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This study investigated the acute effects of including 30‐second sprints during prolonged low‐intensity cycling on muscular and hormonal responses and recovery in elite cyclists. Twelve male cyclists (VO2max, 73.4 ± 4.0 mL/kg/min) completed a randomized crossover protocol, wherein 4 hours of cycling at 50% of VO2max were performed with and without inclusion of three sets of 3 × 30 seconds maximal sprints (E&S vs E, work‐matched). Muscle biopsies (m. vastus lateralis) and blood were sampled at Pre, immediately after (Post) and 3 hours after (3 h) finalizing sessions. E&S led to greater increases in mRNA levels compared with E for markers of fat metabolism (PDK4, Δ‐Log2 fold change between E&S and E ± 95%CI Post; 2.1 ± 0.9, Δ3h; 1.3 ± 0.7) and angiogenesis (VEGFA, Δ3h; 0.3 ± 0.3), and greater changes in markers of muscle protein turnover (myostatin, ΔPost; −1.4 ± 1.2, Δ3h; −1.3 ± 1.3; MuRF1, ΔPost; 1.5 ± 1.2, all P <.05). E&S showed decreased mRNA levels for markers of ion transport at 3h (Na+‐K+ α1; −0.6 ± 0.6, CLC1; −1.0 ± 0.8 and NHE1; −0.3 ± 0.2, all P <.05) and blunted responses for a marker of mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC‐1α, Post; −0.3 ± 0.3, 3h; −0.4 ± 0.3, P <.05) compared with EE&S and E showed similar endocrine responses, with exceptions of GH and SHBG, where E&S displayed lower responses at Post (GH; −4.1 ± 3.2 μg/L, SHBG; −2.2 ± 1.9 nmol/L, P <.05). Both E&S and E demonstrated complete recovery in isokinetic knee extension torque 24 hours after exercise. In conclusion, we demonstrate E&S to be an effective exercise protocol for elite cyclists, which potentially leads to beneficial adaptations in skeletal muscle without impairing muscle recovery 24 hours after exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider mathematical modeling of blood glucose-insulin regulatory system with the additional effect of the secreted insulin by the pancreatic beta cells and in the presence of an external energy input to such system. Such modeling system is investigated to determine the time-dependent nonlinear dynamics that take place by the quantities, which represent the glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood, insulin action as well as in the absence or presence of secreted insulin due to the pancreatic beta cells. Using both analytical and numerical procedures, we determine such quantities versus time for both diabetes patients and normal human and for different values of the parameters. We find that the nonlinear effect of the dynamics of the investigated regulatory system increases the values of the insulin action and the glucose and insulin concentrations. In the absence of the beta cells effects, which can correspond to the case of severe type 1 diabetes, the plasma glucose is higher and the insulin action and the insulin concentration are less active than the corresponding ones for the case in the presence of beta cells, which is relevant for type 2 diabetes or moderate type 1 diabetes patients. For the present system, smaller values of the parameters of the model, which represent kinetics of the glucose and insulin action, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion enhancement and the plasma insulin decay rate, can lead to notably lower values of the glucose concentration. In the presence of the secreted insulin by the pancreatic beta cells the insulin action and the insulin concentration are more effective to reduce the blood glucose, which can help to improve the diabetes patient's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Study of Surgical procedure used in treating Breast Cancers – Mastectomy, Bilateral Mastectomy and Adjuvant procedures and the rise in the blood hormonal levels of the breast cancer patients. The purpose of the study is to understand breast cancer and to delve into various factors that increase the risk of contracting breast cancer. It describes various surgical procedures like mastectomy, bilateral mastectomy and adjuvant procedures. It also describes the various serums that body secretes that can cause cancer. It sees the genetic factors and other risk factors that can cause cancer. Method: It studied 30 breast cancer cases from private Clinicat Babylon. Only those patients who had undergone mastectomy or had tumors removed from breast were considered. These patients were in the age group of 25 to 65. Statistical data was arrived at by questionnaires and interviews with surgeons, nurses and patients. The paper also describes changes in the blood hormones of cancer patients. Complete blood tests were done on 30 patients that included the measurement of various serum and blood plasma cells such as Estrogen hormone, Progesterone hormone (Prog. H), Serum total cholesterol, Serum triglyceride, Serum HDL-cholesterol, the concentration of LDL cholesterol and other proteins in serum as IgG, IgM, and IgA. Interpretations: Cancer if detected at a young age need not lead to mastectomy, but surgically removing tumors will suffice. As the age progresses the incidence of mastectomy and