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This study evaluated thyme meal (TM) as a plant protein source in fish feed, replacing 0, 10, 20, and 30% of soybean meal, which made up 40% of the control diet. The aim was to determine TM effect on the Nile tilapia growth performance. A total of 120 mon-sex fingerlings Nile tilapia, averaging 14.3± 0.64g, were acclimated and distributed into 12 aquariums (80x40x30cm, 60 liters), with 10 fish per aquarium, totaling 30 fish per each treatment group. TM contained 20% crude protein. Diets were similar in nitrogen content but varied in energy. The results showed significant improvements in total body weight gain (TBWG), average daily gain (ADG), and specific growth rate (SGR) with higher TM levels. Moreover, survival rates were 100% in all groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved significantly (P<0.05) with higher TM inclusion. Fish body composition showed higher moisture, CP, and ash content, while dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), EE, and gross energy decreased in TM groups. Furthermore, energy retention and protein production value (PPV) increased significantly (P<0.05). Blood protein levels rose in all TM groups, with the highest values of protein and globulin in 10% group and non-significant effects on AST and uric acid compared to control. Feed costs decreased, enhancing cost-efficiency. In conclusion, thyme meal is an effective alternative plant protein source for tilapia diets, improving growth performance, feed efficiency, and biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder (ARP) was assessed as a dietary supplement to enhance growth in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. The study involved incorporating ARP at levels of 0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% into the diets, corresponding to 0, 15, 30, and 45g/ kg in diets D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively. A total of 180 fish, each with an initial body weight of 10.36± 0.821g, were distributed across 12 aquariums, with 15 fish per aquarium. The results indicated that ARP contains 4.21% CP, 34.90% CF, 0.32% EE, with gross energy of 4032kcal/ kg DM, and metabolizable energy of 216.33kcal/ kg DM. All diets tested were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Fish fed with ARP demonstrated improvements in final weight (FW), total body weight gain (TBWG), average daily gain (ADG), and specific growth rate (SGR), while survival rates (SR) were 100%, and mortality was zero across all groups. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly improved with higher ARP inclusion. Additionally, ARP inclusion led to reduced levels of AST, ALT, cholesterol, and LDL in the blood. Fish body composition, including moisture, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and gross energy content, showed significant enhancement, whereas dry matter (DM) and ash content decreased. Energy retention and protein productive value (PPV) also significantly increased. The findings suggest that ARP can be an effective growth promoter in the diets of the Nile tilapia without adverse effects on growth performance or blood parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to assess the effects of using Galleria mellonella larvae (GML) as an unconventional protein source (insect protein) replacing soybean meal (SBM) in the Nile tilapia diets. Approximatley 180 fish (with an initial average body weight of 5.6±0.18g) were randomly assigned among 12 experimental aquariums, with 15 fish per aquarium, giving three replicates of 45 fish for each treatment. GML replaced 0, 5, 10, and 15% of the soybean meal, which constituted 40% of the control diet. These replacements were corresponding to 0, 20, 40, and 60g/ kg for diets D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively, for 56 days. All test diets were designed to be iso-nitrogenous. At the end of the experiment, growth productivity, feed utilization, body composition, biochemical analysis, immune parameters and economical evaluation were examined. The results indicated that, metrics such as FW, TBWG, ADG, SGR, and SR showed improvements in diets D2, D3, and D4, with a mortality rate of 6.67% in the control group (D1) and 0% in the other treatments. Fish fed on GML diets D2, D3, and D4 demonstrated a significant (P< 0.05) increase in FI, FCR, CPI, PER, energy retention percentage and lysozyme activity in all treatment groups compared to the control, whereas there were non-significant changes (P> 0.05) in ALT, AST, glucose, and cholesterol. Additionally, feed formulation costs decreased, with net improvements in the feeding cost percentages of 6.17, 8.70, and 10.07% for diets D2, D3, and D4, respectively, compared to the control group. The study revealed that using GML as an insect protein holds great potential as a substitute for SBM feeds to increase the production of the Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central component of injury development after acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is the increased intracranial pressure and consecutive mechanical reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, the role of different blood constituents in ASDH as additional lesioning factors remains unclear. This study examines the influence of blood components on neuroinflammation, blood?brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and functional deficits in a rat model of ASDH. We infused corpuscular (whole blood, whole blood lysate, and red cell blood) and plasmatic (blood plasma, anticoagulated blood plasma, and aqueous isotonic solution) blood components into the subdural space while CBF was monitored. Rats then underwent behavioral testing. Lesion analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed 2 days after ASDH. Inflammatory reaction was assessed using staining for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, interleukin-1?, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and membrane attack complex. Integrity of the BBB was evaluated with albumin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) staining. We observed a significant drop in CBF in the corpuscular group (75%???7.5% of baseline) with distinct post-operative deficits and larger lesion volume compared to the plasmatic group (13.6???5.4 vs. 1.3???0.4?mm3). Further, inflammation was significantly increased in the corpuscular group with stronger immunoreaction. After whole blood infusion, albumin and MMP9 immunoreaction were significantly increased, pointing toward a disrupted BBB. The interaction between corpuscular and plasmatic blood components seems to be a key factor in the detrimental impact of ASDH. This interaction results in neuroinflammation and BBB leakage. These findings underscore the importance of performing surgery as early as possible and also provide indications for potential pharmacological targets.

This study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, blood parameters, and economical evaluation. 120 fish postacclimatization were randomly assigned to 12 experimental aquariums. In this setup, three aquariams acted as replicates for each treatment, with an average initial weight of 28.55± 0.82g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) levels of 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2% (equivalent to 0, 4, 8, and 12g for diets D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively) were used. The feeding trial lasted 56 days. The results revealed that diets varied in crude protein (CP) from 30.15 to 30.80% and gross energy from 4543 to 4559kcal/kg DM. Mortality rates were 6.67% in the control and zero in the other groups. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased with 12g Sc/kg-1 diets. Serum proteins rose at this level, while ALT, AST, and uric acid peaked at 4g Sc/kg. Body composition changed, where moisture, crude protein, and ash increased, whereas ether extract and growth energy decreased. Energy retention (ER)% decreased, while protein productive value (PPV)% was enhanced. Net improvements of 6.80, 9.47, and 19.03% were evident in D2, D3, and D4, respectively, compared to controls. In conclusion, Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts as a growth promoter, especially at 12g/kg-1 feed. These findings illuminate the potential benefits of incorporating Sc in fish diets for enhanced performance and economic gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing Spirulina, either alone or in a mix with live yeast, on blood biochemical constituents and oxidative status in goats and their kids. Eighteen pregnant multiparous goats were equally distributed into three groups. The first group (control) received normal feeding without any additions. The second group (SP) received the normal diet plus 5 grams per head per day of Spirulina platensis, while the third group (SPSC) received the same amount of SP mixed with 3 grams per head per day of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 30 days before parturition and continued for 45 days of lactation period. Results revealed that applying both additives caused (P≤0.01) decrease in serum cholesterol, urea, alanine aminotransferase, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. Serum insulin and triiodothyronine levels increased (P≤0.05) in goats fed diets supplemented with SP alone or mixed with SC compared to the control group. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorous were higher (P≤0.05) in both treated groups than in the control group. Birth weights for kids born from goats supplemented with SP alone or mixed with SC were higher (P≤0.05) compared to kids in the control group. Serum cholesterol concentration decreased (P≤0.05) in the SPSC kids group, while serum phosphorus level increased (P≤0.05) in SP kids group. It could be concluded that supplementation with SP alone or mixed with SC improved health and antioxidant status in both Damascus female goats and their newborns.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing Spirulina, either alone or in a mix with live yeast, on blood biochemical constituents and oxidative status in goats and their kids. Eighteen pregnant multiparous goats were equally distributed into three groups. The first group (control) received normal feeding without any additions. The second group (SP) received the normal diet plus 5 grams per head per day of Spirulina platensis, while the third group (SPSC) received the same amount of SP mixed with 3 grams per head per day of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 30 days before parturition and continued for 45 days of lactation period. Results revealed that applying both additives caused (P=0.01) decrease in serum cholesterol, urea, alanine aminotransferase, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. Serum insulin and triiodothyronine levels increased (P=0.05) in goats fed diets supplemented with SP alone or mixed with SC compared to the control group. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorous were higher (P=0.05) in both treated groups than in the control group. Birth weights for kids born from goats supplemented with SP alone or mixed with SC were higher (P=0.05) compared to kids in the control group. Serum cholesterol concentration decreased (P=0.05) in the SPSC kids group, while serum phosphorus level increased (P=0.05) in SP kids group. It could be concluded that supplementation with SP alone or mixed with SC improved health and antioxidant status in both Damascus female goats and their newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Antioxidants such as vitamin C (VC) and chromium (Cr), which effectively scavenge free radicals, may improve functional characteristics of the intestine and may reduce intestinal diseases. Cr absorption increases in the presence of VC. In poultry, VC is mainly derived from glucose; hence, Cr is an important component for glucose tolerance. We evaluated the synergistic effects of these two antioxidants together. Objectives This study aims to investigate two levels of VC and two levels of Cr and their interaction on growth performance, carcass characteristics, digestive organs, immunity, blood constituents, liver enzymes, cecal microflora, meat sensory taste and fatty acid profile of breast meat in broilers. Methods Two levels of VC (250 and 500 mg/kg dry matter [DM]) and two levels of Cr (700 and 1400 μg/kg DM) were added to a basic diet for 42 days in five treatments. The 2 × 2 plus 1 (control group) factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomised design for 42 days using 360 one‐day‐old male chicks. Results Very low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglyceride level, liver enzymes, antibody titer against sheep red blood cells, fat content, odour, chewing ability, elasticity and oral sensation traits were affected by combination of VC and Cr. Conclusions Combination of VC and Cr can increase unsaturated fatty acids and decrease saturated fatty acids, as well as improve cecal microbial flora, and may be useful as antioxidant compounds and non‐antimicrobial stimulants for economic growth. The use of 250 mg/kg of VC and 700 μg/kg of Cr is recommended in broiler diets.

