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BACKGROUND Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is used to treat coagulation disorders. Even though the activity of labile coagulation factors gradually decreases once thawed, it can be used up to 24 h after thawing, if stored properly. In this study, the level of coagulation factor activity was evaluated in thawed plasma during a 5 day storage period. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 40 FFP units prepared in Yazd Blood Center. Samples were thawed in a waterbath for 20-30 min at 30-37°C and then stored in the hospital blood bank refrigerator. The level of fibrinogen concentration, as a stable factor and, coagulation factors V and VIII, as labile factors, were measured in the plasma immediately following the thawing process as well as 24 and 120 h after the process. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software 20. RESULTS The fibrinogen level remained stable for up to 24 h after thawing; after 120 h there was a 1.66% decrease with the mean level of 334.0 ± 53.3 mg/dl. The mean activity of factors V and VIII levels decreased by 12.3%, and 26% respectively over 120 h after thawing when compared to that after 24 h. A 120 h after thawing Factor V activity was above 70% in 87.5% of thawed plasmas and its mean activity was 81.6 ± 11.8. Factor VIII activity was above 70% in only 35% of thawed plasmas with the mean activity of 64.4 ± 17.2. CONCLUSION Thawed plasma can be used for up to 5 days in all therapeutic applications of FFP since it still has the essential hemostatic effects. However, in situations where higher levels of FVIII are needed, Thawed Plasma is not a suitable alternative. In such cases FFP, FVIII concentrate or cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor should be used.

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of He-Ne laser (632.8 nm, 2 mm spot diameter, 30 mW, and continuous pulse) on the properties of human blood during different storage periods and seeking for the optimum laser dose to enhance blood shelf life. Human blood from five healthy donors was collected in human blood bags under the supervision of the center blood bank. The control and treated samples were stored in center blood bank refrigerator at 2-60C. The collected blood was divided into 4 groups, one for the control sample and the three other groups for the irradiation with different doses of He-Ne laser (0.0287, 0.0563 and 0.198 J/cm2 ). Each group was sub-divided into 6 samples to perform during storage days (9, 24, 30, 35, 42, & 50). The measurements of the fragility (Ϝ) and viscosity (η) values of all samples during the storage days suggested that the He-Ne laser at a dose 0.198 J/cm2 is working to increase the resistance of the membrane of the red blood cells (RBC) and consequently the storage period increases form 35 day to 42 days. In addition, viscosity for human blood before and after exposure to He-Ne laser dose of 0.198 J/cm2 reflects the validity of the blood during the storage period. The obtained data proved that the ability of using the recommended He-Ne laser dose 0.198 J/cm2 to improve the rheological properties and prolong the storage period of human blood from 35 days to 42 days.

Transportation of whole blood from the point of collection to blood bank may vary from city to city depending on the infrastructure and location of the blood bank. The blood from a distance site is transported into the transport container. The aim of a transport container is to provide a secure controlled temperature environment for blood and components for 8–24 h in transit from one location to another. Documentation should accompany components in transit to permit their identification. Donor blood collected from the distance donotion site should be attached with temperature-sensitive indicators like Safe-T-Vue to monitor the temperature. After receipt of the whole blood from the site of collection, it should be inspected for any signs of hemolysis and integrity of the pack, before placing into the refrigerators. Different components need different storage conditions and temperature requirements for therapeutic efficacy. A variety of equipment is required to maintain suitable ambient conditions during storage and transportation. Blood bank refrigerator(s), blood plasma freezer(s), and platelet agitator(s) with built-in incubators are used for storing platelet concentrates (+20 to +24 °C). Minus 80 °C lab freezers, also known as ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers, are designed first and foremost to protect blood products like FFP and cryoprecipitate and blood samples.

The main source of energy for red cell metabolism is glucose via glycolytic pathway. Red cells metabolism slows down during storage at 2–6OC. Biochemical changes during storage are called storage lesions, i.e. decreased pH, glucose, and ATP, lactic acid accumulation, and loss of red cells function. Samples taken from the tip of PRC bags in CPDA-1 of the same code are divided into four sections, and stored in the blood bank refrigerator at 2–6OC. Glucose level is measured using ABX Pentra 400 (Horiba, Japan) on storage day 3 as a control, day 7, day 14, and day 21. Glucose levels during storage decreased significantly between day 3, and day 7 (p < 0.001), between day 7, and day 14 (p < 0.001), and between day 14, and 21 (p < 0.001). Glucose levels of Packed Red Cells (PRC) decrease during storage. Glycolysis occurs during storage although metabolism slows down.

