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The prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) among blood donors is critical for ensuring blood safety. Aim: To provide an updated assessment of TTIs at a tertiary care hospital in Mexico over a ten-year period. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study. Blood samples were analyzed from potential donors at tertiary care hospital between 2012 and 2022. Donors completed a questionnaire and were screened for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C using nucleic acid testing and serological tests. Prevalence and trends were estimated. Among the 117,756 donors analyzed, 0.48% were positive for syphilis, with a significant annual decrease of −5.9% (p < 0.001), although notable fluctuations occurred, including a peak in 2021. HIV showed a significant annual increase of 9.8% (p = 0.029), with a peak in approximately 2019–2020. Hepatitis C maintained a stable trend, with a slight annual decrease of −5.6% (p = 0.170). Hepatitis B consistently decreased, with an annual decrease of −11.3% (p = 0.06). This study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and screening of blood donors to ensure blood safety. These findings underscore the need for localized public health interventions, particularly to address the increasing incidence of HIV. Further research should focus on enhancing donor screening practices and public health strategies to reduce the prevalence of TTIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To conduct hazard vulnerability analysis(HVA) in a blood bank, aimed to identify high-risk events and optimize emergency management measures. Methods The risk event evaluation index system was established by referring to the Kaiser model and the situation of Guangzhou Blood Center, and risk events were ranked by risk matrix and Borda count. Results The top five events with the highest risk values identified by Kaiser model were information system emergencies (39.61%), extreme weather (38.03%), major public sentiment (37.86%), public health events (37.37%) and policy changes (37.24%). The results of risk matrix and Borda count revealed 1 extremely high-risk indicator as information system emergency, 5 high-risk indicators with the highest risk being major public sentiment, 11 medium-risk indicators with the highest risk being major medical disputes and 1 low-risk indicator as external fires. Conclusion Conducting HVA in combination with the actual situation of blood banks can effectively identify high-risk events and provide theoretical basis for improving emergency management measures.

With the spread of the corona virus (Covid-19) in 2019, in addition to various physical, material and spiritual damages, it affected the social and economic life of many people, especially the people of Iran. Due to the fact that the mentioned virus appears in different ways in people, it may cause blood loss in infected patients and it is necessary to supply the need from the blood bank. Therefore, among the legal issues that can be raised in connection with the provision of blood by the blood bank in the conditions of the outbreak of the Covid-19 (Corona) virus, is the civil liability of the blood bank. According to this research, which was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method, blood bank employees are responsible for the patient's health during the transfusion of blood or its products under normal conditions, and they are responsible for compensation to the extent of the effective fault in the damage caused to the patient. Therefore, in emergency situations, such as the uncontrollable situation of Corona, the blood bank does not have any responsibility towards patients requesting blood, and if blood or blood products are requested and prepared for the patient according to the doctor's order, depending on the extent of the doctor's fault and lack of His supervision of the blood transfusion by the nurse, the civil liability is imposed on him, unless the fault of the nurse is proven for his improper performance. Finally, compensation for both material and moral damage, depending on the effectiveness of the performance of each of the above-mentioned departments, is charged to them individually or jointly.