Background: Antioxidants such as vitamin C (VC) and chromium (Cr), which effectively scavenge free radicals, may improve functional characteristics of the intestine and may reduce intestinal diseases. Cr absorption increases in the presence of VC. In poultry, VC is mainly derived from glucose; hence, Cr is an important component for glucose tolerance. We evaluated the synergistic effects of these two antioxidants together. Objectives: This study aims to investigate two levels of VC and two levels of Cr and their interaction on growth performance, carcass characteristics, digestive organs, immunity, blood constituents, liver enzymes, cecal microflora, meat sensory taste and fatty acid profile of breast meat in broilers. Methods: Two levels of VC (250 and 500 mg/kg dry matter [DM]) and two levels of Cr (700 and 1400 μg/kg DM) were added to a basic diet for 42 days in five treatments. The 2 × 2 plus 1 (control group) factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomised design for 42 days using 360 one‐day‐old male chicks. Results: Very low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglyceride level, liver enzymes, antibody titer against sheep red blood cells, fat content, odour, chewing ability, elasticity and oral sensation traits were affected by combination of VC and Cr. Conclusions: Combination of VC and Cr can increase unsaturated fatty acids and decrease saturated fatty acids, as well as improve cecal microbial flora, and may be useful as antioxidant compounds and non‐antimicrobial stimulants for economic growth. The use of 250 mg/kg of VC and 700 μg/kg of Cr is recommended in broiler diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary licorice supplementation on productive and reproductive performance with physiological response of Inshas local chicken strain in summer months. A total of one hundred and ninety two laying hens of Inshas local strain at 36 weeks of age were housed in floor pens and randomly distributed into four treatment groups. Each treatment consisted of 48 females in three replicates, with 16 hens per replicate. Birds in control group were fed on a basal diet without any additives, while, other treatments were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0 % and 1.5 % licorice powder, respectively. The experiment was conducted under summer condition in Egypt and commenced eight weeks through July and August months. According to the results, supplementation the diets of laying hens with licorice powder significantly increased productive performance (egg production, egg weight and egg mass). Also, feed conversion ratio was improved for all treatments compared to control group, while there were no significant differences with regard to feed consumption. In addition, all studied concentrations of licorice powder significantly improved percentages of fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs compared to control. Besides, concentration of 1 and 1.5% licorice powder significantly enhanced hatched chick weight compared to those for control group. Moreover, some egg quality traits such as yolk index, shell thickness and Haugh unit had been significantly improved with all concentrations of licorice powder supplementation, while yolk colour had been improved with 1.0 % and 1.5 % licorice powder only. Values of RBC's, WBC's, Hb, globulin, total antioxidant capacity and HDL were significantly increased by supplementing the diet with all experimental concentrations of licorice powder compared with those for control. Moreover, values of packed cell volume and plasma calcium represented the same significant increase response of licorice except that with 0.5%, while, H/L ratio, total lipids, cholesterol and LDL were significantly decreased due to all studied licorice concentrations compared to control. In conclusion, supplementing the diet of laying hens in summer season with concentrations of 1.0 or 1.5 % licorice powder could be a good tool for maximizing productivity and reproductivity coincided with improving blood parameters and lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine effects of natural feed additives such as bee pollen (BP), propolis (PRO), date palm pollen (DPP) and pomegranate peel powder (PPP) on performance, carcass traits, digestion coefficient, and some blood metabolites. A total number of 30 weaned detached rabbits at age of five weeks of age with average weight (650±10.00) were used. Rabbits were randomly dispersed into five collections. The treatments were served diet supplemented with 0.00 or 0.20% of feed additives. In the 1st, rabbits were established un- supplemented and saved as control. While, those in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups were treated with BP, PRO, DPP, and PPP at 0.20%/kg diet. The obtained outcomes from this experiment designated that: 1- Growing rabbits that supplemented with BP significantly (P<0.05) increased final live weight and total weight gain and decreased total feed intake as well as improved in feed conversion followed by rabbits supplemented with PRO as compared with other groups. 2- Growing rabbits in BP fed group recorded the highest values of carcass and total edible giblet weights and dressing percentage followed by rabbits in PRO group, while rabbits in PPP group recorded significant (P<0.05) increment for kidneys %. 3- The highest glucose, TP, Glob, TAC and CAT values were recorded in BP fed group. A significant increase in Alb, ALT, AST and SOD and decrease in TChol in PPP fed group, while value of MDA was enhanced significantly for PRO. 4- Digestion coefficient and nutritive values measurements for growing rabbits were increased (P<0.05) significantly for BP group. 5- Supplementation of BP improved total return, net return and economic value and there is no enhancement for economic efficiency value related to other these feed additives. Conclusively, from this obtained results it could be concluded that the supplementation of natural feed additives; bee pollen, propilis, date palm pollen and pomegranate peel powder at 0.20%/kg diet had supportive effects on rabbit's growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood constituents and its antioxidant and digestibility in growing rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of milk thistle (MTEO), or nettle essential oils (NEO) on production performance, egg quality and some serum metabolites of white layer hens (Hy-line W-36) aged 60 weeks. A total of 90 birds were randomly assigned to five groups with six replicates of three hens each to study the impact of five dietary treatments consisting of control (as basal diet) and dietary supplementation of different levels of MTEO and NEO (100 and 200 mg/kg). During the experiment period, birds had free accece to feed and water. Dietary supplementation of NEO and 200 mg/kg of MTEO improved egg weight compared to birds that received 100 mg/kg of MTEO (P < 0.05). Also, egg production was greater in 200 mg/kg MTEO treatment than those of birds under control and 100 mg/kg of NEO. Adding MTEO and NEO to the diet exhibited no significant influence on egg mass, feed conversion ratio , and feed intake in laying hens. No change in egg quality characteristics and serum parameters was found in birds fed with MTEO- and NEO-supplemented diets. Diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg of MTEO decreased the percentage of heterophils and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio when compared to control and 200 mg/kg of NEO (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dosage of 200 mg/kg of MTEO could be considered as an dietary feed additive to improve the egg production and immune response in laying hens.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of milk thistle (MTEO), or nettle essential oils (NEO) on production performance, egg quality and some serum metabolites of white layer hens (Hy-line W-36) aged 60 weeks. A total of 90 birds were randomly assigned to five groups with six replicates of three hens each to study the impact of five dietary treatments consisting of control (as basal diet) and dietary supplementation of different levels of MTEO and NEO (100 and 200 mg/kg). During the experiment period, birds had free accece to feed and water. Dietary supplementation of NEO and 200 mg/kg of MTEO improved egg weight compared to birds that received 100 mg/kg of MTEO (P < 0.05). Also, egg production was greater in 200 mg/kg MTEO treatment than those of birds under control and 100 mg/kg of NEO. Adding MTEO and NEO to the diet exhibited no significant influence on egg mass, feed conversion ratio, and feed intake in laying hens. No change in egg quality characteristics and serum parameters was found in birds fed with MTEO- and NEO-supplemented diets. Diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg of MTEO decreased the percentage of heterophils and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio when compared to control and 200 mg/kg of NEO (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dosage of 200 mg/kg of MTEO could be considered as an dietary feed additive to improve the egg production and immune response in laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Small ruminants in arid and semiarid regions of the world frequently face water deprivation, which may be intensified with future climatic change. Therefore, it would be beneficial to identify sheep and goat breeds resilient to limited drinking water availability. Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix are the most important hair sheep breeds in the USA. In this study, these 3 breeds of sheep derived from different climatic regions of the USA were assessed for alterations in blood variables (e.g., osmotic pressure, oxygen, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cortisol, and aldosterone) due to water deprivation (sequential restriction of up to 50% of ad libitum consumption for 5 wk). All sheep breeds displayed abilities to minimize changes in blood characteristics and constituent concentrations due to limited drinking water availability, without large differences among breeds or regions. Different hair sheep breeds originated from diverse climatic regions of the USA may show varying adaptability to water deprivation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of restricted availability of drinking water on blood characteristics and constituent concentrations in different breeds of hair sheep from various regions the USA. For this study, 45 Dorper (initial age = 3.7 ± 0.34 yr), 45 Katahdin (3.9 ± 0.36 yr), and 44 St. Croix (2.7 ± 0.29 yr) sheep from 45 farms in 4 regions of the USA (Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, and central Texas) were used. Ad libitum water intake was determined during wk 2 of period one, with 75% of ad libitum water intake offered during wk 2 of period two, and 50% of ad libitum water intake offered for 5 wk (i.e., wk 5–9) in period three. Water was offered at 07:00 or 07:30 h, with blood samples collected at 08:00 and(or) 14:00 h in wk 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9 for variables such as hemoglobin and oxygen saturation and wk 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9 for concentrations of glucose and other constituents. The blood oxygen concentration at 08:00 h was 4.86, 4.93, and 5.25 mmol/L in period one and 4.89, 4.81, and 5.74 mmol/L in period three for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively (SEM = 0.160; p = 0.001). Blood oxygen at 14:00 h was 4.37, 4.61, and 4.74 mmol/L in period one and 4.66, 4.81, and 5.46 mmol/L in period three for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively (SEM = 0.154; p = 0.003). St. Croix were able to maintain a higher (p < 0.001) blood oxygen concentration than Dorper and Katahdin regardless of water availability. The pattern of change in blood concentrations with advancing time varied considerably among constituents. However, concentrations of glucose (55.3 and 56.2 mg/dL; SEM = 0.84), lactate (24.1 and 22.5 mg/dL; SEM = 0.79), total protein (7.08 and 7.17 g/dL; SEM = 0.0781), and albumin (2.59 and 2.65 g/dL in wk 2 and 9, respectively; SEM = 0.029) were similar (p > 0.05) between periods one and three. Conversely, concentrations of cholesterol (56.2 and 69.3 mg/dL; SEM = 1.33) and triglycerides (28.6 and 34.5 mg/dL in wk 2 and 9, respectively; SEM = 0.98) were greater (p < 0.05) in period three vs. 1. In conclusion, water restriction altered almost all the blood variables depending upon severity and duration of restriction, but the hair sheep breeds used from different regions of the USA, especially St. Croix, displayed considerable capacity to adapt to limited drinking water availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: High heat load (HL) can adversely affect livestock health and cause significant production losses as a result of alterations of many physiological functions including nutrient metabolism, oxidative status, blood constituent levels, and gut dysbiosis. Effects of high HL could vary with breed of hair sheep (i.e., Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix) as well as region of the United States of America with different climatic conditions where they originated. Differences among the three sheep breeds in levels of a number of blood constituents were observed. Different HL conditions also altered concentrations of several blood metabolites and constituents, including hemoglobin, oxygen concentration, creatinine, heat shock protein, thyroxine, and cortisol. However, there were no interactions between breed and HL for most blood variables, suggesting similar resilience to high HL. In addition, only a few differences among or interactions involving region suggest that the breeds are highly adapted to diverse climatic conditions. Forty-six Dorper (DOR), 46 Katahdin (KAT), and 43 St. Croix (STC) female sheep (initial body weight of 58, 59, and 46 kg, respectively, SEM = 1.75; 3.3 ± 0.18 years of age, 2.6–3.7), derived from 45 commercial farms in four regions of the USA (Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, and central Texas), were used to evaluate responses in blood constituent concentrations to increasing heat load index (HLI) conditions. There were four sequential 2 weeks periods with target HLI during day/nighttime of 70/70 (thermoneutral zone conditions), 85/70, 90/77, and 95/81 in period 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. A 50% concentrate pelletized diet was fed at 53.3 g dry matter/kg body weight0.75. The analysis of most constituents was for samples collected on the last day of the second week of each period at 13:00 h; samples for cortisol, thyroxine, and heat shock protein were collected in week 2 and 8. Previously, it was noted that resilience to high HLI conditions was greatest for STC, lowest for DOR, and intermediate for KAT. There were few effects of region. Other than hemoglobin concentration, there were no interactions between breed and period. Blood oxygen concentration was greatest (p < 0.05) among breeds for STC (5.07, 5.20, and 5.53 mmol/L for DOR, KAT, and STC, respectively; SEM = 0.114) and differed among periods (4.92, 5.26, 5.36, and 5.52 mmol/L for period 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; SEM = 0.093). There were breed differences (i.e., main effects; p < 0.05) in glucose (50.0, 52.6, and 52.1 mg/dL; SEM = 0.76), urea nitrogen (17.2, 17.3, and 19.4 mg/dL; SEM = 0.33), creatinine (0.991, 0.862, and 0.802 mg/dL; SEM = 0.0151), total protein (6.50, 6.68, and 6.95 g/l; SEM = 0.017), triglycerides (28.4, 29.1, and 23.5 mg/dL; SEM = 0.87), and cortisol (6.30, 8.79, and 6.22 ng/mL for DOR, KAT, and STC, respectively; SEM = 0.596). Differences among periods (p < 0.05) were observed for lactate (27.9, 25.3, 27.8, and 24.0 mg/dL; SEM = 0.99), creatinine (0.839, 0.913, 0.871, and 0.917 mg/dL; SEM = 0.0128), total protein (6.94, 6.66, 6.60, and 6.65 g/l; SEM = 0.094), and cholesterol (60.2, 56.5, 58.3, and 57.6 mg/dL for period 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; SEM = 1.26). In addition, the concentration of cortisol (7.62 and 6.59 ng/mL; SEM = 0.404), thyroxine (5.83 and 5.00 µg/dL; SEM = 0.140), and heat shock protein (136 and 146 ng/mL for week 2 and 8, respectively; SEM = 4.0) differed between weeks (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the lack of interaction between breed and period with different HLI conditions suggests that levels of these blood constituents were not highly related to resilience to high HLI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Probiotics are direct-fed microbial feed supplements which can modulate the gut microflora by competing intestinal pathogens through a competitive process. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis or their mixture on blood biochemical constituents, intestinal pathogenic load and intestinal histological changes of growing New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Results Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin were (P ≤ 0.05) increased for rabbits fed supplemented diets. Microbial pathogenic load of small intestinal and caecal contents (E. coli and C. perfringens) showed reduction (P ≤ 0.05) for rabbits fed supplemented diets, while, lactobacillus spp. recorded higher counts (P ≤ 0.05) in intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits fed probiotics supplemented diets than control group. Small intestine length, villus height and crypt depth were higher (P ≤ 0.05) with probiotic diets than control. Musculosa depth was depressed (P ≤ 0.05) with probiotic diets. Conclusions It could be concluded that the addition of Bacillus subtilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae to diets of growing NZW rabbits by 0.1% is recommended to minimize the pathogenic intestinal load and increasing of beneficial lactobacillus strains as well as improving the intestinal barriers integrity.

