eu 2 + and CaO-B2O3-2SiO2: Eu 2 + , Ce 3 + fluorescent glasses have been synthesized by a conventional melt-quenching method. First, under 350 nm excitation, the CaO-B2O3-2SiO2: Ce 3 + luminescent glass emits light at about 400 nm, and the optimum dosage is 0.3 mol%. Then, under 400 nm UV excitation, the CaO-B2O3-2SiO2: Eu 2 + luminescent glasses showed a strong emission with a peak around 460 nm and a half wavelength of 95 nm. The results showed that the luminescence of this glass was greatest when the doping amount was 0.3 mol% and gradually decreased with increase of the doping amount. After calculation and analysis, it was found that this was due to the nonradiative energy transfer between Eu 2 + ions. The mechanism of energy transfer was dipole–dipole interaction. Finally, Ce 3 + /Eu 2 + co-doped luminescent glasses were also successfully prepared with strong emission. The existence of energy transfer was demonstrated by theoretical and practical measurement data. CaO-B2O3-2SiO2: Ce 3 + , Eu 2 + can be used as blue fluorescent glass for white light illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red‐emitting nanophosphors have a multirole in improvising the next‐generation bulk/micro/nano‐level lighting devices, particularly in refining white light quality and device performance. Nonetheless, it is difficult to synthesize nanosized phosphors with good yield and paralleled high absorption efficiency both in UV and blue regions, which is critical for modern lighting. Herein, new Mg14Ge4.99+σO24‐x+δFx: Mn4+ red nanoparticles with sizes below 100 nm are designed to improve not only the luminescence but also the blue light absorption. This approach has validated the applicability of red‐emitting nanophosphors into flexible UV and blue nitride nanowire light‐emitting‐diodes (LEDs), and commercial bulk LEDs, for the first time, with boosted intensity and color superiority for a variety of lighting utilizations. For these phosphor LEDs (pc‐LEDs), optimized red nanophosphor with an external quantum efficiency of ≈44.5%, color purity of ≈100%, and thermal stability of ≈72% at 150 °C is used. The optimized nanophosphor is combined with a flexible UV‐AlGaN/GaN nanowire LED and a blue‐InGaN/GaN‐LED. The resultant devices show promising red electroluminescence without any degradation at elevated currents. Finally, several unfamiliar LED packaging is designed with yellow and red phosphors implemented on 2 sets of double LED units to reach CRI > 85. The re‐premeditated LED packages are useful for high‐definition lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Light is essential not only for photosynthesis but also for the regulation of various physiological and developmental processes in plants. While the mechanisms by which light regulates transcription and protein stability are well established, the effects of light on RNA methylation and their subsequent impact on plant growth and development are less understood. Upon exposure to blue light, the photoreceptor cryptochromes form nuclear speckles or nuclear bodies, termed CRY photobodies. The CRY2 photobodies undergo light‐induced homo‐oligomerization and liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which are crucial for their physiological activity. Recent studies have proposed that blue light‐induced CRY2 LLPS increases the local concentration or directly enhances the biochemical activities of RNA N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferases, thus, to regulate circadian clock and maintain Chl homeostasis through processes of RNA decay or translation. This review aimed to elucidate the functions of CRY2 and LLPS in RNA methylation, focusing on the light‐controlled reversible phase transitions regulon and the outstanding questions that remain in RNA methylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytoskeleton is essential for spatial and temporal organisation of a wide range of cellular and tissue‐level processes, such as proliferation, signalling, cargo transport, migration, morphogenesis, and neuronal development. Cytoskeleton research aims to study these processes by imaging, or by locally manipulating, the dynamics and organisation of cytoskeletal proteins with high spatiotemporal resolution: which matches the capabilities of optical methods. To date, no photoresponsive microtubule‐stabilising tool has united all the features needed for a practical high‐precision reagent: a low potency and biochemically stable non‐illuminated state; then an efficient, rapid, and clean photoresponse that generates a high potency illuminated state; plus good solubility at suitable working concentrations; and efficient synthetic access. We now present CouEpo, a photocaged epothilone microtubule‐stabilising reagent that combines these needs. Its potency increases approximately 100‐fold upon irradiation by violet/blue light to reach low‐nanomolar values, allowing efficient photocontrol of microtubule dynamics in live cells, and even the generation of cellular asymmetries in microtubule architecture and cell dynamics. CouEpo is thus a high‐performance tool compound that can support high‐precision research into many microtubule‐associated processes, from biophysics to transport, cell motility, and neuronal physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full-spectrum light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have gradually replaced narrowspectrum LEDs and are widely used in plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs). However, the specific effect of LED light quality on dry mass allocation in runner plant propagation remains unclear. Hence, we cultivated "Akihime" strawberries as mother plants for 115 days to conduct runner plant propagation experiment under white LEDs (W100), white and red LEDs (W84R16 and W55R45), red and blue LEDs (RB100), and red, blue and green LEDs (RB80G20) in PFALs, and determined key factors affecting dry mass accumulation and allocation among mother plants and runner plants based on growth component analysis. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate and total leaf area in mother plants in W100 increased by 11% and 31%, respectively, compared withW55R45. In comparison toW84R16 andW55R45, W100 increased the dry mass (23%-30%) of runner plants mainly by increasing the total dry mass (TDM) (23%) of strawberry plants, without significantly affecting the fraction of drymass partitioning to runner plants. However, the number of runners in W55R45 was 5.1 per plant, representing only 78% of that in W100. Compared with RB100, RB80G20 significantly increased the number of runner plants and runner numbers by 16% and 19% to 13.0 per plant and 5.8 per plant, respectively. The partial replacement of blue light with green light in RB80G20 induced a shade avoidance response in runner plants, resulting in a 55% increase in the total leaf area of runner plants compared with RB100. Data from growth component analysis showed that compared with red and blue LEDs, white LEDs increased the TDM of runner plants by 83% by increasing the plant TDM accumulation (44%) and the fraction of dry mass partitioning to runner plants (37%). Additionally, the dry mass (g) of runner plants per mol and per kilowatt-hour under in W100 were 0.11 and 0.75, respectively, significantly higher than other treatments. Therefore, reducing red light proportion in full-spectrum LEDs is beneficial for strawberry runner plant propagation in PFALs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present systematic review is to evaluate the effects of different photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) approaches in oncological treatment practices. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines. Specifically, the review is composed of laser PBMT and LED PBMT. A total of 23 studies were included, 14 investigating laser PBMT and 9 examining LED PBMT. In vitro studies demonstrated laser PBMT's potential to induce apoptosis and cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines while enhancing sensitivity to chemotherapeutics and natural compounds. However, some studies highlighted divergent effects between in vitro (promoted proliferation) and in vivo xenograft models (slowed tumor growth) for certain laser wavelengths. LED PBMT studies showed blue light inhibited melanoma and pancreatic cancer cell growth, potentially via ROS generation, while red light raised concerns about enhancing oral cancer invasiveness. Both modalities mitigated treatment side effects like oral mucositis, xerostomia, peripheral neuropathy, and improved quality of life. While promising, the outcomes varied based on light parameters, cancer type, and experimental setting, necessitating further optimization of PBMT protocols through well-designed studies to establish long-term safety and efficacy across clinical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue light materials have always posed a challenge in the OLED industry due to their high energy, which negatively impacts the stability of organic luminescent materials. Consequently, there is a significant disparity in efficiency and lifespan compared to red and green materials. In this study, we successfully synthesized three blue fluorescent luminescent materials with high fluorescence quantum efficiency by utilizing pyrene as the core. The 1,6‐positions of pyrene were substituted with diphenylamine and further modified with methoxy, isopropyl, and dibenzofuran. These modifications were introduced to enhance efficiency, increase spatial site resistance, and improve structural rigidity. Each structure exhibits a maximum current efficiency of over 8.2 cd/A and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of more than 5.8%. Notably, the compound N1,N6‐bis(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐N1,N6‐bis(2‐methoxyphenyl)pyrene‐1,6‐diamine (BD1), with methoxy modification, achieves a maximum current efficiency of 9.3 cd/A. Additionally, the compound N1,N6‐bis(dibenzo[b,d]furan‐4‐yl)‐N1,N6‐di‐o‐tolylpyrene‐1,6‐diamine (BD2) exhibits significantly less EQE roll‐off. This article provides valuable insights into the substitution‐based modification strategy for optimizing blue light performance in OLED applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a continuous digestive tract, or through-gut, represents a key milestone in bilaterian evolution. However, the regulatory mechanisms in ancient bilaterians (urbilaterians) are not well understood. Our study, using larval sea urchins as a model, reveals a sophisticated system that prevents the simultaneous opening of the pylorus and anus, entry and exit points of the gut. This regulation is influenced by external light, with blue light affecting the pylorus via serotonergic neurons and both blue and longer wavelengths controlling the anus through cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. These findings provide new insights into the neural orchestration of sphincter control in a simplified through-gut, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. Here, we propose that the emergence of the earliest urbilaterian through-gut was accompanied by the evolution of neural systems regulating sphincters in response to light, shedding light on the functional regulation of primordial digestive systems. The formation of the continuous digestive tract was a key feature during bilaterian evolution, but how the function of the early through-gut is regulated is not well known. Here they uncover light-modulated neural control of sphincters in sea urchin larvae, providing insights into the evolution of through-gut regulation in ancient bilaterians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: With the increasing prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD), treatment options for patients who fail conventional and advanced therapy are highly needed. Therefore, we explored the safety and efficacy of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and blue light (405 nm). Methods: Patients with active CD who failed or were intolerant to biological therapy were eligible. Mononuclear cells (90 mL) were collected from each patient using a Spectra Optia® apheresis system and diluted with 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride in a collection bag. The cells were incubated with ALA at a concentration of 3 millimolar (mM) for 60 min ex vivo and illumination with an LED blue light (405 nm) source (BLUE-PIT®) before reinfusion to the patient. Recording of vital signs and adverse events were regularly performed. At week 13, we assessed the patients with colonoscopy, the Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI), the Inflammatory Bowel disease Health Related Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the measurement of serum C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin (FC) levels. Biopsies of the intestines were taken for immunohistochemistry. Results: Seven patients were included. Four patients completed the treatments, with a total of 24 treatments. Three of the four patients achieved a favorable response, including a lower HBI, lower FC levels, and/or endoscopic improvement. No significant adverse events were observed. The remaining three patients received only one, three, or five treatments due to technical difficulties, medical reasons, or the withdrawal of informed consent. Conclusions: ALA-based ECP appears safe and seems to give some clinical improvement for the patients with active CD who failed to respond to conventional and advanced therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effect of the selective MT2 receptor agonist, IIK7, on corneal autophagy and apoptosis, aiming to reduce corneal epithelial damage and inflammation from blue light exposure in mice. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into BL-exposed (BL) and BL-exposed with IIK7 treatment (BL + IIK7 group). Mice underwent blue light exposure (410 nm, 100 J) twice daily with assessments at baseline and on days 3, 7, and 14. Corneal samples were analyzed for MT2 receptor expression, autophagy markers (LC3-II and p62), and apoptosis indicators (BAX expression and TUNEL assay). Then, mice were assigned to normal control, BL, and BL + IIK7. Ocular surface parameters, including corneal fluorescein staining scores, tear volume, and tear film break-up time, were evaluated on days 7 and 14. On day 14, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells percentages were measured. The BL group exhibited higher LC3-II and p62 expression, while the BL + IIK7 group showed reduced expression (p < 0.05). The TUNEL assay showed reduced apoptosis in the BL + IIK7 group compared to the BL group. ROS levels were lower in the BL + IIK7 group. The BL + IIK7 group showed improved ocular surface parameters, including decreased corneal fluorescein staining and increased tear volume. The percentages of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells indicated reduced inflammatory responses in the BL + IIK7 group. The MT2 receptor agonist IIK7 regulates corneal autophagy and apoptosis, reducing corneal epithelial damage and inflammation from blue light exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aberrant RNA modifications can lead to dysregulated gene expression and impeded growth in plants. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) constitutes a substantial portion of total RNA, while the precise functions and molecular mechanisms underlying rRNA modifications in plants remain largely elusive.Here, we elucidated the exclusive occurrence of the canonical RNA modification N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) solely 18S rRNA, but not 25S rRNA. We identified a completely uncharacterized protein, ATMETTL5, as an Arabidopsis m6A methyltransferase responsible for installing m6A methylation at the 1771 site of the 18S rRNA. ATMETTL5 is ubiquitously expressed and localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm, mediating rRNA m6A methylation.Mechanistically, the loss of ATMETTL5‐mediated methylation results in attenuated translation. Furthermore, we uncovered the role of ATMETTL5‐mediated methylation in coordinating blue light‐mediated hypocotyl growth by regulating the translation of blue light‐related messenger RNAs (mRNAs), specifically HYH and PRR9.Our findings provide mechanistic insights into how rRNA modification regulates ribosome function in mRNA translation and the response to blue light, thereby advancing our understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications in precisely regulating mRNA translation in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tantalum oxynitride (TaON) has recently attracted much attention due to its excellent performance as a semiconductor. However, its shortage in separation of photogenerated charges hinders the wide application, which, fortunately, can be made up by forming heterojunctions with other photocatalysts. In this study, the rational design of an inorganic‐organic TaON/potassium poly (heptazine imide) (KPHI) heterojunction is reported to separate the photo charges on the two sides of this dyadic structure. The incorporation of 20 wt.