Objective To explore the factors that affect the coordinated development of blood banks and apheresis plasma collection banks (hereinafter referred to as plasma banks), and explore feasible measures for the coordinated development of blood banks and plasma banks. Methods The blood information management system and blood source information management system were used to retrieve related data of blood and plasma donation from 9 cities in Shandong province from 2017 to 2021. The number of blood donors and plasma donors and the intersection of them were analyzed. The data analysis was performed using chi-square test, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the policies and information status, as well as expectations for coordinated development for blood and plasma donation. Results From 2017 to 2021, the total number of blood donors in 9 cities was higher than that of plasma donors, both have been increasing year by year, and the increase in plasma donors was significantly higher than that of blood donors (131.78% vs 23.90%, P

Introduction: The blood requisition form functions as a vital communication link between requesting physicians and blood bank staff. The proper completion of blood request forms (BRFs) is a frequently overlooked aspect by clinicians and insufficient information or errors during the BRF completion process can significantly affect the quality of laboratory results and consequently impact patient outcomes, resulting in increased resource wastage and a higher risk of inappropriate therapy. Aims & Objectives: This study aims to assess the completeness and consistency of blood requisition forms submitted to the Blood Bank of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore with the objective of identifying gaps to improve documentation practices and enhance patient safety Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Blood Bank of Shalamar Hospital, Lahore, over six months, from July 2020 to December 2020. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shalamar Medical and Dental College (SMDC) reviewed and granted approval for the study protocol (SMDC-IRB/AL/101/2021). Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was undertaken at the Blood Bank of Shalamar Hospital Lahore from July 2020 to December 2020. Data was retrieved from previous blood bank records, specifically focusing on the completeness of blood requisition forms. All blood requisition forms received at the Blood Bank of Shalamar Hospital during the study period were included in the analysis. Key variables assessed included age, gender, ward, provisional diagnosis, history of previous transfusion, history of transfusion reaction, and units of component requested. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were applied to summarize data, with results presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: A comprehensive evaluation of 1000 blood requisition forms (BRFs) was conducted to assess their completeness and legibility. Among the analyzed BRFs, demographic data, including age was mentioned in 72.5% (n=725), gender in 75% (n=750), and ward in 67.2% (n=672). Pertaining to clinical information, the provisional diagnosis was documented in 48.7% (n=487), the history of previous transfusions achieved a completion rate of 62.4% (n=624), and the history of transfusion reactions was documented in 62.8% (n=628). The details of units of requested components and blood group were satisfactorily completed in 74.5% (n=745). Conclusion: The current study identified deficiencies in BRF completion, revealing a lack of appropriate demographic and clinical data for patients. The efficacy of audits assessing proper transfusion practices and the optimal functioning of the blood bank relies on the evaluation of meticulously filled BRFs.

Abstract Background Hemotropic mycoplasmas, hemoplasmas, are epi‐erythrocytic parasitic bacteria that can be transmitted through blood transfusion. Objectives To study the prevalence of hemoplasma infection of potential feline blood donors and investigate the association between Hemoplasma spp. quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) positivity in blood units and selected variables. Animals Seven thousand five hundred seventy‐three blood units from 4121 privately‐owned potential donor cats. Methods Retrospective observational cross‐sectional study. The Banco Sangue Animal (BSA)—Animal Blood Bank medical database was reviewed for all feline donations performed in 2022 in Portugal, Spain, and Belgium. Baseline characteristics and results of blood‐borne pathogens screening tests were extracted from the medical records. Results Two hundred twelve of 4034 Portuguese donor cats and 2 of 70 Spanish donor cats tested positive for Hemoplasma spp. qPCR in 2022 leading to an overall estimated prevalence of 5.2% (95% CI: 4.5%‐5.9%) in potential blood donors. Using multivariable generalized estimation equation models, Hemoplasma spp. qPCR was more often positive among blood units issued from male cats (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4‐2.6, P

Background and Objectives: Specimen labeling errors along with incorrect patient identification have been described as among the most complex and demanding occurrences in laboratory diagnostics. The study aimed to describe the rates of sample identification and labeling errors in the blood center of a multispecialty hospital and identify possible measures to reduce them. Methods: A retrospective document review and analysis of sample identification and labeling errors were conducted in a Blood Bank Laboratory in Saudi Arabia for 4 years. The quality assurance database from the laboratory information system was used to access and review all relevant information. The one-way analysis of variance was employed to check the statistical differences between the laboratory errors and other variables in the study. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: Overall, 74,279 samples and laboratory requests were received, with over 3107 canceled requests and rejected samples. An error rate of 0.43% was due to incorrect identification and labeling. This accounts for 10.2% of the total canceled tests. The annual labeling error ranges from 0.26% to 0.73%. Primarily, the errors were due to incomplete data (0.37%) and were noted as the leading type of error in all the departments. More than half (51.3%) of the errors happened in type and screen tests, whereas a significant proportion was also noted in crossmatch red blood cells (31.9%). Conclusions: The rate of sample identification and labeling errors in this study was comparable to established data and was primarily due to incomplete data or labels. Identification and labeling errors are most common in type and screen testing and crossmatch. Carefully monitoring specimen labeling quality continually can lower specimen labeling errors and determine improvements.

