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Annona senegalensis Pers., (wild custard apple), is a shrub used traditionally to treat respiratory and skin diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated its anti-malaria, anti-snake envenomation and anti-cancer activities. However, its toxicological profile remains limited, particularly in male and female animals. This study aims to evaluate the safety of crude aqueous methanol extract of Annona senegalensis stem bark (AMEAS) through acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies. The stem bark of A. senegalensis was collected, air-dried, pulverized, and extracted using 70% methanol. Phytochemical screening, elemental analysis, and acute toxicity evaluation were carried out on AMEAS. Sub-chronic toxicity study was conducted on Wistar rats of both sexes at different doses administered orally for 28 days. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of heavy metals and essential mineral elements with the highest contents being calcium (59.88%) and potassium (25.39%). Acute toxicity testing showed no mortality up to 5000 mg/kg, suggesting an LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or significant harmful effects were observed. The blood glucose decreased from 13.68 mMol/L at 250 mg/kg to 10.71 mMol/L at 1000 mg/kg, much lower than the distilled water group (17.06 mMol/L). In conclusion, the extract appeared to be well-tolerated, with no obvious adverse effects. AMEAS is rich in Calcium (Ca) and potassium (K). It has been shown to have LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg and is assumed to be safe. On repeated use, AMEAS may cause hypoglycemia and weight loss which may be useful in managing diabetes and obesity respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to examine the blood glucose-lowering effects of fresh Coccinia grandis fruit and assess how drying affects its antidiabetic potential. Additionally, the study seeks to determine the optimal administration procedure to maximize its antidiabetic efficacy. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in female Albino Wistar rats to study the effects of C. grandis in three forms: fresh fruit slurry, dry fruit powder, and overnight soaked dry powder, with metformin as standard. The fresh fruit slurry (S-1) of C. grandis demonstrates excellent antidiabetic properties, showing a mean blood glucose level of 116.25±38 and a percentage blood glucose reduction of about 30%. This is more effective compared to the processed form of C. grandis and the standard drug metformin, with a mean actual blood glucose level of 44.5±35.9. The study indicates that C. grandis fresh form possesses significant hypoglycemic effects, reducing glucose absorption by peripheral tissues and enhancing glucose uptake into cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, flap surgery is a dependable reconstructive technique. It makes it possible to heal nearly any vascularized tissue defect in the body. The present work aimed to assess the effectiveness of flap blood glucose measurement as a sensitive and reliable indicator in early detection of venous congestion. Methods: In an experimental study, twenty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to vertical rectus abdominis muscle flaps with upper pedicles, were split into two equal groups (n=13): with venous occlusion of the pedicle (Cases group) and without (Control group). Between the beginning and end of the experiment, we monitored the rats' glycemia in the caudal vein of their feet at regular intervals of ten minutes, and we measured the interstitial glucose in the flaps every ten minutes. Results: Statistically significant decrease was revealed at 0 min, 20 min, and 30 min of flap glucose level when compared with 0 min, 20 min, 30 min foot glucose level (p=0.01, p=0.005, p=0.002 respectively), and high statistically significant decrease was revealed at 10 min, 40 min, 50 min, 1-hour of flap glucose level when compared with 10 min foot glucose level (p-value < 0.001). High statistically significant decrease was found (p-value < 0.001) of mean flap glucose level (mean = 179.7 ± 54.3, range = 89.7 - 297.2) when compared with mean foot glucose level (mean = 228.1 ± 65.1, range = 114.7 - 342.1) in Cases group. Using ROC curve, it was shown that mean glucose level can be used to discriminate between flap glucose level and foot glucose level in cases group at a cutoff level of 187.2, with 69.2% sensitivity, 69.2% specificity, 69.2% PPV and 69.2% NPV (AUC = 0.7 & p-value = 0.054). Conclusions: Monitoring blood glucose levels may serve as a promising indicator for detecting venous congestion in tissue flaps, offering a non-invasive and cost-effective approach for early intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spirulina platensis microalgae (SPM), a natural antioxidant, is among the marine algae-containing compounds that are postulated to possess an anti-diabetic effect. This research aimed to assess the potential effect of SPM solution on blood glucose levels, kidney functions, and antioxidant defences in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methodology: Forty adult male Albino Wister rats were equally distributed into five groups. Group (1) included rats that were treated as a negative control group, the remaining groups included rats that were administrated STZ via injections to induce diabetes which were then treated for four weeks with the following scheme: group (2) diabetic positive control rats; groups (3,4 and 5) diabetic rats received oral SPM (400 ml/kg/day), Glimepiride (GI) (600 µg/kg/day); and SPM (400 ml/kg/day) + GI (600 µg/kg/day) respectively. On the final day of the experiment, blood samples were collected to estimate the blood glucose level, and kidney function parameters in addition to tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukins (IL-1α), and (IL-6). Histopathological examination was done for the kidneys. Results: SPM and/ or GI administration significantly reduced blood glucose levels, Glycated haemoglobin HbA1c, kidney function parameters, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6 in diabetic rats, and elevated insulin levels compared to the positive control group (p