bilateral mastectomy also increases. The blood hormones of cancer patients showed abnormal readings and a conclusion can be drawn that BC can be detected from the abnormal levels of blood hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minerals and vitamins play an important role in animal nutrition with beneficial effects on animal reproductive performance. To investigate this issue, 44 Ghezel ewes weighing 55 ± 2 kg (Mean±SD) and 2-3 years old were randomly divided into groups (n=11), to investigate the effect of the selenium and vitamin E supplementation on blood hormones and metabolites and possible reproductive performance of Ghezel ewes. Treatments were consisted of group A: as control, B: flushing diet containing barley grain (73%), C: flushing diet + vitamin E (48 mg/day) + organic selenium (selenoproteins, 13.5 mg/day) and D: flushing diet + vitamin E (48 mg/day) + inorganic selenium (sodium selenite, 1.35 mg/day). The estrous cycles of the ewes were synchronized by application of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) for 14 day. The results showed that the highest lambing rates (136.4%) and numbers of offspring (n=15) were in group C. Hormonal measurements including estrogen, progesterone and insulin revealed the relationship of these hormones with reproductive performance of ewes with the highest concentrations of estrogen and insulin (in estrus) and progesterone (in three weeks after mating) in groups C and D (P<0.05). Glucose and cholesterol levels of groups C and D increased significantly during the day prior to CIDR removal, estrus and three weeks after mating (P<0.05). Total protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels of B, C and D groups enhanced significantly in all times compared to the control group (P<0.05). Using inorganic and organic selenium in flushing diet had similar effects on blood metabolites and hormones related to reproductive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We clarify the effect of combination of low-carbohydrate diet and resistance exercise training on physical characteristics and plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones in humans. Intervention of low-carbohydrate diet and resistance exercise training were performed on 7 healthy men and 3 women (age 39.6 ± 7.0 year; BMI 25.1 ± 3.6 kg/m2) for 8 - 12 weeks. Physical characteristics and 106 test items including and blood concentrations of metabolites and hormones were measured before and after the intervention. The effects of intervention were analyzed by a paired t-test, in which multiple testing was corrected by the method of Storey (significant variation q <0.1). In both men and women, carbohydrate and energy intake per day were low, and protein intake per day was almost the same as the recommended dietary allowance. Because carbohydrate intake were limited (174 kcal), resulting in reduction of total energy (1186 kcal). After the intervention, body weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), fat mass, body fat, muscle mass and body water content significantly decreased, while muscle mass per body mass significantly increased. Glycine, 3-methyl histidine, inorganic phosphorous, urea nitrogen, urea nitrogen per creatinine, were significantly increased, while HbA1c, white blood cell count, β-aminoisobutyric acid, adrenalin, free T4, blood ammonia, γGTP, cholinesterase, and leptin were decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Investigate development of specific performance adaptions and hormonal responses every fourth week during a 12-wk high-intensity training (HIT) period in groups with different interval-training prescriptions. Methods: Sixty-three well-trained cyclists performing a 12-wk intervention consisting of two to three HIT sessions per week in addition to ad libitum low-intensity training. Groups were matched for total training load, but increasing HIT (INC) group (n = 23) performed interval-sessions as 4 x 16 min in weeks 1-4, 4 x min in weeks 5-8, and 4 x 4 min in weeks 9-12. Decreasing HIT (DEC) group (n = 20) performed interval sessions in the opposite order as INC, and mixed HIT (MIX) group (n = 20) performed all interval-sessions in a mixed distribution during 12 wk. Cycling-tests and measures of resting blood hormones were conducted pre, weeks 4, 8, and 12. Results: INC and MIX achieved 970% of total change in workload eliciting 4 mmol⋅L-1 [la-] (Power4mM) and ...O2peak during weeks 1-4, versus only 34%-38% in DEC. INC induced larger improvement versus DEC during weeks 1-4 in Power4mM (effect size, 0.7) and ..O2peak (effect size, 0.8). All groups increased similarly in peak power output during weeks 1-4 (64%-89% of total change). All groups' pooled, total and free testosterone and free testosterone/cortisol ratio decreased by 22% ± 15%, 13% ± 23%, and 14% ± 31% (all P < 0.05), and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased by 10% ± 14% (P < 0.05) during weeks 1-4. Conclusions: Most of progression in Power4mM, ...O2peak and peak power output was achieved during weeks 1-4 in INC and MIX, and accompanied by