Background: Hemotropic mycoplasmas, hemoplasmas, are epi‐erythrocytic parasitic bacteria that can be transmitted through blood transfusion. Objectives: To study the prevalence of hemoplasma infection of potential feline blood donors and investigate the association between Hemoplasma spp. quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) positivity in blood units and selected variables. Animals: Seven thousand five hundred seventy‐three blood units from 4121 privately‐owned potential donor cats. Methods: Retrospective observational cross‐sectional study. The Banco Sangue Animal (BSA)—Animal Blood Bank medical database was reviewed for all feline donations performed in 2022 in Portugal, Spain, and Belgium. Baseline characteristics and results of blood‐borne pathogens screening tests were extracted from the medical records. Results: Two hundred twelve of 4034 Portuguese donor cats and 2 of 70 Spanish donor cats tested positive for Hemoplasma spp. qPCR in 2022 leading to an overall estimated prevalence of 5.2% (95% CI: 4.5%‐5.9%) in potential blood donors. Using multivariable generalized estimation equation models, Hemoplasma spp. qPCR was more often positive among blood units issued from male cats (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4‐2.6, P <.0001), units positive for FeLV (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.4‐5.6, P =.0023), and units collected in winter months (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.7‐3.6, P <.0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study underscores the importance of Hemoplasma spp. and other relevant blood‐borne pathogens screening at every donation. Implementing stringent screening protocols is crucial to mitigate the risk of hemoplasma transmission via blood transfusions, thereby safeguarding the health and welfare of cats receiving transfusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the increase in platelet count after the transfusion of apheresis and pooled platelet suspensions among patients in the internal medicine intensive care unit. Methods Patients who received platelet suspension transfusions and were followed up at the internal medicine intensive care unit at Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital were evaluated. The patient’s platelet counts were administered apheresis, and pooled platelet suspensions were recorded before and after transfusion. The increase in platelet count was calculated. The two groups were statistically compared. Results: A total of 4,701 platelet suspension transfusions were performed at our hospital between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2023. Of these transfusions, 2,990 belonged to pooled platelet suspensions and 1,711 to apheresis platelet suspensions. Conclusion: Platelet suspension transfusion is frequently used in patients receiving internal medicine intensive care. However, there is an ongoing debate concerning whether apheresis or pooled platelet transfusion is more effective in increasing platelet count. In this study, we found a significantly higher increase in platelet count among patients in the internal medicine intensive care unit after apheresis platelet suspension transfusion than pooled platelet suspension transfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pre-transfusion crossmatch test is crucial for ensuring safe blood transfusions by identifying the compatibility between donor and recipient blood samples. Conventional tube methods for crossmatching have limitations, including subjectivity in result interpretation and the potential for human error. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of a new crossmatch test using Microscanner C3, which can overcome these shortcomings. The crossmatch test results using the method were obtained in 323 clinical samples. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and concordance rate of the crossmatch test using Microscanner C3 were 98.20%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 98.11%, and 99.07%, respectively. The diagnostic performance of the new system offers a promising alternative to conventional tube methods for pre-transfusion crossmatch testing. Microscanner C3 could also increase the automation, standardization, and accuracy of crossmatch tests. The crossmatch test using Microscanner C3 is thought to increase the efficiency and reliability in identifying blood samples suitable for transfusion, thereby improving patient safety and optimizing the use of blood products in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of a centralized blood donation system has perpetuated a global blood shortage. Despite technological advancements, traditional blood collection methods persist, necessitating an innovative approach. The system aims to offer an integrated platform for efficient oversight of blood donation activities, benefiting blood banks, hospitals, and donors alike. Through this solution, we endeavor to address the pressing need for streamlined and technologically advanced blood donation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood donation is vital for healthcare; however, transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) pose a serious risk. This study investigated the seroprevalence of TTIs among Saudi blood donors. Methodology: This retrospective study included male blood donors aged ≥ 18 years who donated blood at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital in Makkah from January 2017 to December 2022. The blood units were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and core antibodies (HBc-IgG), hepatitis C antibodies (HCV-Abs), syphilis, HIV-1 antigen/antibody (HIV-1 Ag/Ab), human T-lymphotropic virus 1, 2 (HTLV1/2), and malaria. Results: There were 40,287 donors with an average age of 44.33 ± 18.12 years, and 62.3% (n = 25103) were Saudis. The overall rate of TTIs seropositivity was 7.4% (n = 2953); HBc-IgG (6.1%; n = 