% TaON into KPHI resulted not only in H2 generation but also in a wider set of environmental remediation applications under visible light, including Cr(VI) reduction and degradation of otherwise resilient antibiotics. 20TaON/KPHI effectively reduced 17.5 ppm Cr(VI) solution in 35 min under low‐power blue light irradiation with a rate constant which is ≈6 and 30 times higher than that of pristine KPHI and TaON, respectively. Moreover, the composite demonstrated a 2‐ and 40‐fold increase in H2 evolution rate in comparison to pure KPHI and TaON, respectively. This remarkable enhancement in photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the efficient electron‐hole separation and formation of an effective Z‐scheme heterojunction. This work offers a new paradigm for designing efficient photocatalytic systems for environmental applications under low‐power LED and natural sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are attractive for light emitting devices both as electroluminescent and color‐converting materials since they combine intense and narrow emissions with good charge injection and transport properties. However, while most perovskite nanocrystals shine at green and red wavelengths, the observation of intense and stable blue emission still remains a challenging target. In this work, a method is reported to attain intense and enduring blue emission (470–480 nm), with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 40%, originating from very small CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (diameter < 3 nm) formed by controllably exposing Cs4PbBr6 to humidity. This process is mediated by the void network of a mesoporous transparent scaffold in which the zero‐dimensional Cs4PbBr6 lattice is embedded, which allows the fine control over water adsorption and condensation that determines the optimization of the synthetic procedure and, eventually, the nanocrystal size. The approach provides a means to attain highly efficient transparent and stable blue light‐emitting films that complete the palette offered by perovskite nanocrystals for lighting and display applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have attracted extensive attention due to their outstanding photoluminescence properties. However, the charge transfer between the organic A‐site and the inorganic framework is impeded, resulting in lower photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Herein, m‐xylylenediamine (MXD) is incorporated into the perovskite, realizing the synthesis of a series of 0D perovskite‐like single crystals, i.e., (MXD)2PbX6 (X = Cl, Br, I). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the presence of effective hydrogen bonding between MXD and [PbX6]4−, which is enhanced through the controlled modification of halogen sites, enables the establishment of efficient charge transfer channels, and facilitates charge migration. Accordingly, (MXD)2PbCl6 achieves a PLQY as high as 55.9% at 460 nm, characterized by blue light emission and remarkable air stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oyster larvae in the settlement stage, referred to as pediveligers, initially have a light sensor eyespot to perceive light wavelength and intensity. Based on this ontogenetic characteristic of oyster larvae, this study investigated the effects of light wavelength and intensity on larval phototaxis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The eyespots of pediveligers were characterized with wavelength-dependent light absorbance, measured by a microspectrophotometer system, and phototaxis was analyzed with the following processes. Horizontal larval phototaxis was observed under lighting conditions with six light wavelengths and three intensities using light-emitting diodes: 5, 15, and 25 W/m2 for near-ultraviolet light and four visible light wavelengths or 25, 50, and 100 lx for near-infrared light. Pediveligers were subjected to each lighting condition for 15 min, and then their distribution inside the experimental container was estimated. The eyespot exhibited maximum absorbance at a visible red light wavelength of approximately 638 nm. The larvae had a propensity for positive phototaxis under red light and negative phototaxis under blue light. The phototactic response varied with the light intensities. The obtained results indicate a possible mechanism for maintaining optimal water depth for the settlement of C. gigas larvae using light wavelength and intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of blue light and its brightness on long-term memory. Blue light was tested under four distinct illuminance conditions ranging from 400 to 1000 lux, and the results were compared with those of red light as a comparison group. A total of 25 individuals, including 16 men and 9 women with a mean age of 22.04 ± 1.74 years, participated in these tests based on a within-subject research design. Initially, each participant was exposed to individual light conditions for 30 min in the morning. Subsequently, they were asked to complete learning memory tasks, which involved memorizing specific words composed of randomly chosen English consonants. Exactly 20 min after these memory tasks, their long-term memory retention was measured through recall. It was found that blue light was superior to red light in terms of long-term memory enhancement; the difference was statistically significant, with a confidence level of 95%. Moreover, brighter light environments were found to affect long-term memory performance more significantly compared to darker light environments. That said, there was no significant difference in interaction effects between light color and brightness. These findings confirm the results of previous studies highlighting the effectiveness of blue light in enhancing memory retention while also demonstrating that the degree of enhancement may vary depending on light brightness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Light is a key factor in moderating human alertness, both subjective and objective. However, the methodology applies in research on the effects of exposure to light of different wavelengths and intensities on objective and subjective alertness varies greatly and evidence on objective alertness in particular is still inconclusive. Thus, the present, highly standardized within-subject laboratory study on N = 44 healthy males explored how LED light of different intensities (dim vs. bright light) and wavelengths (red vs. blue) affected objective (reaction time/RT) as well as subjective (sleepiness) alertness in the morning after wake-up. Methods: Participants spent two separate nights in the laboratory and were exposed to either one of the two light intensities or colors for 60 min after wake-up. Additionally, they indicated their sleepiness on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and participated in an auditory RT task before and after light intervention. It was hypothesized that both bright and blue light would lead to greater subjective and objective alertness when compared to dim and red light, respectively. Results: Results indicated that average RTs were longer for participants in the bright light condition (p = 0.004, f2 = 0.07) and that RTs decreased post-light exposure irrespective of light being dim or bright (p = 0.026, f2 = 0.07). However, dim versus bright light and RT did not interact (p = 0.758, f2 = 0.07). Chronotype was a significant covariate in the interaction of dim versus bright light and subjective sleepiness (p = 0.008, f2 = 0.22). There was no difference in RTs when comparing exposure to red or blue light (p = 0.488, f2 = 0.01). Findings on subjective sleepiness and light of different wavelengths revealed that sleepiness was reduced after light exposure (p = 0.007, f2 = 0.06), although the wavelength of light did not appear to play a role in this effect (p = 0.817, f2 = 0.06). Conclusion: Hence, neither of the hypotheses could be confirmed. However, they indicated that evening types might benefit from exposure to bright light regarding sleepiness, but not morning types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and temporal precisely control of direction and speed is crucial for nanomotors to enable complex operations and applications in microsurgery, drug delivery, isolation of biological targets, and so on. Judicious material design involving Janus nanoparticles has been popular over the past decades, however, precise and customizable modulation of Janus structure with a specific asymmetric ratio for motion control is still challenging. In this study, a universal "interface allocation" strategy is developed for efficient and controllable preparation of Janus mesoporous silica‐coated upconversion nanoparticles (Janus UCNP@mSiO2) with precisely tuned asymmetric ratio to achieve near‐infrared (NIR)‐controlled active mobility for relieving vessel plaque. Mesoporous silica with a thickness of 50 nm is precisely coated onto the nanoparticles' surface with an optimal coverage ratio of 50% to encapsulate gas propellant. Upon exposure to upconverted blue light, the nanomotors release nitric oxide, facilitating their motion and pathologically improving atherosclerosis through endothelium‐dependent vasodilation. Experimental and theoretical simulation results demonstrate the advantages of NIR‐controlled Janus upconversion nanomotors in atherosclerosis treatment, including enhanced nanoparticle‐transmittance rate (34.83% to 85.57%) and excellent in vivo therapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair loss is a prevalent issue worldwide, which, though not life-threatening, can result in psychological problems, low self-esteem, and social anxiety. Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet radiation can have negative effects on hair follicle cells, leading to hair loss, while the impact of blue light on hair and hair follicle has largely been overlooked. This study aimed to examine the effects of blue light on hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and primary dermal papilla cells (DPCs), which are essential components of hair follicles. Human HFSCs and primary DPCs were exposed to blue light (457 nm) at various intensities (1, 4, 8, and 16 mW/cm2) for 3 days. Subsequently, cell viability, cell proliferation, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. The results showed that blue light (457 nm) significantly reduced the cell viability and proliferation of HFSCs and DPCs in vitro, with the inhibition being intensity-dependent. Additionally, blue light triggered the overproduction of ROS in the DPCs. While the exact mechanisms by which blue light affects hair follicle cells remain unclear, these findings suggest that blue light could impede the growth of these cells. This insight may offer a new approach to protecting hair by avoiding exposure to high-intensity blue light. Highlights: 457 nm blue LED light significantly inhibited the cell viability of HFSCs and DPCs. Blue light at comparable high irradiances has toxic effects on hair follicle cells. 16 mW/cm2 blue light significantly induced oxidative stress and inhibited growth of DPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead‐based perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) as one of the most promising materials in the fields of display and lighting, have outstanding optical performance and simple solution preparation process. However, the toxicity of lead and poor stability limit their commercialization. Meanwhile, as a key component of display and lighting, white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) still faces challenges such as low luminance and complex preparation process. A method is proposed for preparing nontoxic and stable Cs3Cu2I5 NCs by doping Mg2+ ions, achieved broadband blue light emission with a high PLQY of 96.2% and excellent thermal cycling stability and air stability. Then, the Mg2+ ions doped Cs3Cu2I5 NCs are used as emissive layer, while the 1,3,5‐Tri (m‐pyridine‐3‐ylphenyl) benzene (TmPyPb) is selected as electron transport layer to interact with Cs3Cu2I5 thin films for the formation of Cu‐I complex with broadband yellow light emission. This approach obviated the need for multi‐layer sedimentary emission layers, resulting in WLEDs featuring a high color rendering index (CRI) of 91, a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.71% and maximum luminance of 2116 cd m−2 that is the highest values of lead‐free perovskite WLEDs at present. Therefore, Cs3Cu2I5 NCs have good application prospects in WLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A narrow-band green emitting K3Tb(PO4)2 phosphor has been synthesized by a novel single-crystal growth approach involving the application of an inert flux. Its structural and spectroscopic peculiarities have been systematically studied by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, and diffuse reflectance, infrared and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The layered framework of the title compound is organized by linking together slightly distorted phosphate tetrahedra with non-condensed TbO7 polyhedra into [Tb(PO4)2]3− sheets interconnected by potassium cations. K3Tb(PO4)2 reveals an intense slow green photoluminescence (PL) (decay time constant τ is near 2.6 ms) under excitation in the range from VUV (100 nm) up to blue light (484 nm). Intensive narrow lines of the 5D4 → 7F6-0 (4f8 → 4f8) radiative transitions in Tb3+ ions form the PL spectra. Besides, fast violet PL (time constant τ < 20 ns) occurs under PL excitations in a narrow range from 250 to 325 nm. Dependencies of the PL quantum yield, and the green and violet PL decays on the excitation wavelength have been analyzed taking into account the multi-phonons, cross-relaxation processes and exciting light absorption by the inherent defects in the K3Tb(PO4)2 crystal lattice. The dependency of the complex characteristics of PL quantum yield on the excitation wavelength and violet photoluminescence is ascribed to the formation of Tb4+ ions. The color coordinates and color purity of the emission were estimated for the cases of PL excitation in the 160–371 nm spectral range. It has been shown that these characteristics are similar to or even better than those reported for conventional commercial green phosphors. The high values of correlated color temperature (T > 4863 K) of the emission indicates the potential use of K3Tb(PO4)2 for enhancing cold-light emitting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the wound healing process, the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is considered crucial for the migration and proliferation of epithelial cells, as well as for establishing the inflammatory environment. However, an excessive STAT3 activation aggravates scar formation. Here we show that 450 nm blue light and 630 nm red light can differentially regulate the phosphorylation of STAT3 (p-STAT3) and its downstream cytokines in keratinocytes. Further mechanistic studies reveal that red light promotes wound healing by activating the PI3 kinase p110 beta (PI3Kβ)/STAT3 signaling axis, while blue light inhibits p-STAT3 at the wound site by modulating cytochrome c-P450 (CYT-P450) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In a mouse scar model, skin wound healing can be significantly accelerated with red light followed by blue light to reduce scar formation. In summary, our study presents a potential strategy for regulating epithelial cell p-STAT3 through visible light to address skin scarring issues and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. In mouse keratinocytes, upregulation of PI3Kβ by red light promotes p-STAT3 and accelerates skin wound healing, whereas ROS induced by blue light inhibits p-STAT3 and alleviates scar formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop and assess the utility of an ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) manufactured with fluoresceinconjugated hyaluronic acid (conjHA). Setting: Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University and School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Design: Laboratory study. Methods: ConjHA and unconjugated HA (unconjHA) at varied ratios were used to produce OVD (conjOVD) with varied fluorescence intensity. The conjHA:unconjHA ratio was optimized to maximize clarity under white light and fluorescence intensity under cobalt blue light (CBL), allowing for conditional visualization. The effect of conjugation on conjOVD viscosity was assessed by rotational rheometry. Intraocular lenses (IOLs) were immersed in conjOVD for 4 hours to assess staining of IOLs. A proof-of-concept study was performed in ex vivo porcine eyes. After injection and visualization, the OVDs were removed from the eyes by irrigation/aspiration (I/A). Results: 0.5 mg/mL of conjHA (degree of substitution = 0.005) enabled robust fluorescence of conjOVD under CBL. Fluorescein conjugation did not significantly affect