Objective: We conducted a retrospective study on the prognostic factors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients in the author's Hospital from January 2019 to May 2023. To discuss the association of the blood lipid and glucose levels of patients with the prognosis of aSAH, and verify that high blood lipid and glucose levels are important factors affecting adverse prognosis. Methods: All patients with aSAH were collected as the case group, which was divided into two groups according to the modified Rankin Scores (mRS), the good prognosis group (Group A, mRS ＜ 3) and the adverse prognosis group (Group B,mRS ≥3). The clinical data of age, gender, accompanied chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes), smoking, drinking, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Hunt-Hess (H-H) grade, Modified Fisher grade, total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) , high-density cholesterol lipoprotein (HDL-C) , low-density cholesterol lipoprotein (LDL-C) , blood glucose (BG) , responsible aneurysm diameter and location were recorded too. Correlations between blood lipid and glucose levels and Modified Fisher grade were assessed by the Spearman correlation analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy. The effect of blood lipid and glucose levels on adverse prognosis was analyzed by Logistic regression models. Result: A total of 259 patients with aSAH were enrolled. The average age of all patients is (56.54 ± 10.52) years, including 96 males and 163 females. They were divided into Group A (n = 146) and Group B (n = 113). Univariate analysis results show that age, the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and BG were higher in Group B (P

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder that poses significant health and economic challenges across the globe. Polysaccharides, found abundantly in edible plants, hold promise for managing diabetes by reducing blood glucose levels (BGL) and insulin resistance. However, most of these polysaccharides cannot be digested or absorbed directly by the human body. Here we report the production of antidiabetic oligosaccharides from cress seed mucilage polysaccharides using yeast fermentation. The water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from cress seed mucilage were precipitated using 75% ethanol and fermented with Pichia pastoris for different time intervals. The digested saccharides were fractionated through gel permeation chromatography using a Bio Gel P-10 column. Structural analysis of the oligosaccharide fractions revealed the presence of galacturonic acid, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose and arabinose. Oligosaccharide fractions exhibited the potential to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The fraction DF73 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase with IC50 values of 38.2 ± 1.12 µg/mL, compared to the positive control, acarbose, having an IC50 value of 29.18 ± 1.76 µg/mL. Similarly, DF72 and DF73 showed the highest inhibition of α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 9.26 ± 2.68 and 50.47 ± 5.18 µg/mL, respectively. In in vivo assays in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, these oligosaccharides significantly reduced BGL and improved lipid profiles compared to the reference drug metformin. Histopathological observations of mouse livers indicated the cytoprotective effects of these sugars. Taken together, our results suggest that oligosaccharides produced through microbial digestion of polysaccharides extracted from cress seed mucilage have the potential to reduce blood glucose levels, possibly through inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes and regulation of the various signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niosomes, vesicles formed by non-ionic surfactants, offer advantages in drug delivery by enhancing solubilization and encapsulating both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. This study focuses on ß-sitosterolloaded niosomes designed to protect its anti-diabetic properties. Formulated with Span™ 60, Span™ 80 and cholesterol, the niosomes showed high entrapment efficiency (90%) and favorable release kinetics. Stability studies confirmed their robustness in various conditions. In vivo experiments demonstrated significant improvements in body weight and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. The optimized formulation (NF8) exhibited controlled release and substantial antidiabetic activity, suggesting its potential as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes an intelligent method that uses an adaptive auto-tuned proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to track and regulate the blood glucose level of diabetic patients. The suggested controller seeks to provide the optimal insulin control action, which is in charge of swiftly, precisely, and accurately managing the blood glucose level. To train this controller, two meta-heuristic techniques are employed. The first technique is the particle swarm optimization (PSO), which has been widely used in both data estimation and training because of its quick computing speed, while the second one is an intrusion detection technique called grey wolf optimization (GWO), which was created to categorize data and effectively find multiple intrusions. The mean square error performance index is used in the two distinct meta-heuristic algorithm types to determine and optimize the optimal or nearly optimal gain parameters of the adaptive PID controller. The results of the MATLAB simulations for three different patients demonstrated the efficacy and resilience of the proposed control algorithm in tracking the dynamic behaviour of the diabetic patients' blood glucose levels by minimizing overshoot in the transient state to zero value, maintaining the steady-state blood glucose level in the normal physiological level of (60-120) mg/dl. These characteristics were particularly evident when we added a meal as a disturbance effect. Moreover, the comparison results showed that the proposed PID-GWO and PID-PSO algorithms enhanced the time (96 and 88) minutes to reach the blood glucose level at a normal physiological level by 4% and 12%, respectively, when compared to the fractional order PID and fuzzy logic control algorithms that the blood glucose level reached at a normal physiological level at 100 minutes and improved the time by 20% and 27%, respectively, when compared to the type-2 fuzzy control algorithm that the blood glucose level reached at a normal level at 120 minutes. In particular, the blood glucose level was kept at the desired normal physiological level without any oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of blood glucose level of patients with type II diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease (CHD) on the hypercoagulability and thromboembolism. A total of 236 patients with type II diabetes mellitus and CHD who were treated in 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA were enrolled between January 2018 and January 2020. These patients, according to their 2 h postprandial glucose (2hPG), were divided into the hyperglycemia group (n = 126) and hypoglycemia group (n = 112). Patients in the hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia groups had higher levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 hPG and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) when comparing to their counterparts in the control group, with a lower level of fasting insulin (FINS) in serum (all P < 0.05); levels of plasma fibrinogen (Fb) and D-dimers (D-D) in serum of patients in the hyperglycemia group were much higher than those in the hypoglycemia group, while serum plasma prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were much shorter than those in the hypoglycemia group (all P < 0.05). Thrombus precursor protein (TpP), P-selectin (Ps), maximum platelet aggregation rate (MAR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) of patients in the hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia group were all higher than their counterparts in the control group, while those in the hyperglycemia group were also higher than the hypoglycemia group (all P < 0.05). Besides, incidence rate of thromboembolism in the hypoglycemia group was much lower than that in the hyperglycemia group (P < 0.05). During the 2-year follow-up, survival rate of patients in the hypoglycemia group was much higher than that in the hyperglycemia group (P < 0.05). It was concluded that for CHD patients with type II diabetes mellitus, poor management of blood glucose may result in the elevation in platelet activation, further inducing the hypercoagulability of blood and increases in the incidence rate of thromboembolism and death rate, suggesting that CHD patients with type II diabetes mellitus should pay more attention to the management of blood glucose and monitor the platelet function and activation of thrombin, thereby minimizing the incidence of acute thromboembolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutraceuticals, or functional foods, are foods that have been altered or designed to have certain nutritional or physiological effects. Synbiotic biscuit represents an effort in the development of functional food products. A synbiotic biscuit contains both prebiotic ingredients and probiotic bacteria. Created with Lactobacillus acidophilus and a composite flour mix of sweet potatoes, banana corm, and black soybeans, this synbiotic biscuit offers a synergistic combination of probiotics and prebiotics potentially lowering blood glucose levels. This study investigates the impact of the Glycemic Index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL), and the relationship between the quantity of synbiotic biscuits consumed and the reduction of blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. The descriptive approach was utilized as the experimental method, followed by correlation and regression analysis. The experiment used standard meal consumption as a negative control, metformin 45 mg/kg body weight intake as a positive control, synbiotic biscuit 5 g in 10 ml aquades intake, and synbiotic biscuit 10 g in 10 ml aquades intake were employed in the experiment. The study demonstrated a relationship between the intake of synbiotic cookies and blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. The synbiotic biscuits showed that GI and GL at 65.38 and 13.38, respectively. After 15 days of feeding synbiotic biscuit 10 g in 10 ml per day, body weight increased to 216.33 g, and blood glucose levels decreased to 96.97 mg/ dl. Total L. acidophilus was discovered in rat faeces at a concentration of 6.56 log CFU/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), offer significant opportunities to improve blood glucose level (BGL) estimation systems, potentially enhancing care and quality of life for diabetic patients. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of BGL estimation using photoplethysmographic signal (PPG) analysis and AI methods by comparing various studies in terms of population, PPG signal acquisition and analysis, AI approaches, and BGL estimation performance. A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, PubMed and CINAHL databases. Conference proceedings and book chapters were included, excluding other gray literature, focusing on English-language studies published from 2010 to February 2024. Only publications concerning PPG signal analysis using AI algorithms for noninvasive estimation of BGL in patients with diabetes were considered. Of 48 identified articles, 24 were reviewed in full text, and 5 were deemed eligible. These studies varied in methodology (populations, devices, AI solutions) and evaluation metrics. However, all studies used Clarke error grid or Parkes error grid, with over 98% of estimates falling into clinically acceptable zones A or B. Current research confirm that PPG-based BGL estimation is feasible and accurate. Further studies are needed to overcome existing limitations and make this procedure available, accurate, and easy to perform.

Objective To investigate associations of changes in waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) with the variation of fasting blood glucose among middle aged and elderly residents with high cardiovascular risk. MethodsTotally 71 758 urban/rural permanent residents aged 35 years or older were recruited at 8 districts/counties of 3 municipalities, Jiangsu province for a baseline survey conducted during 2015 as a part of the ‘Early Screening and Comprehensive Intervention on Cardiovascular Diseases among High-Risk Populations in China’. Out of those residents surveyed, 12 369 individuals with initial records of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and at high-risk of cardiovascular diseases were followed up annually in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to observe changes in their FBG levels over time. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to explore associations of the changes in WC and BMI with the variations of FBG among the participants. ResultsOf the 9 952 participants successfully followed up 3 045 (30.6%), 2 130 (21.4%), and 4 777 (48.0%) had normal WC, pre-central obesity, and obesity and 56 (0.6%), 2 669 (26.8%), 4 540 (45.6%), and 2 687 (27.0%) were assessed as having underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity respectively at the baseline survey. After adjusting for gender, age, education, place of residence, smoking, alcohol drinking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, baseline WC, baseline BMI, and follow-up sequence, the results of GEE analysis revealed that compared to those with normal WC, the participants having declined WC were at a decreased risk of abnormal FBG (odds ratio [OR] = 0.911, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.867 – 0.958) but the participants having elevated WC were at an increased risk of abnormal FBG (OR = 1.070, 95%CI: 1.022 – 1.120); the results also showed that every one centimeter increase in baseline WC and one unit increase in baseline BMI were associated with 0.011 mmol/L (β = 0.027, 95%CI: 0.013 – 0.041) and 0.027 mmol/L (β = 0.027, 95%CI: 0.013 – 0.041) increase in FBG. Further subgroup analysis demonstrated that every one centimeter increase in baseline WC was associated with 0.011/0.010, 0.014/0.005, and 0.007/0.021 mmol/L increase in FBG for the participants being male/female, living in urban/rural regions, and with/without diabetes (all P < 0.001); while, every one unit increase in baseline BMI was associated with 0.030, 0.026/0.024, and 0.031 mmol/L increase in FBG for the participants being female, living in urban/rural regions, and having diabetes, respectively (all P < 0.05). ConclusionThere are positively linear associations of changes in WC and BMI with the variation of FBG among middle aged and elderly populations with high cardiovascular risk.