2473) was the most common, followed by HCV-Abs (0.4%; n = 177), and syphilis (0.34%; n = 136). All cases were negative for malaria, whilst HIV and HTLV positive donors were 0.06% (n = 24) and 0.13% (n = 52), respectively. Syphilis was more prevalent among non-Saudis (0.24%; n = 83) than among Saudis (0.1%; n = 53), whereas anti-HBc antibodies seropositivity was significantly higher among Saudi (3.4%; n = 1373) than non-Saudi donors (2.7%; n = 1100). Conclusions: Hepatitis B virus was the most frequently detected bloodborne pathogen, followed by hepatitis C virus and syphilis. Hepatitis B virus was also more prevalent among Saudi donors, whilst expatriates had higher rates of syphilis. Additional prospective multicenter studies are needed to accurately determine the prevalence of TTIs in Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blood donors are screened for medication use to determine their health status and to ensure that the collection will be safe and efficacious for transfusion. Although stringent medication deferral guidelines exist for human blood donors, no consensus exists as to which medications should be permitted among canine donors. Methods: A brief survey regarding canine donor screening methods was distributed to an online hematology and transfusion medicine group and included questions pertaining to commonly prescribed medications and consumption of a raw food diet. Key Findings: The survey results demonstrate that more than half of the respondents accept canine donors given thyroid supplements, whereas respondents were split as to whether they accept canine donors given antihistamines chronically. Most survey respondents exclude canine donors taking anti‐inflammatory or anti‐itch medications unless in acute circumstances and only after a washout period. More than half of the survey respondents exclude dogs fed a raw food diet. Significance: The survey results demonstrate that there is no obvious agreement regarding which medications to permit in canine donors. Evidence‐based guidelines are needed to inform best practices and the subsequent decisions made by donor programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A positive patient safety culture enhances the safety outcomes of the organisation. There is a need to highlight issues on patient safety in clinical laboratory settings, as unsafe transfusion practices expose patients to the risk of adverse transfusion reactions and infection transmission. Moreover, attention is lacking on allied health practitioners, especially the medical laboratory technologists (MLTs). This study aims to evaluate the patient safety culture among MLTs. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted from October until November 2020 in all public hospitals in Malaysia. We used the validated version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). The inclusion criteria were all MLTs in all public hospitals involved in transfusion medicine services in their daily work and during oncalls. MLTs who were only involved with mobile support blood banks and those from the National Blood Centre were excluded. Result: Out of 132 public hospitals, 80 public hospitals participated (60.6%), with 454 eligible responses. "Organisational learning - continuous improvement", "Supervisor/manager expectation and actions promoting patient safety", "Teamwork within units", and "Feedback and communication about error" were shown to be areas of strength. Meanwhile, "Staffing" and "Non-punitive response to errors" were composites of areas that needed improvement. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study revealed two composites needing improvement. This gives managers and policymakers a basis for further investigation and implementation of improvement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maintaining optimal blood inventory levels in hospitals is important to prevent blood shortage and wastage. We aimed to provide an efficient blood inventory management strategy for hospital blood banks nation-wide by comparing the current use of 5-day issuable stock (IS) with Lim's IS as a novel target IS. Methods: The average and CV of daily usage (DU) were calculated from information entered into Korea's Blood Management System by 194 participating hospitals in 2019 and 2020. Using these data, Lim's IS was calculated by determining the simulated annual average blood shortage day nearest to 1 for each blood group in each hospital. The 5-day IS (5IS) was estimated by multiplying the average DU in 2018 by five to count the shortage days in 2019. Results: The average DU (0.3-231.3 units) and corresponding CV (0.33-7.14) in the participating hospitals were inversely proportional (r=-0.699 to -0.695). The hypothetical averages of 5IS and Lim's IS were 27.0±41.2 and 24.7±20.8, respectively (P=0.006). The shortage days for 5IS and Lim's IS were 8.9±22.7 and 1.0±1.9, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusions: While 5IS was unacceptable for universal application, Lim's IS remained near one shortage day and is considered more efficient than 5IS. Hospitals should implement indicators that consider DU and its variations. This is the first study to introduce Lim's IS as an indicator of optimal blood inventory, and the data are expected to provide guidance for effective blood inventory management nationwide, particularly during blood shortages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To achieve supervision and management of the whole business process of blood center, raise productivity and ensure blood quality by enabling blood center managers comprehensively grasp the key business operation situation of the whole process at anytime and anywhere. Methods A whole business process supervision and management system was established covering background of preparation, business scope, content of position supervision and management, overall framework design, interface design