changes in resting blood hormones consistent with increased but compensable stress load. In these well-trained subjects, accumulating 2-3 h⋅wk-1 performing 4 x 16 min work bouts at best effort induces greater adaptions in Power4mM and ..O2peak than accumulating ~1 h⋅wk-1 performing best effort intervals as 4 x 4 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-volume high-intensity interval training is an efficient and practical method of inducing physiological responses in various tissues to develop physical fitness and may also change the expression of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether miRNAs for muscle, heart, somatic tissue and metabolism were affected by 30-s intervals of intensive sprint cycling. We also examined the relationship of these miRNAs to conventional biochemical and performance indices. Eighteen healthy young males performed sprint interval cycling. Circulating miRNAs in plasma were detected using TaqMan-based quantitative PCR and normalized to Let-7d/g/i. In addition, we determined the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, testosterone and cortisol, and anaerobic capacity. Compared to plasma levels before exercise muscle-specific miR-1 (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 0.09 ± 0.02), miR-133a (0.46 ± 0.10 vs. 0.31 ± 0.06) and miR-133b (0.19 ± 0.02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.01) decreased (all P < 0.05), while miR-206 and miR-499 remained unchanged. The levels of metabolism related miR-122 (0.62 ± 0.07 vs. 0.34 ± 0.03) and somatic tissues related miR-16 (1.74 ± 0.27 vs. 0.94 ± 0.12) also decreased (both P < 0.05). The post-exercise IGF-1 and cortisol concentrations were significantly increased, while testosterone concentrations did not. Plasma levels of miR-133b correlated to peak power (r = 0.712, P = 0.001) and miR-122 correlated to peak power ratio (r = 0.665, P = 0.003). In conclusion sprint exercise provokes genetic changes for RNA related to specific muscle or metabolism related miRNAs suggesting that miR-133b and miR-122 may be potential useful biomarkers for actual physiological strain or anaerobic capacity. Together, our findings on the circulating miRNAs may provide new insight into the physiological responses that are being performed during exercise and delineate mechanisms by which exercise confers distinct phenotypes and improves performance.

The main purpose of this article, was investigation metabolic and endocrine status in Simmental dairy cows during transition period and mid lactation, based on the relationships between blood growth hormone (GH), insulin, triiodothironine (T3), thyroxine (T4), glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides (TG). For the analysis were chosen 45 Simmental cows divided in three equal groups and each group was consist of fifteen cows: Group 1 was late pregnant cows, group 2 was early lactation cows and group 3 was mid lactation cows. Blood metabolic hormones as well as metabolites were analyzed and obtained results were recorded. Second group of early lactation cows have significant higher blood serum concentrations of GH (p<0.05), NEFA (p<0.05) and BHB (p<0.05) and significant lower blood serum concentrations of insulin (p>0.05), T3 (p<0.05), T4 (p>0.05), glucose (p<0.05) and TG (p<0.05) compared with the first group of late pregnancy cows and third group of mid lactation cows. Significant positive correlations (p<0.05) were noticeable between GH and NEFA, T3 and insulin, T3 and T4, glucose and T3, glucose and TG and negative (p<0.05) between glucose and NEFA and glucose and BHB. These hormonal and metabolic changes can be useful indicators of the metabolic and endocrine status of dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study aimed to verify hypothesis whether responses of selected blood indices and perception of effort are related to intensity of training sessions in exercising female taekwondo players. Material and methods. Seventeen senior female taekwondo players were subjected to the study. They underwent two various training sessions lasting 1.5h, defined as less intensive training (LIT), and as more intensive one (MIT).The both exertions were performed on the two separated days in a randomized order in the afternoon. Capillary blood was drown from earlobe prior to the training session and within 3 minutes after its completion for determination of serum hormones (cortisol, testosterone and dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate). Blood lactate were determined after the most three vigorous exercises performed during each training. Post-training fatigue expressed as rating perceived exertion (RPE) were estimated using visual analogue scale. Results. Plasma androgens levels increased significantly only after more intensive training. This magnitude of this rise was less after adjusted data to the initial plasma volume. More intensive effort brought about rise of C level and total amount of C in circulation and higher RPE than those after less intensive one. Blood lactate concentration was higher during more intensive training