conjOVD viscosity (P > .05 for mean difference in viscosity at all shear rates tested). No staining of IOLs was appreciated. ConjOVD was visualized under CBL when injected ex vivo and maintained clarity of the anterior chamber under white light. Importantly, conjHA enabled delineation of retained OVD after I/A. Conclusions: Use of OVD composed of fluorescein-conjugated HA is a feasible method to enable conditional visualization of OVD intraoperatively without nonspecific staining of ocular structures. Further development of this technology may enable accelerated OVD removal in ocular surgery or decreased OVD retention postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, numerous bacterial strains have become resistant to selected drugs from various therapeutic groups. A potential tool in the fight against these strains is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT). APDT acts in a non-specific manner by generating reactive oxygen species and radicals, thereby inducing multidimensional intracellular effects. Importantly, the chance that bacteria will develop defense mechanisms against APDT is considered to be low. In our research, we performed the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of curcumin derivatives enriched with morpholine motifs. The obtained compounds were assessed regarding photostability, singlet oxygen generation, aggregation, and acute toxicity toward prokaryotic Aliivibrio fischeri cells in the Microtox® test. The impact of the compounds on the survival of eukaryotic cells in the MTT assay was also tested (WM266-4, WM115—melanoma, MRC-5—lung fibroblasts, and PHDF—primary human dermal fibroblasts). Initial studies determining the photocytotoxicity, and thus the potential APDT usability, were conducted with the following microbial strains: Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was noted that the exposure of bacteria to LED light at 470 nm (fluence: 30 J/cm2) in the presence of quaternized curcumin derivatives at the conc. of 10 µM led to a reduction in Staphylococcus aureus survival of over 5.4 log. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure tin oxide (SnO2) as a typical conductometric hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas-sensing material always suffers from limited sensitivity, elevated operation temperature, and poor selectivity. To overcome these hindrances, in this work, hollow CuO-SnO2 nanotubes were successfully electrospun for room-temperature (25 °C) trace H2S detection under blue light activation. Among all SnO2-based candidates, a pure SnO2 sensor showed no signal, even toward 10 ppm, while the 1% CuO-SnO2 sensor achieved a limit of detection (LoD) value of 2.5 ppm, a large response of 4.7, and a short response/recovery time of 21/61 s toward 10 ppm H2S, as well as nice repeatability, long-term stability, and selectivity. This excellent performance could be ascribed to the one-dimensional (1D) hollow nanostructure, abundant p-n heterojunctions, and the photoelectric effect of the CuO-SnO2 nanotubes. The proposed design strategies cater to the demanding requirements of high sensitivity and low power consumption in future application scenarios such as Internet of Things and smart optoelectronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dot (QD) color conversion films (QD‐CCFs) are used in ultrahigh definition (UHD) Mini‐LED backlit displays due to their narrow band emission and high color purity. However, their poor light conversion efficiency (LCE) leads to greater film thickness and thus high cost. Herein, this study proposes a local light field control strategy to enhance the LCE of QD‐CCFs using high‐refractive BN nanosheets. The LCEs of the green and red QD‐CCFs can increase from 29.9% and 34.8% to 67.4% and 91.0% after adding BN nanosheets, respectively. Combining the experimental data with the finite‐difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, the enhanced LCEs can be attributed to observably increased blue light absorption and improved light extraction efficiency of the light emitted from QDs. The white Mini‐LEDs, prepared by integrating the optimized QD‐CCFs containing BN nanosheets with blue Mini‐LED chips, show a high luminous efficiency of 70.2 lm W−1, a high external quantum efficiency of 36.2%, and a wide color gamut of 96.3% Rec. 2020 standards. This work provides an interesting idea for designing high‐efficiency QD‐CCFs toward low‐cost UHD Mini‐LED backlit displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LED packaging miniaturization has raised more requirements for LED materials. As a material contacting the LED chip directly, the reliability of LED non-conductive adhesive has also garnered increasing attention. This study optimized the formula for non-conductive adhesives for an imidazole curing system. The optimized composition of the adhesive is 25%wt for the curing agent and 30%wt for the silica. The prepared non-conductive adhesive has a 7-day pot life and 9-month storage stability. The shear strength reached 87 g and 72 g at 25 °C and 160 °C, respectively. The reliability of the LED modules packaged with the non-conductive adhesive was researched. The green and blue light intensity change was 4.7%, 43.7%, respectively, indicating good anti-aging properties. The blue light decay was mainly due to adhesive aging. The non-conductive adhesive effectively prevented "caterpillar" growth. This provides useful and practical guidelines for industry for applications of adhesive in different packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Narrow light observation is currently recommended as an alternative to Lugol chromoendoscopy (LCE) to detect esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Studies revealed little difference in sensitivity between the two modalities in expert settings; however, these included small numbers of cases. We aimed to determine whether blue light imaging (BLI) without magnification is satisfactory for preventing misses of ESCC. Methods: This was a post‐hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial targeting patients at high risk of ESCC in expert settings. In this study, BLI without magnification followed by LCE was performed. The evaluation parameters included: (i) the diagnostic abilities of ESCC; (ii) the endoscopic characteristics of lesions with diagnostic differences between the two modalities; and (iii) the color difference between cancerous and noncancerous areas in BLI and LCE. Results: This study identified ESCC in 49 of 699 cases. Of these cases, nine (18.4%) were missed by BLI but detected by LCE. In per‐patient analysis, the sensitivity of BLI was lower than that of LCE following BLI (83.7% vs. 100.0%; P = 0.013), whereas the specificity and accuracy of BLI were higher (88.2% vs. 81.2%; P < 0.001 and 87.8% vs. 82.5%; P < 0.001, respectively). No significant endoscopic characteristics were identified, but the color difference was lower in BLI than in LCE (21.4 vs. 25.1; P = 0.003). Conclusion: LCE following BLI outperformed BLI in terms of sensitivity in patients with high‐risk ESCC. Therefore, LCE, in addition to BLI, would still be required in screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy even by expert endoscopists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Plants integrate environmental stimuli to optimize photosynthesis vs water loss by controlling stomatal apertures. However, stomatal responses to temperature elevation and the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms remain less studied. We developed an approach for clamping leaf‐to‐air vapor pressure difference (VPDleaf) to fixed values, and recorded robust reversible warming‐induced stomatal opening in intact plants. We analyzed stomatal temperature responses of mutants impaired in guard cell signaling pathways for blue light, abscisic acid (ABA), CO2, and the temperature‐sensitive proteins, Phytochrome B (phyB) and EARLY‐FLOWERING‐3 (ELF3). We confirmed that phot1‐5/phot2‐1 leaves lacking blue‐light photoreceptors showed partially reduced warming‐induced stomatal opening. Furthermore, ABA‐biosynthesis, phyB, and ELF3 were not essential for the stomatal warming response. Strikingly, Arabidopsis (dicot) and Brachypodium distachyon (monocot) mutants lacking guard cell CO2 sensors and signaling mechanisms, including ht1, mpk12/mpk4‐gc, and cbc1/cbc2 abolished the stomatal warming response, suggesting a conserved mechanism across diverse plant lineages. Moreover, warming rapidly stimulated photosynthesis, resulting in a