Introduction: Stemcells can be used to treat diabeticmellitus and complications. ω3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived lipid mediators are inflammation-resolving and protective. This study found novel DHA-derived 7S,14R-dihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid (7S,14R-diHDHA), a maresin-1 stereoisomer biosynthesized by leukocytes and related enzymes. Moreover, 7S,14R-diHDHA can enhance mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) functions in the amelioration of diabetic mellitus and retinal pericyte loss in diabetic db/db mice. Methods: MSCs treated with 7S,14R-diHDHA were delivered into db/db mice i.v. every 5 days for 35 days. Results: Blood glucose levels in diabetic mice were lowered by 7S,14R-diHDHAtreated MSCs compared to control and untreated MSC groups, accompanied by improved glucose tolerance and higher blood insulin levels. 7S,14R-diHDHAtreated MSCs increased insulin+ β-cell ratio and decreased glucogan+ α-cell ratio in islets, as well as reduced macrophages in pancreas. 7S,14R-diHDHA induced MSC functions in promoting MIN6 β-cell viability and insulin secretion. 7S,14R-diHDHA induced MSC paracrine functions by increasing the generation of hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, 7S,14R-diHDHA enhanced MSC functions to ameliorate diabetes-caused pericyte loss in diabetic retinopathy by increasing their density in retina in db/db mice. Discussion: Our findings provide a novel strategy for improving therapy for diabetes and diabetic retinopathy using 7S,14R-diHDHA-primed MSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the potential antidiabetic activity of a combination of Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves. Mangifera leaves contain a compound called mangiferin, which acts as an antidiabetic and antioxidant. On the other hand, Pandanus leaves, are rich in terpenoids and steroids that also possess anti-diabetic effects. An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was conducted on male mice of the Babl/c strain to assess the antidiabetic effects. The test involved administering a combination of ethanolic leaf extracts from Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. in a 1:1 ratio. The study followed a pre-test design with a control group, comprising six treatment groups, each consisting of four male mice. The groups were described as follows: Group 1 was served as the normal group without any treatment. Groups II-IV received single extracts or combinations of extracts at doses of 62.5 mg/200g BW, 125 mg/200g BW, and 250 mg/200g BW. Group V acted as the positive control and was given oral glucose and glibenclamide at a dose of 0.09 mg/200g BW. Group VI was served as the negative control, receiving oral glucose and distilled water. The group that exhibited the highest percentage of decreased blood sugar levels was the one given oral glucose at a dose of 0.078g/20g BW of mice, along with the combination of Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves extract (1:1) at a dose of 35 mg/20g BW. This group demonstrated a decrease of 71.985 ± 4.858 in blood glucose levels. The ANOVA analysis confirmed that the percentage decrease in blood sugar levels was significantly different from the positive control, indicating a higher effectiveness of the combination treatment in reducing blood glucose levels than the positive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating blood glucose level (BGL) for type-1 diabetic patient (T1DP) accurately is very important issue, an uncontrolled BGL outside the standard safe range between 70 and 180 mg/dl results in dire consequences for health and can significantly increase the chance of death. So the purpose of this study is to design an optimized controller that infuses appropriate amounts of exogenous insulin into the blood stream of T1DP proportional to the amount of obtained glucose from food. The nonlinear extended Bergman minimal model is used to present glucose-insulin physiological system, an interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) is utilized to infuse the proper amount of exogenous insulin. Superiority of IT2FLC in minimizing the effect of uncertainties in the system depends primarily on the best choice of footprint of uncertainty (FOU) of IT2FLC. So a comparison includes four different optimization methods for tuning FOU including hybrid grey wolf optimizer-cuckoo search (GWOCS) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) method is constructed to select the best controller approach. The effectiveness of the proposed controller was evaluated under six different scenarios of T1DP using Matlab/Simulink platform. A 24-h scenario close to real for 100 virtual T1DPs subjected to parametric uncertainty, uncertain meal disturbance and random initial condition showed that IT2FLC accurately regulate BGL for all T1DPs within the standard safe range. The results indicated that IT2FLC using GWOCS can prevent side effect of treatment with blood-sugar-lowering medication. Also stability analysis for the system indicated that the system operates within the stability region of nonlinear system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disease in the world. Previous studies have shown that anesthetics can affect perioperative blood glucose levels which related to adverse clinical outcomes. Few studies have explored the choice of general anesthetic protocol on perioperative glucose metabolism in diabetes patients. We aimed to compare total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with total inhalation anesthesia (TIHA) on blood glucose level and complications in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing general surgery. Methods In this double-blind controlled trial, 116 type 2 diabetic patients scheduled for general surgery were randomly assigned to either the TIVA group or TIHA group (n = 56 and n = 60, respectively). The blood glucose level at different time points were measured and analyzed by the repeated-measures analysis of variance. The serum insulin and cortisol levels were measured and analyzed with t-test. The incidence of complications was followed up and analyzed with chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. The risk factors for complications were analyzed using the logistic stepwise regression. Results The blood glucose levels were higher in TIHA group than that in TIVA group at the time points of extubation, 1 and 2 h after the operation, 1 and 2 days after the operation, and were significantly higher at 1 day after the operation (10.4 ± 2.8 vs. 8.1 ± 2.1 mmol/L; P

Introduction: There is a need for designing non-invasive methods to predict blood glucose levels to ensure timely diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Needle anxiety and bleeding disorders preclude many from undertaking blood tests. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess if biomarkers like saliva can be used to estimate blood glucose levels. The second objective was to develop and evaluate Machine Learning (ML) models to predict blood glucose levels based on salivary glucose and associated features. An insight into the patient's features, which was important for predicting blood glucose levels, was also required. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and blood and saliva samples, along with patient-related data, were collected from healthy and diabetic patients. ML techniques were applied to the data to develop a tool for predicting blood glucose levels using patient features. The prediction intervals were computed, clinical accuracy was assessed, and important features for the prediction were identified. Results: The Random Forest Regressor Model, with features identified using the wrapper method, was selected as the best, with an average RMSE of 43.28. The prediction intervals were computed for point estimate, MAE = 23.821, and coverage was 100 percent, the clinical accuracy was compared with that of glucometers and continuous monitoring systems. All predicted values are in Zones A and B of the Clarke error grid, and the bias was 6.41. The most important feature for predicting blood glucose level is salivary glucose level, followed by known risk factors like Family History, BMI, etc. The study found that salivary glucose levels are insufficient to classify blood glucose levels as high or normal. Conclusion: The study concluded that salivary glucose with associated patient features could be a potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting blood glucose levels in patients. The developed ML model could be deployed in a device that inputs patient features, analyzes salivary glucose, and can monitor blood glucose levels in a non-invasive manner. Further research is needed to validate the findings of this study and develop a proof of concept.