This study was designed to examine the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood components and carcass cuts of broiler chickens fed cassava distillers' waste meal (CDWM) as a replacement for maize in a 6-week feeding trial. A total of 300 one-day-old Abor-Acre chicks were assigned to five groups using a completely randomized design. Each group contained 60 chicks with 6 replicates. The CDWM was incorporated in the diets at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% as a replacement for the maize used in the control diet. CDWM had higher protein and fibre content than maize. Significant differences (p < 0,05) were observed in growth parameters, nutrient digestibility, packed cell volume and breast weight. Final weight and daily weight gain decreased as CDWM increased in the diet, while average daily feed consumed and the conversion ratio increased linearly; birds fed the control diet had the lowest and best feed conversion ratio, while those fed 100% CDWM in place of maize had the highest feed conversion ratio. Thus, the optimal inclusion level of CDWM in broiler diets as a replacement for maize should not exceed 25%. Further studies are needed to determine whether the addition of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme will allow for a higher percentage of CDWM in place of maize with in broiler diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work was conducted to reduce the negative effects of increasing stocking density by adding licorice powder to laying hen diets. Also, evaluate the impact of these treatments on productive and physiological performance of Inshas laying hens. A 3x3 factorial design experiment was performed including three stocking densities (6, 9 or 12 birds/m²) with three dietary levels of licorice (0, 0.5 and 1.0 %). A total number of 216 hens of Inshas local strain at 44 weeks of age were randomly distributed into 9 treatment groups with two replicates and housed during the experimental period 44 -56 weeks of age in floor pens with dimensions of 2 × 2 m. The results indicated that increasing stock density to 12 birds/m² caused a significant reduction in most of productive performance, fertility and hatchability percentages and blood parameters. Meanwhile, reducing stock density to 6 and 9 birds /m2 participated in avoiding the negative effect. However, the best results for the previous parameters were exhibited by stocking density at 9 birds / m². Regardless stock density, addition of licorice significantly increased egg production, egg number, egg weight, egg mass and improved feed conversion but feed consumption was not affected. Also, there was significant improvement in fertility and hatchability percentages, egg quality traits (egg shell thickness, Haugh unit score and egg yolk color) and most of blood parameters due to licorice supplementation. The best results were obtained by adding licorice at level of 0.5 %. With regard to the interaction between stock density and licorice addition. It could be observed that, the highest egg production, egg weight, economic efficiency, the best feed conversion and the lowest feed consumption were recorded for hens received 0.5% licorice in their diet with stocking density of 9 birds / m². In addition, the best blood parameter values and the lowest plasma total lipids and LDL concentrations were achieved by the same treatment (0.5% licorice with stocking density of 9 birds/m2). In conclusion, from this study, it can be concluded that adding 0.5% licorice to laying hen diets with stocking density to 9 birds /m2 was more efficient in improving the performance and economic efficiency increasing of Inshas laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was run to assess the effect of olive cake (OC) in pelleted diets at 0, 10 and 15% with or without 500 FTU/kg diet of a bacterial E. coli phytase (BECP) for broiler chickens during early growth phase period (7–28 days of age). The experimental set up including six treatments as 3 OC levels × 2 supplementations (no enzyme and 500 FTU of BECP). Each treatment was replicated eight times, having five male chickens each. Phytase supplementation significantly increased growth rate and improved production index regardless of the level of OC. Inclusion of OC in broiler diets at 10 and 15% did not significantly affect growth rate, European production index and economic efficiency irrespective of BECP supplementation. In addition, phytase supplementation significantly increased growth rate, European production index and economic efficiency, irrespective of OC level. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased considerably due to phytase supplementation to 10 and 15% OC diets. In addition, phytase supplementation significantly increased plasma inorganic phosphorus of broiler fed different levels of OC, and economic efficiency of broilers fed 10% OC, and decreased plasma triglycerides and cholesterol of 10 and 15% OC diets. In conclusion, broiler chickens during early growth stage can be fed pelleted diet contained up to 15% OC with or with BECP supplementation, without adverse effects on growth performance, carcase characteristics, plasma lipid profiles, while phytase supplementation to 10% OC diets yield the highest return over cost and economic efficiency. Highlights This investigation highlights the use of phytase to improve oil cake utilisation in pelleted broiler diets; the essential findings are: • Inclusion of olive cake in broiler diets at 10 and 15% did not significantly affect growth rate, European production index and economic efficiency irrespective of phytase supplementation. • Phytase supplementation significantly improved, growth, European production index, and economic efficiency, regardless of OC level. • Phytase supplementation also markedly increased plasma inorganic phosphorus of broiler fed different levels of OC, and economic efficiency of broilers fed 10% OC, regardless of olive cake level. • Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased due to phytase supplementation to 10 and 15% olive cake diets. • Phytase supplementation to 10% olive cake diets yields the highest return over cost and economic efficiency

Different hair sheep breeds originated from diverse climatic regions of the USA may show varying adaptability to water deprivation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of restricted availability of drinking water on blood characteristics and constituent concentrations in different breeds of hair sheep from various regions the USA. For this study, 45 Dorper (initial age = 3.7 ± 0.34 yr), 45 Katahdin (3.9 ± 0.36 yr), and 44 St. Croix (2.7 ± 0.29 yr) sheep from 45 farms in 4 regions of the USA (Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, and central Texas) were used. Ad libitum water intake was determined during wk 2 of period one, with 75% of ad libitum water intake offered during wk 2 of period two, and 50% of ad libitum water intake offered for 5 wk (i.e., wk 5–9) in period three. Water was offered at 07:00 or 07:30 h, with blood samples collected at 08:00 and(or) 14:00 h in wk 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9 for variables such as hemoglobin and oxygen saturation and wk 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9 for concentrations of glucose and other constituents. The blood oxygen concentration at 08:00 h was 4.86, 4.93, and 5.25 mmol/L in period one and 4.89, 4.81, and 5.74 mmol/L in period three for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively (SEM = 0.160; p = 0.001). Blood oxygen at 14:00 h was 4.37, 4.61, and 4.74 mmol/L in period one and 4.66, 4.81, and 5.46 mmol/L in period three for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively (SEM = 0.154; p = 0.003). St. Croix were able to maintain a higher (p < 0.001) blood oxygen concentration than Dorper and Katahdin regardless of water availability. The pattern of change in blood concentrations with advancing time varied considerably among constituents. However, concentrations of glucose (55.3 and 56.2 mg/dL; SEM = 0.84), lactate (24.1 and 22.5 mg/dL; SEM = 0.79), total protein (7.08 and 7.17 g/dL; SEM = 0.0781), and albumin (2.59 and 2.65 g/dL in wk 2 and 9, respectively; SEM = 0.029) were similar (p > 0.05) between periods one and three. Conversely, concentrations of cholesterol (56.2 and 69.3 mg/dL; SEM = 1.33) and triglycerides (28.6 and 34.5 mg/dL in wk 2 and 9, respectively; SEM = 0.98) were greater (p < 0.05) in period three vs. 1. In conclusion, water restriction altered almost all the blood variables depending upon severity and duration of restriction, but the hair sheep breeds used from different regions of the USA, especially St. Croix, displayed considerable capacity to adapt to limited drinking water availability.