at three time points. Changes of tested blood parameters and RPE correlated significantly. Conclusions. More intensive exercise performed during training session brought about clearer hormonal and metabolic responses. Moreover, post-training directions of the changes in blood indices and RPE changes were nearly parallel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weight regain after weight loss is common. In the Diogenes dietary intervention study, a high-protein and low-glycaemic index (GI) diet improved weight maintenance. The objective of the present study was to identify (1) blood profiles associated with continued weight loss and weight regain (2) blood biomarkers of dietary protein and GI levels during the weight-maintenance phase. Blood samples were collected at baseline, after 8 weeks of low-energy diet-induced weight loss and after a 6-month dietary intervention period from female continued weight losers (n 48) and weight regainers (n 48), evenly selected from four dietary groups that varied in protein and GI levels. The blood concentrations of twenty-nine proteins and three steroid hormones were measured. The changes in analytes during weight maintenance largely correlated negatively with the changes during weight loss, with some differences between continued weight losers and weight regainers. Increases in leptin (LEP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly associated with weight regain (P < 0·001 and P = 0·005, respectively), and these relationships were influenced by the diet. Consuming a high-protein and high-GI diet dissociated the positive relationship between the change in LEP concentration and weight regain. CRP increased during the weight-maintenance period only in weight regainers with a high-protein diet (P < 0·001). In addition, testosterone, luteinising hormone, angiotensinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4, insulin, glucagon, haptoglobin and growth hormone were also affected by the dietary intervention. The blood profile reflects not only the weight change during the maintenance period, but also the macronutrient composition of the dietary intervention, especially the protein level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The evaluation of physical, sexual development, has been carried out, hormonal status and the relationship between these parameters in patients with chronic bronchitis children have been evaluated. The study included 84 children with chronic bronchitis at the age of 10 to 16 years and 230 practically healthy children matched by age and sex, of them, 37 (35,7%) -- girls and 47 (64,3%) -boys. It was found that in children with chronic bronchitis the amount and force of significant correlations changed. Impairment of physical and sexual development in children with chronic bronchitis promotes activation of intraendocrine relations in the absence of significant correlations between the content of the hormones of the studied links of endocrine system, may contribute to more frequent disturbance of physical and sexual development in children with chronic bronchitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fifty-four male Rambouillet lambs (27±4.8kg body weight) fed a finishing diet and a daily supplement of selenium-yeast (0 or 0.3mg Se-yeast) and chromium-yeast (0, 0.25, or 0.35mg Cr-yeast) were used in a complete randomized design with a factorial (2×3) arrangement of treatments. Growth, feed intake, carcass characteristics, plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, urea-N, insulin, cortisol, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were measured. Daily weight gain, total weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were not affected by Se-yeast supplementation. There was a linear decrease in feed intake, but a linear increase of the 12th rib area, retained protein, and plasma glucose as the Cr-yeast supplementation increased in lambs without Se-yeast supplement. There were quadratic effects of Cr-yeast on plasma triglycerides and insulin concentrations, carcass fat and protein, retained fat and energy, and fat free carcass in lambs without Se-yeast. Final BW, total gain, and average daily gain were linearly increased as Cr-yeast increased in Se-yeast supplemented lambs. Cr-yeast affected all carcass variables in Se-yeast supplemented lambs. Quadratic effects of Cr-yeast were observed on slaughter BW, hot and cold carcass, 12th rib area, and retained energy in lambs fed Se-yeast. Fat (g/kg BW) and retained fat (kg) in carcass showed a linear reduction as Cr-yeast increased in lambs fed Se-yeast. Thus, carcass and retained protein, as well as fat free carcass decreased linearly as Cr-yeast supplementation increased. These results suggest that Se-yeast and Cr-yeast interact to enhance growth, modify carcass characteristics and affect blood hormones and metabolites of lambs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Both treatment and effective rehabilitation play an important role in preserving the reproductive health of the girl, the future mother. Along with the search for new drug