The aim of this research is to present the effects of acupuncture treatment on morning blood glucose level (BGL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and to describe them by a predictive model. The morning BGL is measured after overnight fasting during a three-month long acupuncture treatment for two persons diagnosed with T2DM and is compared with the BGL of two persons in similar health conditions taking only metformin-based drugs. It is shown that the morning BGL is highly affected by each single acupuncture treatment and by the number of the already applied treatments. Significant lowering of BGL after each treatment is observed, as well as an overall BGL lowering effect, which is the result of the repeated acupuncture. The observed BGL reduction was found to be maintained during a follow-up performed a year after the acupuncture. The measured BGL dynamics curves are analyzed and described by a model. This model describes well all of the key features of the measured BGL dynamics and provides personal parameters that describe the BGL regulation. The model is used to simulate BGL regulation by acupuncture performed with different frequencies. It can be used generally to predict the effects of acupuncture on BGL and to optimize the time between two treatments. The results will enable a better understanding of acupuncture application in diabetes, and a prediction of its effects in diabetes treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for postoperative complications but its impact on outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is scarcely studied. This prospective cohort study aimed to assess the effect of continuous insulin infusion on postoperative complications and blood glucose, as well as to evaluate the impact of hyperglycemia on complications, after PD. Materials and methods: One hundred patients planned for PD at Skåne University Hospital, Sweden were prospectively included for perioperative continuous insulin infusion and a historic cohort of 100 patients was included retrospectively. Median blood glucose levels were calculated and data on complications were analyzed and compared between the historic cohort and the intervention group as well as between normo- and hyperglycemic patients. Results: Median glucose levels were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the historic cohort up to 30 days postoperatively (median glucose 8.5 mmol/l (interquartile range 6.4-11) vs. 9.1 mmol/l (interquartile range 6.8-17) (P=0.007)). No significant differences in complication rates were recorded between these two groups. The incidence of complications classified as Clavien ≥3 was higher in hyperglycemic patients (100 vs. 27%, P=0.024). Among hyperglycemic patients the prevalence of preoperative diabetes was higher compared to normoglycemic patients (52 vs.12%, P<0.001). In patients with a known diagnosis of diabetes, a trend, although not statistically significant, towards a lower incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula grade B and C, as well as postpancreatectomy hemorrhage grade B and C, was seen compared to those without preoperative diabetes (6.8 vs. 14%, P=0.231 and 2.3 vs. 7.0%, P=0.238, respectively). Conclusion: Insulin infusion in the early postoperative phase after PD is feasible in a non-ICU setting and significantly decreased blood glucose levels. The influence on complications was limited. Preoperative diabetes was a significant predictor of postoperative hyperglycemia and was associated with a lower incidence of clinically significant postoperative pancreatic fistula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of an ethanolic extract derived from Agaricus subrufescens on rat models exhibiting Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) induced by Letrozole. Methods: A total of thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups, each consisting of six rats. The negative control group was administered a volume of 1 mL of a 0.5% solution of carboxy methylcellulose (CMC). Letrozole (1 mg/kg) was administered to additional groups for a duration of 21 days in order to induce polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Animals designated as positive controls were euthanized on the 22nd day. Both the test group and the standard group were subjected to treatment from the 22nd day to the 36th day. The experimental group was administered ethanolic extract of Agaricus subrufescens at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg p.o, while the control group received clomiphene citrate at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The study observed various physiological markers in individuals with polycystic ovarian disease, including estimated blood glucose levels, total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and hormonal fluctuations such as increased testosterone and estrogen levels, as well as decreased progesterone levels. The presence of menstrual irregularities was confirmed through the examination of vaginal smears and histopathological changes in the ovaries. Results: The consumption of Agaricus subrufescens was found to have a significant impact on various physiological parameters, including blood glucose levels, testosterone levels, anovulation, and menstrual irregularity. All therapeutic interventions significantly normalized the levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that were induced by Letrozole exhibited increased levels of urea and creatinine. The findings of this study indicate that the administration of Agaricus subrufescens therapy has a protective effect on renal function, as evidenced by a reduction in serum levels of urea and creatinine. In rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by Letrozole, the inhibition of hepatic synthesis, promotion of ovarian follicle immaturity, and elevation of androgen secretions result in an increase in the weight of the liver and ovaries. The weight of endocrine organs exhibited a decrease across all treatment groups. The histopathological examination of PCOS specimens revealed an increased presence of cysts and theca lutein cells. The group of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that did not receive treatment exhibited a higher number of cysts compared to the groups that received treatment. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the administration of Letrozole orally resulted in the development of polycystic ovarian disease. The results indicated heightened levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as alterations in hormone levels such as increased testosterone and estrogen, and decreased progesterone. These hormonal changes were accompanied by menstrual irregularities, which were confirmed through the examination of vaginal smears and histopathological analysis of the ovaries in the control group with polycystic ovarian disease. The treatment groups that received Agaricus subrufescens exhibited a decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and testosterone levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the effect of baicalin on intestinal microbiota (IM) of obese mice induced by highfat diet (HFD), four groups of mice, i.e., normal control group, HFD group, baicalin-treated group of normal control, and baicalin-treated group of HFD, were set up. After 12 weeks of treatment, the mice's body weight, insulin sensitivity, liver histopathological analysis and immunohistochemical analysis were measured. Combining with high-throughput sequencing of IM 16S rRNA gene, the characteristics of obesity induced by HFD and the therapeutic effect of baicalin on obese mice induced by HFD were explored. HFD significantly increased mice body weight, insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation, and the number of macrophages and T cells in the liver, and significantly changed the structure of obese mice IM. Baicalin treatment significantly reduced the weight and insulin resistance of obese mice induced by HFD, liver fat accumulation, and the number