Forty-six Dorper (DOR), 46 Katahdin (KAT), and 43 St. Croix (STC) female sheep (initial body weight of 58, 59, and 46 kg, respectively, SEM = 1.75; 3.3 ± 0.18 years of age, 2.6–3.7), derived from 45 commercial farms in four regions of the USA (Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, and central Texas), were used to evaluate responses in blood constituent concentrations to increasing heat load index (HLI) conditions. There were four sequential 2 weeks periods with target HLI during day/nighttime of 70/70 (thermoneutral zone conditions), 85/70, 90/77, and 95/81 in period 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. A 50% concentrate pelletized diet was fed at 53.3 g dry matter/kg body weight0.75. The analysis of most constituents was for samples collected on the last day of the second week of each period at 13:00 h; samples for cortisol, thyroxine, and heat shock protein were collected in week 2 and 8. Previously, it was noted that resilience to high HLI conditions was greatest for STC, lowest for DOR, and intermediate for KAT. There were few effects of region. Other than hemoglobin concentration, there were no interactions between breed and period. Blood oxygen concentration was greatest (p < 0.05) among breeds for STC (5.07, 5.20, and 5.53 mmol/L for DOR, KAT, and STC, respectively; SEM = 0.114) and differed among periods (4.92, 5.26, 5.36, and 5.52 mmol/L for period 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; SEM = 0.093). There were breed differences (i.e., main effects; p < 0.05) in glucose (50.0, 52.6, and 52.1 mg/dL; SEM = 0.76), urea nitrogen (17.2, 17.3, and 19.4 mg/dL; SEM = 0.33), creatinine (0.991, 0.862, and 0.802 mg/dL; SEM = 0.0151), total protein (6.50, 6.68, and 6.95 g/l; SEM = 0.017), triglycerides (28.4, 29.1, and 23.5 mg/dL; SEM = 0.87), and cortisol (6.30, 8.79, and 6.22 ng/mL for DOR, KAT, and STC, respectively; SEM = 0.596). Differences among periods (p < 0.05) were observed for lactate (27.9, 25.3, 27.8, and 24.0 mg/dL; SEM = 0.99), creatinine (0.839, 0.913, 0.871, and 0.917 mg/dL; SEM = 0.0128), total protein (6.94, 6.66, 6.60, and 6.65 g/l; SEM = 0.094), and cholesterol (60.2, 56.5, 58.3, and 57.6 mg/dL for period 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; SEM = 1.26). In addition, the concentration of cortisol (7.62 and 6.59 ng/mL; SEM = 0.404), thyroxine (5.83 and 5.00 µg/dL; SEM = 0.140), and heat shock protein (136 and 146 ng/mL for week 2 and 8, respectively; SEM = 4.0) differed between weeks (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the lack of interaction between breed and period with different HLI conditions suggests that levels of these blood constituents were not highly related to resilience to high HLI.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is an important medicinal plant and widely used in the treatments of a variety of diseases such as digestive and pulmonary disorders in human. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of thyme powder on acid-base balance, rumen, and blood constituents in apparently healthy Egyptian sheep. Ten Egyptian ewes were given thyme powder (500 mg/kg bodyweight) orally in the morning before breakfast feeding for 5 days. Blood samples and rumen juice were collected in the morning on zero (control), 3rd, and 5th day before feeding. There was a significant increase in blood pH, bicarbonate, base excess, rumen fluid pH, WBCS, lymphocytes, MCH, and MCHC; on the other hand, total protozoal count, total volatile fatty acids, and total serum protein were significantly decreased. Depending on changes in acid-base balance, rumen, and blood constituents, it can be recommended using thyme powder 500 mg/kg for 5 days as an immune stimulant and in treatment of indigestion, and rumen acidosis in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, lacking scientific research on internal parasitic infestation in dromedary camels, the current study was designed to look into the prevalence and identification of gastrointestinal parasites in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia's Al-Qassim, Riyadh, and Taif, as well as their relationship to blood components. A total of 352 fresh fecal samples from Al-Qassim, 440 samples from Riyadh and 585 samples from Taif were processed and examined microscopically after direct smear, flotation, and sedimentation techniques. In addition, using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining for microscopic examination for Cryptosporidium spp. and Lugol's iodine staining for the detection of Giardia cysts. Overall, the prevalence of gastrointestinal infection was 81.82%, 56.81% and 44.44% in Al-Qassim, Riyadh and Taif, respectively. The single infection was the highest, up to 90.91% in Riyadh, and concurrent mixed infections were with two (36.36%) or three infections (2.22%). Gastrointestinal parasites identified in camels belonged to nematodes; Nematodirus spp., Strongylus spp., Marshallagia, and Trichuris, as well as cestodes; Moniezia and protozoa such as Eimeria spp., Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Blantidium coli. We discovered that the gastrointestinal parasite infections detected in our study were extremely diverse. Therefore, camel owners should apply health management and preventive protocols to their herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs were randomly allotted into 2 dietary (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.01% of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics (MULTI). No differences were found on growth performance (average daily gain, ADG; overall, 874.06 vs. 881.14 g/d; p > 0.05), blood constituents (white blood cell, WBC; phase I, 17.51 vs. 19.96 × 103 /μL; phase II, 19.65 vs. 21.95 × 103 /μL; p > 0.05), and carcass characteristics during overall experimental period between CON and MULTI. In conclusion, the addition of dietary mix-ture of protease and probiotics in growing-finishing pig diet did not have any beneficial effects.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs (initial body weight, 34.8 ± 0.62 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.01 % of protease (PRO). Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments with a 2-phase feeding program for 12 weeks. Pigs fed PRO had higher average daily gain (ADG; phase I, 866.38 vs. 821.75 g/d; overall, 910.96 vs. 866.30 g/d; p < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; phase I, 0.345 vs. 0.363 g/g; p < 0.05) than those fed CON. However, there were no differences on blood constituents and carcass characteristics between CON and PRO of growing-finishing pigs. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation in the typical diet for growing-finishing pigs improved growth rate.

Background: Probiotics are direct-fed microbial feed supplements which can modulate the gut microflora by competing intestinal pathogens through a competitive process. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis or their mixture on blood biochemical constituents, intestinal pathogenic load and intestinal histological changes of growing New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Results: Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin were (P ≤ 0.05) increased for rabbits fed supplemented diets. Microbial pathogenic load of small intestinal and caecal contents (E. coli and C. perfringens) showed reduction (P ≤ 0.05) for rabbits fed supplemented diets, while, lactobacillus spp. recorded higher counts (P ≤ 0.05) in intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits fed probiotics supplemented diets than control group. Small intestine length, villus height and crypt depth were higher (P ≤ 0.05) with probiotic diets than control. Musculosa depth was depressed (P ≤ 0.05) with probiotic diets. Conclusions: It could be concluded that the addition of Bacillus subtilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae to diets of growing NZW rabbits by 0.1% is recommended to minimize the pathogenic intestinal load and increasing of beneficial lactobacillus strains as well as improving the intestinal barriers integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central component of injury development after acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is the increased intracranial pressure and consecutive mechanical reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, the role of different blood constituents in ASDH as additional lesioning factors remains unclear. This study examines the influence of blood components on neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and functional deficits in a rat model of ASDH. We infused corpuscular (whole blood, whole blood lysate, and red cell blood) and plasmatic (blood plasma, anticoagulated blood plasma, and aqueous isotonic solution) blood components into the subdural space while CBF was monitored. Rats then underwent behavioral testing. Lesion analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed 2 days after ASDH. Inflammatory reaction was assessed using staining for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, interleukin-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and membrane attack complex. Integrity of the BBB was evaluated with albumin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) staining. We observed a significant drop in CBF in the corpuscular group (75% ± 7.5% of baseline) with distinct post-operative deficits and larger lesion volume compared to the plasmatic group (13.6 ± 5.4 vs. 1.3 ± 0.4 mm 3 ). Further, inflammation was significantly increased in the corpuscular group with stronger immunoreaction. After whole blood infusion, albumin and MMP9 immunoreaction were significantly increased, pointing toward a disrupted BBB. The interaction between corpuscular and plasmatic blood components seems to be a key factor in the detrimental impact of ASDH. This interaction results in neuroinflammation and BBB leakage. These findings underscore the importance of performing surgery as early as possible and also provide indications for potential pharmacological targets., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (© Daniel Jussen et al., 2024; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.)