reduction in intercellular (CO2). Interestingly, further enhancing heat stress caused stomatal opening uncoupled from photosynthesis. We provide genetic and physiological evidence that the stomatal warming response is triggered by increased CO2 assimilation and stomatal CO2 sensing. Additionally, increasing heat stress functions via a distinct photosynthesis‐uncoupled stomatal opening pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the effect of decentration and tilt on the optical quality of monofocal and trifocal intraocular lenses (IOL). Methods: Optical quality of a monofocal IOL (AcrySof IQ SN60WF; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA) and a trifocal IOL (AcrySof IQ PanOptix; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA) was assessed using an in vitro optical bench (OptiSpheric IOL R&D; Trioptics GmbH, Germany). At apertures of 3.0 mm and 4.5 mm, modulation transfer function (MTF) at spatial frequency of 50 lp/mm, MTF curve and the United States Air Force (USAF) resolution test chart of the two IOLs were measured and compared at their focus with different degrees of decentration and tilt. Optical quality at infinity, 60 cm and 40 cm and the through-focus MTF curves were compared when the two IOLs were centered at apertures of 3.0 mm and 4.5 mm. Spectral transmittance of the two IOLs was measured by the UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV 3300 PC; MAPADA, China). Results: The SN60WF and the PanOptix filtered blue light from 400 to 500 nm. Both IOLs at the far focus and the PanOptix at the intermediate focus showed a decrease in optical quality with increasing decentration and tilt. The PanOptix demonstrated enhanced optical quality compared to the previous gradient at the near focus at a decentration range of 0.3–0.7 mm with a 3.0 mm aperture, and 0.5 mm with a 4.5 mm aperture, whereas other conditions exhibited diminished optical quality with increasing decentration and tilt at the focus of both IOLs. When the two IOLs were centered, the SN60WF had better optical quality at infinity, while the PanOptix had better optical quality at 60 cm and 40 cm defocus. The optical quality of the SN60WF exceeded that of the PanOptix at far focus, with a 3 mm aperture decentration up to 0.7 mm and a 4.5 mm aperture decentration up to 0.3 mm; this observation held true for all tilts, irrespective of aperture size. As both decentration and tilt increased, the optical quality of the SN60WF deteriorated more rapidly than that of the PanOptix at the far focal point. Conclusions: The SN60WF showed a decrease in optical quality with increasing decentration and tilt. Optical quality of the PanOptix at the near focus increased in some decentration conditions and decreased in some conditions, while it showed a decrease at the other focuses with increasing decentration. While tilt only had a negative effect on optical quality. When both IOLs were centered, the PanOptix provided a wider range of vision, while the SN60WF provided better far distance vision. At the far focus, the SN60WF has better resistance to tilt than the PanOptix, but the optical quality degrades more quickly when decentered and tilted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn4+ activated fluoride red phosphors are used in warm white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). However, their inherently low moisture resistance is a major barrier to their use in high humidity conditions. In this work, the Nb-based oxyfluoride phosphors A x NbOF y :Mn4+ (A = Na, Cs; x = 2, 3; y = 5, 6) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The crystal structure, morphology, and luminescence properties are investigated with composition variation. The non-equivalent replacement of Nd5+ ions by Mn4+ results in bright red emission under blue light excitation. These phosphors showed very good moisture resistant luminescence. The best performance was achieved by the Na 3 NbOF 6 :0.1%Mn4+, which retained 98 % of the initial fluorescence intensity after immersion in water for 60 min. In addition, the W6+ and Mo6+ are used to compensate for the charge difference between Mn4+ and Nd5+ in Na 3 NbOF 6 :Mn4+. The compensated phosphors have shown large enhancements of 169 % (W6+) and 168 % (Mo6+) in luminescence intensity. This strategy of non-equivalent doping approach of Mn4+ into the Nb-based oxyfluoride materials and the charge compensation by W6+/Mo6+ to enhance the luminescence intensity provides a new way to realize high performance red phosphors for WLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero‐dimensional (0D) hybrid manganese halides have gained wide attention for the various crystal structures, excellent optical performance and scintillation properties compared with 3D lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. In this work, a new family of 0D hybrid manganese halides of A2MnBr4 (A = BzTPP, Br‐BzTPP, and F‐BzTPP) based on discrete [MnBr4]2− tetrahedral units is reported as highly efficient lead‐free scintillators. Excited by UV or blue light, these hybrids emit bright green light originating from the d–d transition of Mn2+ with near‐unity PLQY (99.5%). Significantly, high PLQY and low self‐absorption render extraordinary radioluminescence properties with the highest light yield of 80,100 photons MeV−1, which reached the climax of present hybrid manganese halides and surpassed most commercial scintillators. The radioluminescence intensity features a linear response to X‐ray doses with a detection limit of 30 nGyair s−1, far lower than the requirement of medical diagnostic (5.5 µGyair s−1). X‐ray imaging demonstrates ultrahigh spatial resolution of 14.06 lp mm−1 and short afterglow of 0.3 ms showcasing promising application prospects in radiography. Overall, we demonstrated new hybrid manganese halides as promising scintillators for advanced applications in X‐ray imaging with multiple superiorities of nontoxicity, facile‐assembly process, high irradiation light yield, excellent resolution, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation therapy, as an emerging treatment modality, has been widely used in dentistry. However, reports on blue light therapy for oral cancer are scarce. This study investigated the effects of 457 and 475 nm LED irradiation on SCC‐25 cells and explored the potential mechanisms underlying the impact of blue light. Both wavelengths were found to inhibit cell viability, induce oxidative stress, and cause cell cycle arrest without leading to cell death. Notably, the inhibitory effect of 457 nm blue light on cell proliferation was more sustained. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to explore the underlying mechanisms, revealing that blue light induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in SCC‐25 cells, with 457 nm light showing a more pronounced effect. Moreover, 457 nm blue light upregulated the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, indicating potential therapeutic prospects for the combined use of blue light and pharmacological agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phototropin (Phot), a blue light‐sensing LOV domain protein, mediates blue light responses and is evolutionarily conserved across the green lineage. Klebsormidium nitens, a green terrestrial alga, presents a valuable opportunity to study adaptive responses from aquatic to land habitat transitions. We determined the crystal structure of Klebsormidium nitens Phot LOV1 domain (KnLOV1) in the dark and engineered different mutations (R60K, Q122N, and D33N) to modulate the lifetime of the photorecovery cycle. We observed unusual, slow recovery kinetics in the wild‐type KnLOV1 domain (τ = 41 ± 3 min) compared to different mutants (R60K: τ = 2.0 ± 0.1 min, Q122N: τ = 1.7 ± 0.1 min, D33N: τ = 9.6 ± 0.1 min). Crystal structures of wild‐type KnLOV1 and mutants revealed subtle but critical changes near the protein chromophore that is responsible for modulating protein dark recovery time. Our findings shed light on the unique structural and biochemical characteristics of the newly studied KnLOV1 and its evolutionary importance for phototropin‐mediated physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether green light promotes or represses plant growth is an unresolved but important question, warranting a global meta-analysis of published data. We collected 136 datasets from 48 publications on 17 crop species, and calculated the green light effect for a range of plant traits. For each trait the effect was calculated as the ratio