of macrophages and T cells, and significantly changed the structure of IM. This study provided reference data for understanding the effect of baicalin on IM composition and metabolism in the treatment of obesity caused by HFD, and helped us to understand the effect of chemicals on IM and its potential effect on host metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a planar microwave sensor for the noninvasive detection of glucose concentration in diabetic patients. The designed sensor operates from the 3.8 to 6.2 GHz frequency band, which covers the 5.8 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. The designed sensor shows a percentage bandwidth of 23.8% with a reflection coefficient (S 11) of −50 dB at the resonance frequency of 5.7 GHz. The detection was carried out by varying the relative permittivity of the blood in accordance with the glucose concentration based on the Cole–Cole model. The measured result is calculated in terms of varying resonance frequency with variation in the reflection coefficient | S 11| of the designed sensor. The observed frequency shift and corresponding sensitivity of the sensor are found at 1.7 GHz and 0.089 MHz/mg dL−1, respectively. An experimental validation has also been performed, and the frequency shift is analyzed by interacting the human thumb with the sensor. The simulated and experimental results of the designed sensor suggest that it can be useful for detecting glucose concentration noninvasively for diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disease in the world. Previous studies have shown that anesthetics can affect perioperative blood glucose levels which related to adverse clinical outcomes. Few studies have explored the choice of general anesthetic protocol on perioperative glucose metabolism in diabetes patients. We aimed to compare total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with total inhalation anesthesia (TIHA) on blood glucose level and complications in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing general surgery. Methods: In this double-blind controlled trial, 116 type 2 diabetic patients scheduled for general surgery were randomly assigned to either the TIVA group or TIHA group (n = 56 and n = 60, respectively). The blood glucose level at different time points were measured and analyzed by the repeated-measures analysis of variance. The serum insulin and cortisol levels were measured and analyzed with t-test. The incidence of complications was followed up and analyzed with chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. The risk factors for complications were analyzed using the logistic stepwise regression. Results: The blood glucose levels were higher in TIHA group than that in TIVA group at the time points of extubation, 1 and 2 h after the operation, 1 and 2 days after the operation, and were significantly higher at 1 day after the operation (10.4 ± 2.8 vs. 8.1 ± 2.1 mmol/L; P < 0.01). The postoperative insulin level was higher in TIVA group than that in TIHA group (8.9 ± 2.9 vs. 7.6 ± 2.4 IU/mL; P = 0.011). The postoperative cortisol level was higher in TIHA group than that in TIVA group (15.3 ± 4.8 vs. 12.2 ± 8.9 ug/dL ; P = 0.031). No significant difference regarding the incidence of complications between the two groups was found based on the current samples. Blood glucose level on postoperative day 1 was a risk factor for postoperative complications (OR: 1.779, 95%CI: 1.009 ~ 3.138). Conclusions: TIVA has less impact on perioperative blood glucose level and a better inhibition of cortisol release in type 2 diabetic patients compared to TIHA. A future large trial may be conducted to find the difference of complications between the two groups. Trial registration: The protocol registered on the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry on 20/01/2020 (ChiCTR2000029247). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired wound healing is the leading manifestation of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is mainly triggered by chronic inflammation, hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and delayed neuropeptide signaling. The rising number of DM patients exhibiting poor healing of DM wounds has, thus, given rise to the need for therapeutic intervention. Natural extracts are said to contain high anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that decrease the pathogenesis of DM. It was recorded that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can improve the blood glucose level and caudal fin regeneration in the streptozotocin-induced zebrafish model. The animals were categorized into four groups. The hyperglycemic state was maintained throughout the experiment for 21 days in the test subject. After the treatment with EGCG, the test zebrafish showed a decrease in blood glucose level from 295.5±4.7 mg/dl to 99.6±4.7 mg/dl on day 21. Results showed better regeneration of amputated caudal fin in the group treated with EGCG. The percentage regeneration in the caudal fin was 60% in diabetic subjects treated with EGCG and 66% in control subjects treated with EGCG, whereas diabetic zebrafish showed only 41% regeneration on day 21. It can be concluded that EGCG has the potency to treat impaired wounds in the DM model of zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a number of type-2 diabetes mellitus models available that can be used in different ways, including estimating longterm clinical outcomes, estimating the costs of clinical trials, as well as assisting in making decisions to determine which interventions are best suited for these populations. The current research aims to present an algorithm for mobile or smart sensor systems to predict the blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic patients. Dexcom system was considered as a study tool. The efficiency of a revised Dexcom system with an advanced algorithm was assessed. The prediction of future glucose concentration is predicted by using suitable modeling approaches. The accuracy and dependability of the Dexcom system can be considerably enhanced by using advanced denoising and calibration algorithms. The precision and consistency of the continuous glucose monitor improved over time, with the greatest improvement. According to the findings, signal-processing-induced time delays have been decreased, and performance at low plasma glucose has been enhanced. Advances in sensor systems' performance are expected as a result of these enhancements. This application effectively maintains a stable blood glucose level because blood glucose level reaction times are delayed when glucose is consumed. Furthermore, the findings of this work can be used to improve closed-loop systems and provide information to insulin pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have reported that hypomagnesemia could play an essential role in the development of endothelial dysfunction and altered insulin function, particularly among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To assess the incidence of hypomagnesemia among patients with T2DM and compare them with healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: One hundred types 2 diabetic patients admitted to the general medicine outpatient Department at Government Erode Medical College Hospital, Perundurai, were recruited. Biochemical parameters and serum magnesium were assessed at admission and compared with the 100 healthy controls without T2DM. Results: Cases and controls had mean ages of 50.39 ± 9.76 and 50.01 ± 10.15 years, respectively. The age range of 41–50 had the highest percentage of patients (42%). The gender distribution was the same for both cases and controls, with 70% of men and 30% of women. Between cases and controls, the mean fasting blood sugar levels were 102.42 ± 11.16 mg/dl and 91.93 ± 4.32 mg/dl, respectively. Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is a common problem in adults with T2DM, and we did find a significant association between Mg levels and T2DM in Erode district, Tamil Nadu.