A feeding trial was run to assess the effect of olive cake (OC) in pelleted diets at 0, 10 and 15% with or without 500 FTU/kg diet of a bacterial E. coli phytase (BECP) for broiler chickens during early growth phase period (7–28 days of age). The experimental set up including six treatments as 3 OC levels × 2 supplementations (no enzyme and 500 FTU of BECP). Each treatment was replicated eight times, having five male chickens each. Phytase supplementation significantly increased growth rate and improved production index regardless of the level of OC. Inclusion of OC in broiler diets at 10 and 15% did not significantly affect growth rate, European production index and economic efficiency irrespective of BECP supplementation. In addition, phytase supplementation significantly increased growth rate, European production index and economic efficiency, irrespective of OC level. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased considerably due to phytase supplementation to 10 and 15% OC diets. In addition, phytase supplementation significantly increased plasma inorganic phosphorus of broiler fed different levels of OC, and economic efficiency of broilers fed 10% OC, and decreased plasma triglycerides and cholesterol of 10 and 15% OC diets. In conclusion, broiler chickens during early growth stage can be fed pelleted diet contained up to 15% OC with or with BECP supplementation, without adverse effects on growth performance, carcase characteristics, plasma lipid profiles, while phytase supplementation to 10% OC diets yield the highest return over cost and economic efficiency. This investigation highlights the use of phytase to improve oil cake utilisation in pelleted broiler diets; the essential findings are: • Inclusion of olive cake in broiler diets at 10 and 15% did not significantly affect growth rate, European production index and economic efficiency irrespective of phytase supplementation. • Phytase supplementation significantly improved, growth, European production index, and economic efficiency, regardless of OC level. • Phytase supplementation also markedly increased plasma inorganic phosphorus of broiler fed different levels of OC, and economic efficiency of broilers fed 10% OC, regardless of olive cake level. • Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased due to phytase supplementation to 10 and 15% olive cake diets. • Phytase supplementation to 10% olive cake diets yields the highest return over cost and economic efficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary chicken egg lysozyme (LZM) at different concentrations was tested on the growth performance, blood health, and resistance against Escherichia coli of growing rabbits. A total number of 48 rabbits averaged 611.25 g (5 weeks of age) of APRI line-rabbits (Egyptian developed line) were allocated into four treatments (three replicates and each contained four rabbits) of 5-week weaning APRI rabbits. The first group was fed a basal diet without LZM supplementation and served as a control group, whereas the remaining groups of rabbits were fed a basal diet supplemented with LZM at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg diet, respectively, for 8 weeks. The obtained results revealed that rabbits fed the basal diet supplemented with different concentrations of LZM linearly (P < 0.05) displayed improved growth performance and reduced feed intake and FCR. The best result was for rabbits fed a 200 mg per kg diet supplemented with LZM, followed by a 100 mg per kg diet. The total count of Escherichia coli and Clostridium count was linearly (P < 0.05) decreased by adding LZM at 100 and 200 mg/kg in the diets compared to the control groups. In contrast, total bacterial count and the total count of Lactobacilli had increased considerably by increasing LZM at different levels relative to the control groups. The LZM supplementation linearly (P < 0.05) increased hematological parameters (RBCs, PCV, Hb, and WBCs) together with an increase in lymphocyte count compared to the control group. The total protein and globulin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by feeding with LZM. On the other hand, ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by increasing LZM supplementation. It could be concluded that supplementation of the rabbit's diet with chicken egg LZM was able to improve the growth performance and hematological and serum biochemical parameters compared with the control group. Therefore, LZM is required at the rate of the hobx100-200 mg/kg diet as a potential feed additive and a friendly alternative for antibiotics in rabbit feed.

Abstract Background In Egypt, the area of Berseem was decreased and wheat area increased which lead to high price of rabbit rations. Using non-traditional feed led to decrease the cost of feeding. The main objective of this study is to replace 50% of Berseem hay (BH) of rabbit rations by agriculture by-products such as Mung bean husks (MBH), soybean vein hay (SBVH), or peanut vein hay (PVH). Method Twenty-four New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits aged 5–6 weeks (584 ± 25 g) were randomly divided into four equal experimental groups. Feeding trial lasted 70 days. Results Except for organic matter (OM) digestibility, treatments had no effect on all other nutrient digestibilites that includes dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), and nitrogen free extract (NFE) and nutritive values {total digestible nutrient (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP)}. Instead, 50% of BH by the other alternative source of agriculture by-products had no effect on all carcass parameters measured. However, dressing percentages was improved. Treatments had no effect on albumin, total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion It can be instead 50% of hay used in rabbit rations with alternative sources of roughage, such as Mung bean husks, soybean vein hay, or peanut vein hay, without any adverse effect on their performance, digestion, carcass characteristics, and blood constituents.

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The effect of feeding levels of plant ingredient-based diet on growth, body composition, and serological constituents of Indian major carps was determined in pond culture condition. Juveniles of Indian major carps (IMCs), Catla catla (catla, 65.87 ± 2.45 g), Labeo rohita (rohu, 64.67 ± 2.15 g), and Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal, 39.58 ± 3.49 g) were fed 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% of the body weight for a period of 150 days. At the end, the total production was significantly higher at 2.0% feeding level and did not change thereafter. The nutrient utilization parameters were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by the feeding level and decreased both linearly and quadratically with the higher level of feed. The SGR in terms of wet weight, dry weight, protein, and lipid increased up to 2% feeding level and plateaued thereafter. The whole body crude protein content of all the three species was the lowest at 1% feeding level and the whole body lipid content increased with increased feeding levels. Tissue protein gain and lipid gain of IMCs were the highest at 2% feeding level. Blood parameter did not indicate any disease or stress condition due to feeding treatments. Considering the growth and nutrition utilization and health of fish, it can be concluded that optimum feeding level of all plant ingredient-based feed of IMC could be 2% of the body weight in pond culture condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the comparative effect of ginger, cinnamon, thyme, cumin black seed and pomegranate peels on productive performance, egg quality and some blood constituents of laying hens. Ninety white Hi-Sex layers at 30 week of age were randomly allocated into six treatment groups for ten weeks experimental period. The layers groupsfed six different diets as, basal diet (T1, control)or basal diets supplemented with 1% of five different dried herbal plants , cumin black seeds (T2), thyme (T3), cinnamon (T4), ginger (T5) and pomegranate peels (T6). Thyme wasthe most effective supplementation in improving egg production followed by cinnamon. Average egg weight reduced significantly by feeding dietary thyme, cinnamon, ginger or pomegranate peels. Herbal plants have no significant (P≤ 0.05) effects on feed consumption or feed conversion ratio. The percentages of egg yolk, albumin or egg shell did not differ due to treatments. There were reductions in plasma and yolk levels of total cholesterol and LDL. Total phenolic content in different herbs were significantly similar. Free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH reduction %) was approximately similar for different herbs plants, and in egg yolk. Egg yolk contents of carotenoids increased significantly due to inclusion different herbal plants into laying hens diets. It can be concluded that, herbal plants can be employed as natural antioxidants due to its high contents of phenols. As well, inclusion of herbal plants into hen diets can improve the nutritive values of produced eggs via increasing its content of carotenoids and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that using antibiotics by way of growth promoters has harmful side effects on both animals and consumer health due to cross-resistance among pathogens and residues in meat. Using antibiotic to promote growth has been banned in the most countries for this reason; so, we must search for feed additives alternative in animal production. One of them is the black seed (Nigella sativa). Fifty-four growing V-line unsexed rabbits, 4 weeks of age, with an average weight of 776.7 g were randomly allocated to one of three treatments (n = 18): rabbits fed the basal diet (control), rabbits supplemented with either 300 or 600 mg of Nigella sativa seed (NSS)/kg diet. At 12 weeks of age, NSS supplementation significantly improved final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and performance index with significantly reduced feed consumption. Addition of 300 and 600 mg NSS/kg diet resulted in a significant increase in the number of RBCs and WBCs as compared to basal diet group. Compared to controls, NSS supplementation significantly stimulated the IgG and IgM immune responses of rabbits, significantly reduced serum total lipids, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, and significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein concentration. All NSS treatments significantly increased the observed blood total antioxidant capacity and significantly decreased the malondialdehyde values, compared to the basal diet group. In conclusion, the results displayed that addition of NSS in rabbit diets improved productive performance, blood lipid profile, immunity, and antioxidant status, and supplementation with 600 mg/kg NSS was more effective than 300 mg/kg NSS seed supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main objective of this work aimed to investigate the impact of incorporation apricot seed kernel (ASK) in rabbit rations on their digestion coefficients, nutritive values, performance, carcass characteristics, and