of management and supervision management, physical database design, program development and online debugging, and was integrated with the blood bank management information system. The display and management were through a mobile APP to record key indicators of business process from blood collection to blood supply timely and comprehensively. Statistical analysis was conducted on total collection volume, total preparation volume and total supply volume, as well as discarding rate of test unqualified and of non-test unqualified (lipemic blood excluded) in 2023 and 2022. Results We established a mobile APP based on a blood bank management information system for business supervision and management of whole process, and achieved management by phones. After its implementation in 2023, the total collection volume, total preparation volume and total supply volume in 2023 were all higher than those in 2022, with growth rates of 5.88% (13 247/225 454 U), 4.73% (24 156/510 698 U), and 6.70% (34 814/519 914 U), respectively. The discarding rate in 2023 was lower than that in 2022 (0.54%, 2 868/534 854 U) vs (0.60%, 3 047/510 698 U) (P

Objective To establish an effective quality indicator monitoring system, scientifically and objectively evaluate the quality management level of blood banks, and achieve continuous improvement of quality management in blood bank. Methods A quality monitoring indicator system that covers the whole process of blood collection and supply was established, the questionnaire of Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process with clear definition of indicators and calculation formulas was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong. Statistical analysis of 21 quality monitoring indicators in terms of blood donation service (10 indicators), blood component preparation (7 indicators ), and blood supply (4 indicators) from each blood bank from January to December 2022 were conducted using SPSS25.0 software The differences in quality monitoring indicators of blood banks of different scales were analyzed. Results The average values of quality monitoring indicators for blood donation service process of 17 blood banks were as follows: 44.66% (2 233/5 000) of regular donors proportion, 0.22% (11/50) of adverse reactions incidence, 0.46% (23/5 000) of non-standard whole blood collection rate, 0.052% (13/25 000) of missed HBsAg screening rate, 99.42% (4 971/5 000) of first, puncture successful rate, 86.49% (173/200) of double platelet collection rate, 66.50% (133/200) of 400 mL whole blood collection rate, 99.25% (397/400) of donor satisfaction rate, 82.68% (2 067/2 500) of use rate of whole blood collection bags with bypass system with sample tube, and 1 case of occupational exposure in blood collection.There was a strong positive correlation between the proportion of regular blood donors and the collection rate of 400 mL whole blood (P

Objective To establish a blood quality monitoring indicator system, in order to continuously improve blood quality and standardized management. Methods Based on the research of literature and standards, and guided by the key control points of blood collection and supply process, the blood quality monitoring indicator system was developed. Through two rounds of Delphi expert consultation, the indicator content was further revised and improved according to expert opinions after six months of trial implementation. The indicator weight was calculated by questionnaire and analytic hierarchy process. Results A blood quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply was constructed, including five primary indicators, namely blood donation service, blood component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control, as well as 72 secondary indicators, including definitions, calculation formulas, etc. Two rounds of expert consultation and two rounds of feasibility study meeting were held to revise 17 items and the weight of each indicator was obtained through the analytic hierarchy process. After partial adjustments, a blood quality monitoring indicator system was formed. Conclusion A blood quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply has been established for the first time, which can effectively evaluate the quality management level of blood banks and coordinate blood quality control activities of blood banks in Shandong like pieces in a chess game, thus improving the standardized management level

Objective To objectively evaluate the quality control level of blood testing process in blood banks through quantitative monitoring and trend analysis, and to promote the homogenization level and standardized management of blood testing laboratories in blood banks. Methods A quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply, including blood donation service, blood component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control was established. The questionnaire Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process with clear definition of indicators and calculation formulas was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong province. Quality monitoring indicators of each blood bank from January to December 2022 were collected, and 31 indicators in terms of blood testing were analyzed using SPSS25.0 software. Results The proportion of unqualified serological tests in 17 blood bank laboratories was 55.84% for ALT, 13.63% for HBsAg, 5.08% for anti HCV, 5.62% for anti HIV, 18.18% for anti TP, and 1.65% for other factors (mainly sample quality). The detection unqualified rate and median were (1.23±0.57)% and 1.11%, respectively. The ALT unqualified rate and median were (0.74±0.53)% and 0.60%, respectively. The detection unqualified rate was positively correlated with ALT unqualified rate (r=0.974, P0.05), while the outrage rate was positively correlated with the usage rate (r=0.592, P