Abstract Background To investigate the correlation between N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH) D), high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1), endogenous activin A (ACTA), blood glucose level, electrolyte levels and developmental quotient (DQ) scores of Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods In this retrospective study, a total of 90 neonates diagnosed with HIE who were admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to June 2021 were retrospectively enrolled, and 40 healthy full-term neonates born in our hospital during the same period were randomly selected. Neonates with HIE and healthy conditions were set as the study group and control group, respectively. Neonates with HIE are divided into three subgroups, mild, moderate, and severe, based on the severity of HIE. The Gesell Developmental Scale (GDS) was used to assess neural development of neonates at 9 to 12 months postnatal. Biomarkers of peripheral venous blood were measured and collected in all neonates, including NT-proBNP, (25-(OH) D), HMGB1, ACTA, electrolyte levels and blood glucose levels. General demographic information and Apgar score were compared between the two groups. The differences between the two groups of biomarkers were compared and the correlation between these biomarkers and DQ scores was evaluated. Results There was no significant difference in gestational age, maternal age, gender, way of birth, birth weight, gestational age and whether the mother was a primipara between the two groups (P>0.05). The 10 min Apgar score of the study group (5.87±0.36) was lower than that of the control group (9.37±0.32) with significant difference (P

Machine learning algorithms can be used to forecast future blood glucose (BG) levels for diabetes patients, according to recent studies. In this study, dataset from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system was used as the sole input for the machine learning models. To forecast blood glucose levels 15, 30, and 45 minutes in the future, we suggested deep neural network (DNN) and tested it on 7 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The suggested prediction model was evaluated against a variety of machine learning models, such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector regression (SVR), decision tree (DT), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), random forest (RF), and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The experimental findings demonstrated that the proposed DNN model outperformed all other models, with average root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 17.295, 25.940, and 35.146 mg/dL over prediction horizons (PHs) of 15, 30, and 45 minutes, respectively. Additionally, we have included the suggested prediction model in web-based blood glucose level prediction tools. By using this web-based system, patients may readily acquire their future blood glucose levels, allowing for the generation of preventative alarms prior to crucial hypoglycemia or hyperglycemic situations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high consumer interest in ornamental fish such as goldfish causes aquaculture to try to meet the highest production so that large scale aquaculture activities appear accompanied by problems due to imbalances between the host, the environment and diseases such as pathogens. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Whole Cell Lernaea as an immunostimulant development material as an effort to prevent pathogen attacks in aquaculture. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern, namely factor A was different doses of Whole cell Lernaea and factor B was different length of maintenance. The results showed that the highest blood glucose levels of goldfish occurred in the 0 ppm treatment on day 0 with a range between 53.60 - 87.60 mg/dL and the lowest in the 5 ppm treatment on day 21 with a range between 44.20 - 86.60 mg/dL. Ichthyobodo spp. ectoparasite infestation. occurred on days 0 and 14 with a dose of 0 ppm which is about 2-3 ind/head different from giving a dose of 5 ppm during maintenance for 21 days there were no cases of goldfish that were attacked by ectoparasites. There was an interaction between dose and duration of maintenance on blood glucose levels of goldfish given Whole cell lernaea suspension, while there was no interaction with flagella ectoparasite infestation. The best treatment to reduce blood glucose levels to normal is the administration of Whole Cell Lernaea suspension at a dose of 5 ppm and a maintenance time of 21 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentaamino acid fullerene C60 derivative is a promising nanomaterial, which exhibited antihyperglycemic activity in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This study investigates the effect of pentaaminoacid C60 derivative (PFD) in rats with metabolic disorders. Rats were assigned to 3 groups (of 10 rats each) as follows: Group 1 (normal control), group 2 included the protamine-sulfate-treated rats (the untreated group of animals with the model metabolic disorder); group 3 (Protamine sulfate + PFD) included the protamine-sulfate-treated model rats that received an intraperitoneal injection of PFD. Metabolic disorder in rats was initiated by protamine sulfate (PS) administration. The PS + PFD group was injected intraperitoneally with PFD solution (3 mg/kg). Protamine sulfate induces biochemical changes (hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia) in the blood and morphological lesions in rat liver and pancreas. The potassium salt of fullerenylpenta-N-dihydroxytyrosine in protamine sulfate-induced rats normalized blood glucose level and the serum lipid profile and improved hepatic function markers. Treatment with PFD restored pancreas islets and liver structure of protamine sulfate-induced rats compared to the untreated group. PFD is a promising compound for further study as a drug against metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019 alone, Diabetes Mellitus impacted 463 million individuals worldwide. Blood glucose levels (BGL) are often monitored via invasive techniques as part of routine protocols. Recently, AI-based approaches have shown the ability to predict BGL using data acquired by non-invasive Wearable Devices (WDs), therefore improving diabetes monitoring and treatment. It is crucial to study the relationships between non-invasive WD features and markers of glycemic health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate accuracy of linear and non-linear models in estimating BGL. A dataset containing digital metrics as well as diabetic status collected using traditional means was used. Data consisted of 13 participants data collected from WDs, these participants were divided in two groups young, and Adult Our experimental design included Data Collection, Feature Engineering, ML model selection/development, and reporting evaluation of metrics. The study showed that linear and non-linear models both have high accuracy in estimating BGL using WD data (RMSE range: 0.181 to 0.271, MAE range: 0.093 to 0.142). We provide further evidence of the feasibility of using commercially available WDs for the purpose of BGL estimation amongst diabetics when using Machine learning approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce obesity and cardiovascular risk, a combination of low carbohydrate diet and sport is a good choice in otherwise healthy individuals. However, among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), consuming a minimum of 130 g carbohydrates per day is recommended, and the desire to exercise decreased as well. We wanted to demonstrate that a low carbohydrate diet during physical activity in T1DM patients is safe with the right choice of insulin dosing and reduces the development of both short- and long-term complications. To this end, we collected data from T1DM patients on a normal and low carbohydrate diet using a questionnaire as well as measured blood glucose levels while exercising in healthy and T1DM patients. The main benefit of the diet was that it provided a safe exercise option with more stable blood glucose levels and lower bolus insulin requirements. Our data support that the emergence of new types of insulins, tissue glucose sensors, and pumps has provided the conditions for a freer, less complicated life for patients with T1DM, for which the combined use of a normal and low carbohydrate diet can be an important tool.