blood constituents (hematology and biochemistry). Method: Forty-five New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits aged 5–6 weeks (730 ± 23 g) were divided into five groups (9 rabbit in each group) for 72 days. The first experimental ration considered the control (R1) that not contained apricot seed kernel (0% ASK). The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th experimental rations contained 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 % for R2, R3, R4, and R5, respectively. Results: ASK had no significant effect on the nutrient digestibility except for EE and nutritive values. Incorporating ASK at different levels significantly (P < 0.05) increased average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ASK at different levels had no effect on both digestive tract and head weights, while giblets and carcass weights were increased (P < 0.05) compared to the control (R1). Rations contained ASK with level 0.75, 1.5, and 3% were significantly (P < 0.05) increased crude protein content of best 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs. Meanwhile, R2, R3, and R4 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased ether extract content of best 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs. Inclusion ASK had no significant difference on red blood cell count (RBCs), white blood cell count (WBCs), packed cell volume percentages (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). However, levels of ASK (0.75, 1.5 and 3%) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased eosinophils. Both basophiles and lymphocytes counts were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with ASK (R4). ASK had no significant effect on total protein, albumin, ALT, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine. Meanwhile, rabbits received ration contained 4.5% ASK (R5) significantly (P < 0.05) increased total globulins and AST contents. Conclusion: From the data obtained and under the same condition for this study, it can be concluded that, apricot seed kernel can be used safety as an alternative source of protein used to rates reach up to 4.5% without adverse effects on growth rates, feed consumption, digestion coefficients, nutritive values, carcass characteristics, and blood constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to determine effect of in ovo feeding of vitamin B12 on hatchability, growth performance and blood constituents in broilers. A total of 1000 fertile broiler eggs were divided into four groups: control group (without injection), Sham group in ovo feeding of distiller water (40 µg), groups 3 and 4, receiving in ovo feeding of vitamin B12 (20 and 40 µg) on day 13 of incubation. In groups 5 and 6, eggs in ovo injected with vitamin B12 (20 and 40 µg) on day 15 of incubation. All eggs were incubated and after hatch chickens were assigned into their experimental groups. On days 1, 21 and 42 post-hatch, blood samples were taken for blood constituents. On days 21 and 42 post-hatch, food intake, body weight gain (BWG) and food conversion ratio were determined. At the end of the study, carcass characteristics were also determined. According to the results, hatchability significantly decreased in eggs in ovo injected with vitamin B12 (20 and 40 µg) on day 13 of incubation and 20 µg on day 15 of incubation (P < 0.05), but not in group 6 (P > 0.05). A dose dependent increase observed in the glucose and total protein levels in eggs in ovo injected with vitamin B12 on days 1 and 21 post hatch, as well as glucose and albumin levels on day 42 post hatch (P < 0.05). Food intake significantly increased in birds on days 1–21, 21–42 and 1–42 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). in ovo feeding of the vitamin B12 improved BWG and food conversion ratio (P < 0.05). These results suggest in ovo feeding of the vitamin B12 had positive effects on subsequent performance in broiler chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effects of forced swimming on the technetium-99m (99mTc) labeling of blood constituents (BloCs). Rats (Wistar) were submitted to forced swim. In previous experiments, swimming animals would recover for different periods of time. Animals not submitted to swimming were used as control. Blood samples were obtained and the 99mTc labeling of BloCs was carried out. Blood cells (BCs), plasma (P), insoluble fractions (IF-P and IF-BCs), and soluble fractions (SF-P and SF-BC) were isolated. Radioactivity was determined, and the percentage of 99mTc incorporated (%ATI) was calculated in each fraction. Results showed that forced swimming decreased the percentage of 99mTc incorporated (%ATI) in IF-P (p < 0.05). It is suggested that the 99mTc labeling of BloCs could be used to verify the effects of the stress conditions on BloCs and that the radionuclide fixation on plasma proteins might be altered in rats submitted to acute stress induced by forced swimming, returning to control levels after recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of antibiotics in feed for growth promotion has been restricted in many countries, thus it is of interest to investigate potential alternatives for enhancing growth performance in birds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the concurrent use of prebiotic and probiotic on gut histology and some blood chemicals of broiler chickens during heat stress. A total of 144 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 treatments. The first treatment was a diluted diet including rice bran without probiotic or prebiotic. The other treatments were fed the diluted diets with a prebiotic (treatment 2) and concurrent use of that prebiotic along with a probiotic (treatment 3). Results showed that villus height was not influenced by feed additives. However, crypt depth significantly increased by feed additives in particular with combination of prebiotic and probiotic. The ratio of villus height to crypt depth significantly decreased in treatments fed prebiotic alone or prebiotic and probiotic together. This finding is indicating the fact that non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in high inclusion rate of rice bran caused to villus height erosion. It could be concluded that prebiotic and probiotic caused an increasing of enterocyte proliferation in the crypt of Liberkhun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of using dried orange pulp (DOP), as an alternative energy source in the ration of Holstein dairy cows, on nutrient digestibility, blood constituents, level of antioxidants in plasma, and presence and count of fecal pathogenic bacteria e.g. E. coli and Salmonella spp. Forty lactating Holstein cows, weighing 550±50 kg, with an average of 20 kg daily milk yield, were randomly divided into four groups (ten in each group). Animals were fed rations containing DOP at 0, 25, 50 and 75% substitution of yellow corn grains (R1, R2, R3 and R4, respectively). Digestion trail was conducted in the last week of the experiment using Acid Insoluble Ash method. Feces samples were taken and analyzed in the same day for Salmonella spp. and E. coli and blood samples for analysis were taken from the subcutaneous abdominal vein. The experimental rations were almost identical in chemical composition. Results of nutrient digestibility and nutritive value, as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein, showed that there were insignificant (P>0.05) differences between cows fed R2, R3 and R4 compared with those fed R1 (control), except digestibility of nitrogen free extract which was significantly (P≤0.05) decreased by feeding experimental rations by increasing replacement level of DOP to more than 25% (R2). Blood constituents of experimental cows on all rations were within normal range for platelets, red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb, g/dl), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), creatinine (mg/dl) and urea. However, white blood cells (WBCs), globulin and total lipids were significantly (P≤0.05) decreased by increasing the replacement level of DOP. Total lipids values decreased by increasing the replacement levels of DOP more than 25% (R2) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in blood plasma, regarded as a biomarker of oxidative stress in cows, was insignificantly (P>0.05) affected by feeding experimental rations and ranged from 0.420 to 0.433 mm/l. Salmonella spp. was not detected and E. coli was insignificantly (P>0.05) affected by feeding DOP rations. It could be concluded that DOP can be used as an alternative source of energy in Holstein dairy cow’s rations, replacing up to 75% of yellow corn grains without negatively effecting nutrient digestibility, nutritive values, as TDN or digestible CP, and without showing any harmful effect on animal health. More studies are needed to examine the effect of citrus by-products on presence of fecal E. coli and Salmonella species, and on antioxidant biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to utilise thyme oil (TO) as a natural growth promoter in comparison to mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) for broilers raised under hot climates from 1 to 28 days of age. Thus, a total of 180, day-old broilers chicks were divided into five groups (36 broilers/group in 6 replicates of 6 broilers/replicate). The chickens were fed the same corn-soybean meal basal diet and were submitted to one of the following five dietary treatments: (a) positive control group, fed the basal diet supplemented with MOS at 1g/kg feed; (b) negative control group, fed the basal diet without supplementation; (c) thyme oil 1.0 (TO_1.0) group fed TO at 1.0 g/kg feed, (d) thyme oil 1.5 (TO_1.5) group fed TO at 1.5 g/kg feed and (e) thyme oil 2.0 (TO_2.0) group fed TO at 2.0 g/kg feed. The TO_1.0 displayed a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than did the other treatments (p

The use of antibiotics in feed for growth promotion has been restricted in many countries, thus it is of interest to investigate potential alternatives for enhancing growth performance in birds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the concurrent use of prebiotic and probiotic on gut histology and some blood chemicals of broiler chickens during heat stress. A total of 144 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 treatments. The first treatment was a diluted diet including rice bran without probiotic or prebiotic. The other treatments were fed the diluted diets with a prebiotic (treatment 2) and concurrent use of that prebiotic along with a probiotic (treatment 3). Results showed that villus height was not influenced by feed additives. However, crypt depth significantly increased by feed additives in particular with combination of prebiotic and probiotic. The ratio of villus height to crypt depth significantly decreased in treatments fed prebiotic alone or prebiotic and probiotic together. This finding is indicating the fact that non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in high inclusion rate of rice bran caused to villus height erosion. It could be concluded that prebiotic and probiotic caused an increasing of enterocyte proliferation in the crypt of Liberkhun.