between the trait value attained under a red/blue background light plus green, divided by the value attained under the background light only, both having the same light intensity. Generally, green light strongly increased intrinsic water use efficiency (15%), the shoot-to-root ratio (13%), and decreased stomatal conductance (−15%). Moreover, green light increased fresh weight to a small extent (4%), but not plant dry weight, resulting in a reduced dry matter content (−2%). Hence, green light is similarly effective at increasing biomass as red and blue light. Green light also showed to increase leaf area (7%) and specific leaf area (4%; i.e. thinner leaves). Furthermore, effects of green light were species-dependent, with positive effects on biomass for lettuce and microgreens, and negative effects in basil and tomato. Our data suggest that future research should focus on the role of green light in modulating water loss, its putative role as a shade signal, and the causes for its species-specific effects on crop biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic copper(I) halides (OICHs) have recently attracted great attentions for their unique optoelectronic properties. However, most of them have poor stability and narrow excitation in UV region, which seriously hinder their applications in efficient white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs). Herein, 0D (C19H18P)2Cu4I6 with super broad‐band excitation (300–500 nm) and yellow emission with the absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of 87.4% is synthesized in a quantity of gram scale. Specifically, (C19H18P)2Cu4I6 possesses exceptional thermal‐, photo‐, air‐stability, and can maintain efficient emission even if soaked in water, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol over 30 days. WLEDs with remarkable color stability under various driven currents are fabricated using 450, 400, 365, and 310 nm LED chips. The ideal WLEDs based on single (C19H18P)2Cu4I6 by 450 nm LED chip presents high color rendering index of 86.7, and outstanding luminous efficiency of 90 lm W−1. To the best of the knowledge, this is the highest value that is achieved based on single‐component OICHs using blue light chip. This work not only promotes the prospect of OICHs in WLEDs but also significantly broadens their application in special lighting fields, such as underwater illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic photoresponsive materials, which change their physical properties upon irradiation with light, are attracting tremendous scientific attention, as they offer a flexible and sustainable platform for developing various optoelectronic devices. In this work, photoinduced magnetization switching in two carbazole‐functionalized organic molecules, (9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)(4‐chlorophenyl)methanone (ClPhCz) and (9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)methanone (DClPhCz) is reported for the first time. It was found that stabilization of the triplet excited state in those molecules is long enough for a net change in magnetic moment to be detected with a SQUID magnetometer. The change in magnetic moment upon excitation with a blue light laser was larger in ClPhCz, remaining high upon repeating the photoirradiation. In contrast, DClPhCz exhibited a smaller magnetic response, which gradually decreased upon repeating the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance biosensors play a crucial role in elucidating the intricate spatiotemporal regulatory roles and dynamics of membrane phospholipids. However, enhancing the sensitivity and imaging performance remains a significant challenge. Here, optogenetic‐based strategies are presented to optimize phospholipid biosensors. These strategies involves presequestering unbound biosensors in the cell nucleus and regulating their cytosolic levels with blue light to minimize background signal interference in phospholipid detection, particularly under conditions of high expression levels of biosensor. Furthermore, optically controlled phase separation and the SunTag system are employed to generate punctate probes for substrate detection, thereby amplifying biosensor signals and enhancing visualization of the detection process. These improved phospholipid biosensors hold great potential for enhancing the understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics and regulatory roles of membrane lipids in live cells and the methodological insights in this study might be valuable for developing other high‐performance biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioelectronic medicine is emerging as a powerful approach for restoring lost endogenous functions and addressing life‐altering maladies such as cardiac disorders. Systems that incorporate both modulation of cellular function and recording capabilities can enhance the utility of these approaches and their customization to the needs of each patient. Here we report an integrated optogenetic and bioelectronic platform for stable and long‐term stimulation and monitoring of cardiomyocyte function in vitro. Optical inputs are achieved through the expression of a photoactivatable adenylyl cyclase, that when irradiated with blue light causes a dose‐dependent and time‐limited increase in the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate with subsequent rise in autonomous cardiomyocyte beating rate. Bioelectronic readouts are obtained through a multi‐electrode array that measures real‐time electrophysiological responses at 32 spatially‐distinct locations. Irradiation at 27 µW mm−2 results in a 14% elevation of the beating rate within 20–25 min, which remains stable for at least 2 h. The beating rate can be cycled through "on" and "off" light states, and its magnitude is a monotonic function of irradiation intensity. The integrated platform can be extended to stretchable and flexible substrates, and can open new avenues in bioelectronic medicine, including closed‐loop systems for cardiac regulation and intervention, for example, in the context of arrythmias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Far red photon flux accelerates photosynthetic electron transfer rates through photosynthetic pigments, influencing various biological processes. In this study, we investigated the impact of differing red and far-red light ratios on plant growth using LED lamps with different wavelengths and Ca1.8Mg1.2Al2Ge3O12:0.03Cr3+ phosphor materials. The control group (CK) consisted of a plant growth special lamp with 450 nm blue light + 650 nm red light. Four treatments were established: F1 (650 nm red light), F2 (CK + 730 nm far-red light in a 3:2 ratio), F3 (650 nm red light + 730 nm far-red light in a 3:2 ratio), and F4 (CK + phosphorconverted far-red LED in a 3:2 ratio). The study assessed changes in red and farred light ratios and their impact on the growth morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, fluorescence characteristics, stomatal status, and nutritional quality of cream lettuce. The results revealed that the F3 light treatment exhibited superior growth characteristics and quality compared to the CK treatment. Notably, leaf area, aboveground fresh weight, vitamin C content, and total soluble sugar significantly increased. Additionally, the addition of far-red light resulted in an increase in stomatal density and size, and the F3 treatments were accompanied by increases in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and stomatal conductance (Gs). The results demonstrated that the F3 treatment, with its optimal red-to-far-red light ratio, promoted plant growth and photosynthetic characteristics. This indicates its suitability for supplementing artificial light sources in plant factories and greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the substantial progress in sky‐blue (480−495 nm) perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), the pure‐blue PeLEDs (<480 nm) merely show moderate performances. As a straightforward and effective facile way to obtain pure‐blue emission, the bromide‐chloride mixed perovskites have received considerable attention. However, the tricky issue of halide migration in the mixed halide perovskites makes a tough challenge to achieve efficient PeLEDs with stable electroluminescence (EL) spectra. Herein, the in situ treatment of Cl‐rich benzene phosphorus oxydichloride (BPOD) is proposed to achieve high‐quality pure‐blue perovskites by simultaneously enlarging the perovskite bandgap, passivating the