Diabetes monitoring systems are crucial for avoiding potentially significant medical expenses. At this time, the only commercially viable monitoring methods that exist are invasive ones. Since patients are uncomfortable while blood samples are being taken, these techniques have significant disadvantages. The drawbacks of invasive treatments might be overcome by a painless, inexpensive, non-invasive approach to blood glucose level (BGL) monitoring. Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals obtained from sensor leads placed on specific organ tissues are collected using photodiodes and nearby infrared LEDs. Cardiovascular disease can be detected via photoplethysmography. These characteristics can be used to directly affect BGL monitoring in diabetic patients if PPG signals are used. The Guilin People's Hospital's open database was used to produce the data collection. The dataset was gathered from 219 adult respondents spanning an age range from 21 to 86 of which 48 percent were male. There were 2100 sampling points total for each PPG data segment. The methodology of feature extraction from data may assist in increasing the effectiveness of classifier training and testing. PPG data information is modified in the frequency domain by the instantaneous frequency (IF) and spectral entropy (SE) moments using the time–frequency (TF) analysis. Three different forms of raw data were used as inputs, and we investigated the original PPG signal, the PPG signal with instantaneous frequency, and the PPG signal with spectral entropy. According to the results of the model testing, the PPG signal with spectral entropy generated the best outcomes. Compared to decision trees, subspace k-nearest neighbor, and k-nearest neighbor, our suggested approach with the super vector machine obtains a greater level of accuracy. The super vector machine, with 91.3% accuracy and a training duration of 9 s, was the best classifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the effect of Yishen Huayu decoction on renal function and expression of peripheral blood adenosine deaminase(ADA) in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease(DKD). Methods: 30 rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group and treated group, with 10 rats in each group.The model group and treated group were established DKD model, the treated group were administrated with Yishen Huayu decoction for 30 days. The fasting blood glucose, renal function indexes and expression level of serum ADA of each group were detected at 1 d, 10 d, 20 d and 30 d after drug delivered, pathological changes of renal tissue were observed by HE staining. Results: Diabetic symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss were appeared with model group and treated group, and the treated group was improved after drug delivered. The FBG of model group and treated group were higher than blank group (P＜0.05), and the treated group was lower than model group from 10 d after drug delivered (P＜0.05). The serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of model group and treated group were higher than blank group (P＜0.05), and the treated group was lower than model group from 10 d after drug delivered (P＜0.05). The expression level of ADA of model group and treated group were higher than blank group (P＜0.05), and the treated group was lower than model group from 10 d after drug delivered (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Yishen Huayu decoction could significantly alleviate the blood glucose level, renal function and expression of ADA of DKD rats, which had certain clinical application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry contains many bioactive compounds such as vitamin C and polyphenols as well as folate, a vitamin that is especially important for women of childbearing age. We investigated the effects of the acute consumption of strawberry on the serum levels of vitamin C and folate, and on the antioxidant potential of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, twenty-three healthy female volunteers (age 22⋅5±1⋅4 years) ingested 500 g of a strawberry purée beverage or a sugar content-matched placebo beverage. Blood samples were collected at fasting and at 0⋅5, 1, 2 and 4 h post-ingestion. The serum concentrations of vitamin C and folate were significantly elevated from 0⋅5 to 4 h after the strawberry beverage ingestion (P < 0⋅001); the levels peaked at 2 h, with peak levels of 15⋅0±2⋅5 μg/ml for vitamin C and 14⋅4±7⋅0 ng/ml for folate. Notably, at 1 h after the strawberry beverage ingestion, the LDL oxidation lag time was significantly prolonged (P < 0⋅05), suggesting that the antioxidant potential of LDL was increased. After the ingestion of either beverage, the serum levels of glucose and insulin reached a peak at 0⋅5 h and then quickly returned to baseline levels. These results suggest that strawberries are a useful source of vitamin C and folate and may help enhance the antioxidant potential of LDL in healthy young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water exercises provide numerous benefits such as reducing the risk of most chronic diseases, increasing joint range of motion, decreasing body fat, and developing physical fitness and muscular strength. The present study aims to investigate the effects of water exercise programs on body composition, vital signs, and blood glucose levels. In the study, a pretest-posttest comparative analytical model was used. The data were collected through participant forms and measurement instruments. 40 university students aged 20.02±1.09 years participated in the study. The volunteers participating in the study were included in the research program for 10 weeks. The averages of all test values were compared using the independent samples t-test analysis method and the statistical significance level was set as p<0.05. Statistically significant differences were observed in the pulse and saturation values of the participants (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found between the pretest and posttest glucose values (p=0.275). Additionally, statistically significant differences were found in the participants' body weight, muscle mass, fat percentage, waist circumference, trunk and both legs (p<0.05). It is thought that the interactions produced by water exercises on body composition and blood glucose values may exhibit significant changes with advancing age due to differences arising from physical activity level, gender, and lifestyle, and that the findings obtained as a result of conducting such studies particularly in homogeneous groups (gender, activity level and age) or in periods when the growth process is evident may yield more decisive findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Microvascular complications lead to disability, dependency, and accelerated morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to identify predictors of blood glucose change and time to microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients enrolled between December 2014 and December 2015 at Felege Hiwot and Debre Markos Referral Hospital. A total of 318 T2DM patients were included in the study. Joint modelling of longitudinal and survival analysis was employed to identify predictors of Blood Glucose Change and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Results The prevalence of microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes patients was 26.3%, 95%confidence interval(CI):(21.5, 31.1). Of which, half of the patients developed a microvascular complication after 30 months from the onset of the follow-up. The significant predictors of developing microvascular complication were positive proteinurea (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.418, 95%CI: 1.080, 1.861), Serum creatinine (AHR = 3.704, 95%CI: 1.992, 6.887), Weight (AHR = 1.058, 95%CI: 1.023, 1.094), and log fasting blood glucose(log(FBS))(AHR = 1.013, 95%CI: 1.010, 1.015). The predictors of fasting blood glucose progression were higher baseline FBS(est(estimate) = 0.002,95%CI:0.0018, 0.0022), Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (est = 0.003, 95%CI: 0.002, 0.004), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (est = 0.002, 95%CI: 0.0002, 0.004), and age (est = 0.003, 95%CI: 0.001, 0.004). Conclusion The progression of the fasting blood glucose level for rural patients was faster than for urban patients. Patients having higher baseline FBS, previous hypertension history, higher SBP, higher DBP, older age, and fewer visits to the hospital have a relatively more progressive change in blood sugar levels. Patients having higher triglyceride levels, positive proteinuria, higher fasting blood sugar, higher weight, and a lesser number of hospital visits have a higher risk of developing a complication. In response to this finding, an aggressive intervention that targets to prevent microvascular complications is required.