Objective To establish an effective quality monitoring indicator system for blood quality control in blood banks, in order to analyze the quality control indicators for blood collection and supply, and evaluate blood quality control process, thus promoting continuous improvement and standardizing management of blood quality control in blood banks. Methods A quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply, including blood donation services, component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control was established. The Questionnaire of Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong, which clarified the definition and calculation formula of indicators. The quality monitoring indicator data from January to December 2022 in each blood bank were collected, and 20 quality control indicators data were analyzed by SPSS25.0 software. Results The average pass rate of key equipment monitoring, environment monitoring, key material monitoring, and blood testing item monitoring of 17 blood banks were 99.47%, 99.51%, 99.95% and 98.99%, respectively. Significant difference was noticed in the pass rate of environment monitoring among blood banks of varied scales(P

Background: Access to blood products is crucial for patient safety during the perioperative course. However, reduced donations and seasonally occurring blood shortages pose a significant challenge to the healthcare system, with surgeries being postponed. The German Blood Transfusion act requires that RBC packages become assigned to an individual patient, resulting in a significant reduction in the available blood products, further aggravating shortages. We aimed to develop a scoring system predicting transfusion probability in patients undergoing spine surgery to reduce assignment and, thus, increase the availability of blood products. Methods: The medical records of 252 patients who underwent spine surgery were evaluated and 18 potential predictors for RBC transfusion were tested to construct a logistic-regression-based predictive scoring system for blood transfusion in patients undergoing spine surgery. Results: The variables found to be the most important included the type of surgery, vertebral body replacement, number of stages, and pre-operative Hb concentration, indicating that surgical specification and the extent of the surgical procedure were more influential than the pre-existing patient condition and medication. Conclusions: Our model showed a good discrimination ability with an average AUC [min, max] of 0.87 [0.6, 0.97] and internal validation with a similar AUC of 0.84 [0.66, 0.97]. In summary, we developed a scoring system to forecast patients' perioperative transfusion needs when undergoing spine surgery using pre-operative predictors, potentially reducing the need for RBC allocation and, thus, resulting in an increased availability of this valuable resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge regarding the profile of eligible blood donors presenting positive results in laboratory screening is essential for reducing transfusion‐transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, predictor variables and residual risk (RR) of HIV/HBV/HCV in blood bags donated in Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study analysed data retrieved from the records of a large blood bank relating to donations collected at multiple centres within the period 2012–2018, during which 1 991 120 blood bags were screened using immunoassays and nucleic acid tests (NATs). Multilevel modelling was used to investigate the association between sex, civil status and age group with HIV/HBV/HCV. RR was estimated from the incidence values (restricted to negative and positive tests within the study period) and window periods for infections. The prevalence in first time donors, incidence and RR of HCV (223.73 cases per 100 000; 54.84 per 100 000 persons‐year and 1.6527 per 100 000, respectively) were higher than those of HIV (172.65 cases per 100 000; 28.25 per 100 000 persons‐year and 0.8514 per 100 000) and HBV (168.17 cases per 100 000; 18.54 per 100 000 persons‐year and 0.5588 per 100 000). The odds of acquiring infection were greater in male, single and older donors. Sixteen donors were identified as seronegative and NATs+ during the 7‐year span of the study. Our study has clarified some spatiotemporal trends regarding HIV/HBV/HCV infections in donated blood in Brazil. The results will contribute to the formulation of directives addressed to high‐risk donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Platelet concentrates are blood products obtained from donor’s blood, and their conservation must be subject to a strict quality control process to guarantee a safe and high-performance product in treating diseases that require their use. Methods We designed a cross-sectional study to determine the total compliance rate in platelet concentrates obtained in the blood bank of the Cayetano Heredia Hospital in Lima during November and December of 2019. The Buffy method Coat obtained the platelet concentrates, and parameters such as platelet count and residual leukocytes, pH, and swirling effect were evaluated according to the National Hemotherapy and Blood Bank Program criteria. Results The platelet count had a mean of 6.66 ± 3.94 x 10¹⁰/µL, the platelet concentrates had a mean of 56.30 ± 6.22 mL, and all, without exception, had the presence of the Swirling phenomenon. The pH had a mean of 7.64 ± 0.15, while the leukocyte count had a mean of 4.22 ± 3.51 x 10⁷/µL. Regarding compliance by the parameters evaluated, it was evident that the platelet and leukocyte count had moderate compliance rates of 43.6% and 24.1%, while the pH and swirling effect had rates of 100% in both cases. The total compliance rate was 54.9% (95% confidence interval: 46.0 to 63.5). Conclusions The compliance rate of platelet concentrates is moderate, and it is necessary to implement a process of continuous quality improvement in the blood bank.