halide vacancy defects, and immobilizing the halide ions through the hydrolysis products of chloride ions and phenylphosphonic acid. As a result, highly‐performed pure‐blue PeLEDs with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.3% at 477 nm, an impressive lifetime of 34.7 min at 104 cd m−2, and very stable EL spectra are achieved, which are superior to the conventional mixed halide PeLEDs based on lead‐chloride precursor, representing one of the best performances for mixed halide pure‐blue PeLEDs. Therefore, this work contributes a feasible and effective method for efficient and stable pure‐blue PeLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four parameterizations, distinguishing between land and ocean, have been developed to simulate global distributions of thundercloud streamer corona discharges (also known as Blue LUminous Events or BLUEs) mainly producing bluish optical emissions associated with the second positive system of N 2 accompanied by no (or hardly detectable) 777.4 nm light emission. BLUEs occur globally about 12 times less frequently than lightning flashes. The four schemes are based on non-linear functions of the cloud-top height (CTH), the product of the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and total precipitation (TP), the product of CAPE and specific cloud liquid water content (CLWC), and the product of CAPE and specific cloud snow water content (CSWC). Considering that thunderstorms occur on hourly timescales, these parameterizations have been tested using hourly ERA5 data (except for CTH, not available in ERA5) for the meteorological variables considered, finding that the proposed BLUE schemes work fine and are consistent with observations by the Atmosphere–Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM). Moreover, the parameterizations have been implemented in a global chemistry–climate model that generates annual and seasonal global distributions for present-day and end of 21st century climate scenarios. Present-day predictions are in reasonable agreement with recent observations by the ASIM. Predictions for the end of the 21st century suggest BLUE occurrence rates that range between 13 % higher (∼ 3 % K -1) and 52 % higher (∼ 13 % K -1) than present-day average occurrences of BLUEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi‐2D perovskites light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have achieved significant progress due to their superior optical and electronic properties. However, the blue PeLEDs still exist inefficient energy transfer and electroluminescence performance caused by mixed multidimensional phase distribution. In this work, transition metal salt (zinc bromide, ZnBr2) is introduced to modulate phase distributions by suppressing the nucleation of high n phase perovskites, which effectively shortens the energy transfer path for blue emission. Moreover, ZnBr2 also facilitates energy level matching and reduces non‐radiative recombination, thus improving electroluminescence (EL) efficiency. Benefiting from these combined improvements, an efficient blue PeLEDs is obtained with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 16.2% peaking located at 486 nm. This work provides a promising approach to tune phase distribution of quasi‐2D perovskites and achieving highly efficient blue PeLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of cadmium‐free blue quantum dots (QDs) is of paramount importance to the display industry. In this study, high‐quality ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS blue QDs, followed by surface treatment with ZnI2 are initially synthesized. The introduction of ZnI2 passivated the surface defects, resulting in an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield. The time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) demonstrates a significant inhibition of non‐radiative recombination associated with the surface defect state. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that the binding energy between iodine ions and zinc ions is higher than that between oleate ions and zinc ions, providing a theoretical basis for the effective passivation of the suspended bonds of zinc ions on QDs' surface by iodine ions. Moreover, quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) are fabricated and UV photoelectron spectra (UPS) indicate the hole injection barrier between the hole transport layer and QDs decreases 0.12 eV after QDs being treated by ZnI2, facilitating hole injection. Finally, The ZnI2‐treated QLED demonstrates a 1.57‐fold and 1.82‐fold improvement in Lmax and EQEmax, respectively, reaching 6370 cd m−2 and 9.1%, compared to the pristine QLED. The work serves as a valuable reference for enhancing the performance of cadmium‐free blue QLED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Stomata are epidermal openings that facilitate plant−atmosphere gas and water exchange during photosynthesis, respiration and water evaporation. SPEECHLESS (SPCH) is a master basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor that determines the initiation of stomatal development. It is known that blue light promotes stomatal development through the blue light photoreceptor cryptochromes (CRYs, CRY1 and CRY2). Whether CRYs regulate stomatal development through directly modulating SPCH is unknown. Here, we demonstrate by biochemical studies that CRY1 physically interacts with SPCH in a blue light‐dependent manner. Genetic studies show that SPCH acts downstream of CRY1 to promote stomatal development in blue light. Furthermore, we show that CRY1 enhances the DNA‐binding activity of SPCH and promotes the expression of its target genes in blue light. These results suggest that the mechanism by which CRY1 promotes stomatal development involves positive regulation of the DNA‐binding activity of SPCH, which is likely mediated by blue light‐induced CRY1−SPCH interaction. The precise regulation of SPCH DNA‐binding activity by CRY1 may allow plants to optimize stomatal density and pattern according to ambient light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the capacitance recovery behavior in the blue quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) by capacitance–voltage (C–V) characterizations. A comprehensive study of the C–V, dC/dV–V, and current density–voltage characteristics of pristine and shelf-aged devices suggests that capacitance recovery is associated with space charge-induced charge accumulation. At lower temperatures, the capacitance recovery in the shelf-aged device is efficiently suppressed due to the difficulty in building up the space charge, which supports our argument. Moreover, the capacitance recovery behavior of QLED only happens at low frequencies (a few hundred hertz), which is related to the time constant for charge accumulation at the selected voltage. Our work shows the effect of space charge on device capacitance and enriches the comprehension of carrier processes in QLED under AC measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing ultra‐efficient broadband near‐infrared (NIR) luminescence, especially under blue light excitation, remains an enormous challenge in lead‐free metal halides. Herein, the efficient NIR emission under blue light excitation is achieved in Sb3+‐doped 0D (ETPP)2ZnCl4xBr4‐4x (x = 0–1) (ETPP+ = (Ethyl)triphenylphosphonium) through coordination structure modulation and halogen substitution. Compared with the visible light emission of Sb(III)‐based compounds, the emission in Sb3+‐doped (ETPP)2ZnCl4xBr4‐4x shifts to the NIR region due to the large excited state lattice distortion. Parallelly, the excitation bands gradually shift from 376 to 450 nm as Br gradually replaces Cl, and the emission bands can further shift from 702 to 763 nm. Thus, the broadband NIR emission at 763 nm with a record luminous efficiency of 55.4% under 450 nm excitation can be achieved in Sb3+‐doped compounds. Moreover, the large‐scale synthesis technique of Sb3+‐doped (ETPP)2ZnBr4: NIR phosphors at room temperature is further developed and this compound exhibits impressive thermal and chemical‐stabilities. Finally, a high‐performance NIR light‐emitting‐diode is fabricated by combining a commercial blue chip and (ETPP)2ZnBr4:10%Sb3+ phosphors, which shows the most advanced photoelectric efficiency (17.8%) and output power (67.7 mW) in lead‐free metal halides. Thus, the as‐fabricated device is further demonstrated in the applications of night vision and biomedical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]