therapies for various gynecological pathologies, it is important to use physical and natural factors that are natural stimuli for the patient's body., Aim: To examine the effect of health resort factors and methods of physiotherapy on the general condition and hormonal status of girls with delayed sexual development., Material and Methods: 83 patients with delayed sexual development who were examined at the children's clinical sanatorium 'Zdravnitsa' in Yevpatoria (Crimea) were examined: 52 girls were included in the primary group, 31 - in the comparison group. Both groups, depending on age, were divided into subgroups: 13-14 years old and 15-17 years old. Patients in both groups received a standard treatment complex (STC). In addition to SCR, the girls of the main group were prescribed: 5% brine electrophoresis by sinusoidal modulated currents, sage and sea baths. The control group included gynecologic ally healthy adolescents: thirteen 13-14 year-old girls old in the subgroup K1 and twelve 15-17 year-old girls in the subgroup K2. Before and after treatment, all patients underwent standard clinical, gynecological, and laboratory examinations. In both groups, the dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as gonadotropic and sex steroid hormones in the blood serum were analyzed., Results: The complex of climatic and physical factors had a nonspecific general stimulating effect. There was a positive dynamics in the general condition of patients, their anthropometric indicators, hormonal status, which was more pronounced in the primary group than in the comparison group. Negative dynamics of the course of diseases in girls of both groups was not observed., Conclusion: The use of hardware physiotherapy and sage baths increases the effectiveness of STC. The best clinical and laboratory dynamics of the primary indices was noted in patients 13-14 years old than in patients 15-17 years old. The use of natural and preformed physical factors in treatment makes it possible to minimize the drug effect on the body and achieve the most positive treatment results with a minimum of side effects.

Background: Roots of cruciferous plant Lepidium peruvianum Chacon cultivated in high plateaus of Andes and known under its common name Maca, have been traditionally-used as an energizing vegetable with therapeutic properties for both men and women. Maca has been recognized by natives of Peru as herbal remedy helping to treat conditions affecting menopausal women., Objective: The effects of Pre-Gelatinized Organic Maca (Maca-GO) on quantitative physiological responses and alleviation of symptoms contributing to menopausal discomfort in perimenopausal women was examined., Methods: IN THIS, FOUR MONTHS, DOUBLE BLIND, CROSSOVER, RANDOMIZED PILOT TRIAL, MONTHLY MEASUREMENTS OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD SERUM CONSTITUENTS WERE TAKEN: Estrogen (E2), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Progesterone (PGS), Cortisol (CT), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Thyroid Hormones (TSH, T3, T4), minerals (Ca, K, Fe) and lipid profile (Triglicerides, Total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL). In monthly interviews conducted by gynecologist, body weight and blood pressure were registered and Menopausal Index according to Kupperman's was determined. Toxicity of Maca -GO determined on rats showed its safe use at the level of 7.5mg/kg body weight. A group of 20 women (aged 41-50 years), who fulfilled criteria of being in perimenopausal stage (E2 above 40pg/ml and FSH below 30IU/ml), were randomly allocated to two even groups, one receiving for two months Maca-GO and the other Placebo capsules followed by a crossover with treatment change for another two months period. All participants signed informed consent to participate. Two 500mg hard capsules with Maca-GO or Placebo were self-administered by participants twice daily with meals (total 2g/day)., Results: Two months administration of Maca-GO significantly alleviated symptoms of discomfort observed in majority of women involved in the study (74%-87%) as assessed by Kupperman's Menopausal index. This was associated with significant increase in E2 and FSH, Progesterone and ACTH levels, and reduction in blood pressure, body weight, Triglycerides and Cholesterol levels. There was a distinctive placebo effect observed at the beginning of the study., Conclusions: The results showed that in addition to reduction in body weight, blood pressure and increasing serum HDL and Iron, pre-gelatinized Maca-GO may be a valuable non-hormonal plant preparation for balancing levels of hormones (FSH, E2, PG and ACTH) and alleviating negative physiological and psychological symptoms (frequency of hot flushes, incidence in night sweating, interrupted sleep pattern, nervousness, depression and heart palpitations) experienced by women in perimenopausal stage. It appears that Maca-GO may act as a toner of hormonal processes, leading to alleviation of discomfort felt by perimenopausal women, hence, its potential use as non-hormonal alternative to HRT program.