Introduction: Blood group antibodies are associated with susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among different blood groups. Factors such as age and male sex have been identified as risk factors for COVID-19 and disease severity. Aim: Determination of blood groups of COVID-19 positive plasma donors and examine the association of blood groups with different sexes and age groups. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the factors that either prevent or motivate COVID-19 positive individuals to donate plasma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed records from July 2020 to June 2021 at the Blood Bank of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India. The sample size included 115 COVID-19 plasma donors, selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data on blood group, age, sex, and factors influencing plasma donation were recorded. The collected data was entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 statistical software, applying the Chi-square test. Results: Among the 115 COVID-19 positive patients, 113 were males and two were females. The most commonly affected age group was between 31-40 years (44 donors), and the most commonly observed blood group was O+ve (44 cases). There was no significant association between gender and age group (p-value-0.299). Similarly, there was no significant association between blood group and age groups (p-value-0.730). When evaluating the reasons for donating blood, the majority of people (33 out of 115) mentioned that their family member required blood. The provision of transport facilities by the blood bank did not significantly increase the number of blood donations, as most people preferred using their own vehicles (44 out of 115) due to the fear of COVID-19 infection. Among their friends, the main reason for not donating blood was the fear of infection (63 out of 115). Conclusion: Individual with blood group ‘O’ were more affected by COVID-19 compared to other blood groups. The pandemic has impacted blood transfusion services as fewer donors are visiting hospitals for blood donation. It is important to thoroughly assess and address the various reasons that prevent individuals from donating plasma through mass awareness campaigns.

Abstract Background and purpose Hemovigilance is a set of monitoring methods that covers the blood transfusion chain, from collecting blood and blood products to monitoring the blood recipients. To this end, any error in this process can have serious and irreparable consequences for patients. The present study aimed to investigate the quality of hemovigilance process in Iran, using the first two steps of Six Sigma model. Methods This was a quantitative cross-sectional study that was conducted over 6 months (from August 20, 2021, to February 20, 2022) at Afzalipour Hospital in Iran, using the first two steps of Six Sigma model. The study population comprised of all inpatients who needed blood or blood product transfusion in various departments of Afzalipour Hospital, among whom 477 patients were selected via stratified sampling in three shifts (morning, evening, and night). The datasheet was used to record errors in the three shifts. This research was conducted, using the DMAIC cycle’s “define” and “measure” steps. Results In the define step, the hemovigilance process at Afzalipour Hospital was divided into two categories of normal process and emergency process. Each of these processes consists of several sub-processes, including “phlebotomy,“ “requesting blood and blood products from the department,“ “preparation of application by the blood bank,“ " sending a request from the blood bank to the blood transfusion center,“ “transfusing blood and blood products,“ and “returning the blood and blood products to the blood bank and waste disposal.“ In the measure step, the quality of hemovigilance process was evaluated based on sub-processes and labels at morning, evening and night shifts. The sub-process of sending a request from the blood bank to the blood transfusion center had the highest error rate with a sigma level of 1.5. Also, the evening and night shifts had a sigma level of 1.875, and the clinical and registration labels had a sigma level of 1.875. The overall sigma level of hemovigilance process was calculated to be 2. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the quality of hemovigilance process at Afzalipour Hospital was poor. By employing the first two steps of Six Sigma method, we identified the existing errors in the hemovigilance process of Afzalipour hospital in order to assist hospital managers to take the necessary measures to improve this process.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate relationship between blood production factors and transfusion sustainability. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was employed to gather data from randomly selected participants in blood banks. Partial least squares structural equation modeling tool was used in the analysis. Results: The findings indicated that blood production factors have a considerable and positive influence on the transfusion sustainability of blood banks in Uganda. Conclusion: The enhancement of transfusion sustainability is supported by blood production factors. Consequently, it is advisable to prioritize blood production to ensure adequacy and timely supply of blood products.