Improving broilers’ production in the hot region is essential to overcome heat-stress challenges. The current experiment examined the effects of betaine’s fortification (0.0, 0.075, 0.10, and 0.15%) to broiler chickens during days 1–40 of age. The growth period was divided into the starter (1–18 d) and growing-finishing (19–40 d). During the starter period, there was no heat challenge, and all birds were kept under the same conditions. At 18 days of age, half of the birds were kept under thermos-neutral temperature (TN, 22–24 °C), while the other half were kept under high temperature (HT, 35 °C). However, the production efficiency factor (PEF) was the best (p < 0.05) for birds that received 0.10% betaine. Betaine fortification improved (p < 0.05 and 0.01) body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and production efficiency factor (PEF) in the cumulative finisher heat-stress challenge period (19–40 d). The best performance was achieved at 0.1% betaine fortification with 84 g gain, 4.6 points improvement in FCR, and 24 points improvements in PEF as compared to no betaine fortification. The heat-stressed group consumed less feed (239 g), gained less weight (179 g), converted feed less efficiently (2.6 points), and, as a result, had lower FEF (29 points) as compared to the TN group. Conclusively, heat challenge had a powerful effect on growth performance, meat characteristics, and blood parameters, especially during the grower-finisher period. Betaine fortification (0.1%) during heat stress reduced the negative impact on performance and improved production efficiency, suggesting that betaine is a useful nutritional tool under stress conditions that deserves further investigation.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of amino acids supplementation to drinking water of meat-type broiler chickens on their blood parameters and productive traits. A total of sixty one day old, unsexed broiler chicks were obtained from a local hatchery. They were divided into three treatment groups: control group, and two treatment groups supplemented (via drinking water) with amino acids preparation (Amino2500 USA Premium Nutrition) at 0.5 and 1.0 g/L, respectively. All chicks were fed a commercial low protein diet containing 19% crude protein and 2900 kcal metabolizable energy per kilogram of the diet. Chicks of the control group was fed the recommended (standard) diet containing 23%crude protein and 3000 kcal of ME/Kg. The duration of the experiment was five weeks. The criteria of productive and physiological responses were live body weight, weight gain, blood plasma protein fractions, plasma lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Transaminase (ALT and AST) activity indicative of liver function was measured. Kidney function test in terms of plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid were also determined. Results showed that live body weight and weight gain of broiler chickens were significantly increased by AA administration either at three or five weeks of age. At marketing age (5 weeks), birds from the 3rd and 2nd groups achieved heavier body weigh by 32.3 and 26.8% more than the control chickens. Blood plasma total protein, albumin and globulin levels were significantly increased in the AA treatment groups for T3 and T2, respectively as compared to the control chicks. Addition of AA resulted in an obvious increase in the activity of ALT and AST indicative of negative influence of excess AA on livers function-related enzymes, especially with the higher dose of AA (T3).This was also observed for plasma uric acids and creatinine concentrations as end products of protein metabolism. The histological sections from lymphoid organs revealed better histological appearance indicative of better immunity and bird's health. It is concluded that excessive AA administration for broilers fed on low protein diet, could be used to increase live body weight, enhance protein metabolism without negative impacts on blood biochemistry, and improve their immune response. However, further study is needed to assess the cost and the net revenue from AA supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance, antioxidant status, meat fatty acid composition, antioxidant status, and health of sheep received diets supplemented with plant essential oils. Growing lambs (n= 20) were randomly allotted into four groups: control (CON) group received a fattening standard diet with no additive, the second group received the CON diet supplemented with 5g/kg DM of black cumin seed oil (CUMO), the third group received the CON diet supplemented with 5g/kg DM of cinnamon oil (CINO), and the fourth group received the CON diet supplemented with 5 g/kg DM of pomegranate seed oil (POMO) for a period of 8 weeks. The body weights of lambs were greater in the CUMO group than the other groups (P = 0.03). Body weight gain and daily feed intake of lambs fed diets supplemented with plant oils were not different from those fed the control diet. Lambs fed the diets supplemented with CUMO had improved FCR (P = 0.005) compared to other groups. The experimental diet containing CUMO, POMO, and CINO significantly decreased blood MDA levels (P < 0.001). Lambs fed the diet supplemented with CUMO had greater blood GPx values (P < 0.001) than other groups. Lambs fed CUMO, POMO, and CINO supplemented diets had greater serum total protein and globulin concentrations (P < 0.001), while lower serum cholesterol levels than those fed the CON diet. The ALT concentration was lower (P < 0.001) in the serum of lambs fed essential oils supplemented diets. The POMO lambs had lower serum AST levels (P < 0.01) compared to other treatments. Lower proportions of SFA (P < 0.001) and MUFA (P < 0.001) were observed in the CUMO, POMO, and CINO supplemented groups compared to CON. Dietary CUMO supplementation increased PUFA (P < 0.01) and n6-PUFA proportions (P < 0.05) compared to other groups. The CUMO and CINO groups had greater n3-PUFA (P < 0.05) than other groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CUMO, CINO, and POMO was a good approach to improve antioxidant status, health, and meat nutritive value of feedlot lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal & Poultry Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forty pregnant ewes of more than two successive lambing seasons, at the second half of gestation period, were used to evaluate the effects of supplemented vitamin A on growth performance, blood constituents, levels of vitamin A and βcarotene of Saidi ewes and their offspring. Pregnant ewes (48.48 ± 0.09 kg B. W.) were assigned to 4 treatment groups of 10 ewes each in the Farm of Animal Production Department, the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.. Vitamin A was drenched in the form of pale yellow to brown granular powder as vitamin A acetate content ≥ 1,000,000 IU/g which had been certified by china council for the promotion of international trade. In group I both ewes and lambs were not treated. In group II ewes were not treated while lambs were given 10,000 I.U. In group III ewes were given 150,000 I.U. of vitamin A /head fortnightly while lambs were not treated. In group IV ewes were given 150,000 I.U. of vitamin A /head while lambs were given 10,000 I.U fortnightly. Feeds were offered once daily and fresh tap water was free available allover the day. Ewes were housed in semi open pens under the normal environmental conditions. Before feeding and drinking, ewes were weighed fortnightly throughout the experimental period. Lambs were weighed at birth and then weighed fortnightly throughout the experiment. Blood was obtained every 14 days to evaluate blood constituents in blood serum of ewes and offspring. In general, body weight and daily weight gain in ewes and offspring improved (p>0.05) by supplemented vitamin A. However, blood profiles were not affected by vitamin A supplementation, except mean of platelets volume (MPV) levels were higher (P<0.05) in treated ewes (group IV), while number neutrophils was lower (p<0.05) in untreated lambs (group I) compared with other ones. Concentrations of total protein and globulin were higher (p<0.05) in blood serum of untreated ewes (group I ), while albumin / globulin ratio were higher (p<0.05) in group IV, but levels of albumin reduced ( P<0.05) in blood serum of group III compared with other groups. Concentration of total cholesterol increased (p<0.05) in blood serum of group IV compared with other ones. Concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and urea in blood serum were not different (P>0.05) among treatments. Vitamin A and β􀀀carotene levels in blood serum of ewes were not different significantly among treatments, while Vitamin A concentration was higher (P<0.05) for lambs in group II and IV of ages 30 and 60 days than other groups. In conclusion, addition vitamin A improved body performance of ewes and their offspring without any harmful effecton blood constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of spraying fertile eggs of Dandarawi chicken local strain with natural white vinegar solution (NWVS) on embryonic development, physiological parameters, hatchability, post-hatch chick growth and bacterial quantity on eggshell surface. Four hundred and fifty hatching eggs of Dandarawi chicken local strain were randomly distributed into five groups of 90 eggs each. Eggs of the 1st group were served as a control (non-treated eggs). The 2nd group was sprayed with water as a vehicle (positive control). Eggs of the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups were sprayed with three concentrations of vinegar: 1.25, 2.5 and 5%, respectively. Results showed that embryo weight, embryonic and shank lengths as well as, chick body weight, chick and shank lengths and hatchability tended to be Significantly higher (P<0.05) in eggs treated with natural white vinegar solution when compared with control eggs. While albumen weight ratio, egg shell thickness, egg weight loss ratio at 18th day of development, embryonic mortality and hatch time were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in eggs sprayed with natural white vinegar solution when compared with control eggs. Blood constituents: RBCs, Hb and PCV%, plasma total protein, albumin, total lipids, P, Ca and T4, GH hormones were significantly increased (p<0.05), while plasma cholesterol and glucose were decreased. There was no effect on WBCs count compared to control. Internal organs of chicks at hatch and growth performance of chicks at 14th days of age recorded significant higher values and improved feed conversion in response to spraying with natural white vinegar solution but yolk residual of chicks at hatch was less than control group. The use of natural white vinegar solution had significant influence on TBC and T. StaPhly. C.on egg shell surface either at one week or after two weeks of incubation compared to control groups. These results indicated that spraying fertile eggs of chicken (pre-incubation) with natural white vinegar solution as natural disinfectants is a good way to improve embryonic development, blood constituents, hormones, hatchability and performance of chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal & Poultry Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)