Background Storage age of red blood cells (RBCs) has been reported to be associated with increased mortality and morbidity. During storage, RBCs undergo changes in biochemical and functional properties. Stored RBCs may also contain white blood cells (WBCs), activated platelets (PLTs), cytokines, immunoglobulin, and other bioactive proteins. Transfusion of these bioactive proteins and cells with RBCs has the potential to cause serious adverse effects. We evaluated the performances of an experimental filter (EF) designed to remove immunoglobulins, cytokines, and other bioactive proteins in RBCs. Study Design and Methods Sixteen sets, each containing 3 units of ABO-identical RBCs in AS-3 were obtained from a blood bank. Three units of RBCs were combined together and then split into three equal aliquots, A, B, and C. Unit A was unfiltered while Units B and C were filtered with a leukoreduction filter and the EF, respectively. All the units were stored at 4°C in a blood bank refrigerator for 42 days. We measured RBC viscoelasticity, hemolysis, RBC adenosine triphosphate, Band 3 proteins, cytokines, PLTs, WBCs, and immunoglobulin before and after filtration and on Days 21 and 42 of storage. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance with Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. Results The EF significantly (p

In order to provide suitable blood transfusion samples to patients, the blood bag should be kept at a uniformly maintained temperature to prevent deterioration during transportation. Therefore, this paper presents a blood monitoring and management system for use in hospitals. This system may continuously report the temperature of the blood bank refrigerator, track the location of a blood bag to increase staff operation efficiency, and can confirm that the assigned blood bag was transported to the intended patient in need of transfusion. We developed and demonstrated the clinical usability of the combined blood temperature management and tracking system using a ubiquitous sensor network and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology.

The skin of the antecubital fossae of 90 subjects, chosen at random but eligible to be blood donors, was sampled using sterile swabs. This sampling was done prior to disinfection. The swabs were inoculated into a selective culture medium and 'incubated' at blood bank refrigerator temperature for a total of 6 weeks. The results show that there were a number of cold-growing Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) on the skin tested. One of the GNB carriers found was subjected to frequent testing both before and after skin disinfection. The routine skin disinfection regime for blood donors was used in an attempt to establish its effectiveness. Despite regularly being able to culture Pseudomonas fluorescens prior to swabbing, no swabs taken after disinfection showed growth. This volunteer was subjected to a skin biopsy to establish whether the skin disinfection might be simply superficial. No growth occurred in the medium into which biopsy tissue, after disinfection, was inoculated. We conclude that although GNB may be present on donors' skin, the disinfection procedure, as used by us prior to donation, was effective.

Three alarm systems, one warning of temperatures above and below the acceptable range for blood preservation, the other two designed to prevent temperature rises due to unclosed refrigerator doors and power supply failure, are described and diagrammed. The temperature alarm gives its audible and visual signal in a constantly manned, distant area, identifies the refrigerator which failed, automatically signals the restoration of proper temperature after repairs, and is independent of building electric power supply. The door alarm is automatically turned on and off so it is operating only when the blood bank staff is absent. The power supply interruption alarm anticipates a temperature rise due to power failure by as much as an hour. The installation cost $160.

Blood was drawn from ten healthy volunteer donors into citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) anticoagulant and placed on the quarantine shelf of the blood bank refrigerator. Plasma dextrose, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, GOT, LDH, and hemoglobin as well as WBC, hematocrit, MCV, MCHC, whole blood pH, and ammonia were measured on all samples initially and at one, two, seven, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage at 4 C. Whole blood lactate also was analyzed serially on five of the units. An additional 27 units of CPD bank blood (two to 21 days of age), routinely processed, handled, and stored by the blood bank, were submitted to the same analyses on the day of administration to the patient. Five of these processed units, 21 days old, were resampled at 28 days. Results of the analyses are presented and discussed. The most pronounced changes were seen for dextrose, potassium, bicarbonate, lactate, LDH, ammonia, and hemoglobin. Plasma dextrose and bicarbonate declined in concentration while potassium, lactate, LDH, ammonia, and hemoglobin rose with storage. In general, changes in the regularly processed, singly sampled bank units were greater than those observed in the specially processed, quarantined units sampled serially. This study indicates that routine transportation, processing, and handling of bank blood may lead to increased biochemical alteration.

Problems in transportation and safe temporary storage of whole blood in surgery were encountered. These problems were solved by using a portable blood bank refrigerator, equipped with monitoring systems, which would hold 50 units of blood.