Objectives: To study the changes in red cell indices and counts over a period of 42 days in blood stored in blood bags. Materials and Methods: This research was done in Blood Bank, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar in collaboration with the main laboratory, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. About 450 ml of whole blood was taken from 200 donors into Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine blood bags. The storage temperature for the blood bags was maintained between 2-8°C. Blood samples were collected from blood bags. At days 1 and 42, using a haematology analyser, parameters including haemoglobin, RBC count, WBC count, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and platelet counts were measured. Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables. Frequency and percentages were used for qualitative variables. Results: Through days 1 to 42, Haemoglobin (Hb) level decreased from 13.4gm/dl to 12.78 gm/dl, white cell count (WBC) decreased from 6.03x109/l to 2.95 x109/l, platelets count fell from 207 x109/l to 121 x109/l, neutrophils decreased from 59.6% to 23.8% while lymphocyte count increased from 28.36% to 66.3%. Conclusion: There is a decrease in haemoglobin level and white cell count over a period of 42 days of storage of blood bags. Lymphocyte counts increased during the storage duration of blood bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood donation is a vital part of worldwide healthcare. Voluntary donors, many times have been deferred due to numerous reasons, temporarily or permanently. The reasons for deferral vary in different regions. Knowledge of the relative prevalence and identification of pattern and trend in donor deferral can be used as tools for developing policies and taking further initiatives in donor education and encouragement Aim: To determine the prevalence of deferral and assess the pattern of donor deferrals with regard to age, sex, type and cause of deferral. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in Blood bank, Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College And Research Centre using data of all donor deferrals which has been reported from January 2018 to April 2022. Results: Total no of donors deferred in our study was 300. Among them 261 were Male and 39 were female. The mean years of age of the deferral group were 28.7 +/- 8.46. There were about 267 (89%) deferred due to temporary reasons and 33 (11%) deferred due to permanent reasons. In the temporary deferral group the most common cause for deferral was found to be anemia (29%) followed by tattoo (20%) and Alcohol intake(14%).Out of the 33 permanent deferrals 14 were deferred due to diabetes, 7 due to asthma and 6 each were deferred due to hypertension and medication. Conclusion: It is necessary that every blood bank analyze the health status, rates and patterns of donor deferral in their own region, so that unnecessary deferral especially due to temporary reasons can be avoided by conducting awareness programmes and mass screening programs before blood donation camps can be organized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Specimen labeling errors along with incorrect patient identification have been described as among the most complex and demanding occurrences in laboratory diagnostics. The study aimed to describe the rates of sample identification and labeling errors in the blood center of a multispecialty hospital and identify possible measures to reduce them. Methods: A retrospective document review and analysis of sample identification and labeling errors were conducted in a Blood Bank Laboratory in Saudi Arabia for 4 years. The quality assurance database from the laboratory information system was used to access and review all relevant information. The one-way analysis of variance was employed to check the statistical differences between the laboratory errors and other variables in the study. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: Overall, 74,279 samples and laboratory requests were received, with over 3107 canceled requests and rejected samples. An error rate of 0.43% was due to incorrect identification and labeling. This accounts for 10.2% of the total canceled tests. The annual labeling error ranges from 0.26% to 0.73%. Primarily, the errors were due to incomplete data (0.37%) and were noted as the leading type of error in all the departments. More than half (51.3%) of the errors happened in type and screen tests, whereas a significant proportion was also noted in crossmatch red blood cells (31.9%). Conclusions: The rate of sample identification and labeling errors in this study was comparable to established data and was primarily due to incomplete data or labels. Identification and labeling errors are most common in type and screen testing and crossmatch. Carefully monitoring specimen labeling quality continually can lower specimen labeling errors and determine improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood group antibodies are associated with susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among different blood groups. Factors such as age and male sex have been identified as risk factors for COVID-19 and disease severity. Aim: Determination of blood groups of COVID-19 positive plasma donors and examine the association of blood groups with different sexes and age groups. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the factors that either prevent or motivate COVID-19 positive individuals to donate plasma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed records from July 2020 to June 2021 at the Blood Bank of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India. The sample size included 115 COVID-19 plasma donors, selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data on blood group, age, sex, and factors influencing plasma donation were recorded. The collected data was entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 statistical software, applying the Chi-square test. Results: Among the 115 COVID-19 positive patients, 113 were males and two were females. The most commonly affected age group was between 31-40 years (44 donors), and the most commonly observed blood group was O+ve (44 cases). There was no significant association between gender and age group (p-value-0.299). Similarly, there was no significant association between blood group and age groups (p-value-0.730). When evaluating the reasons for donating blood, the majority of people (33 out of 115) mentioned that their family member required blood. The provision of transport facilities by the blood bank did not significantly increase the number of blood donations, as most people preferred using their own vehicles (44 out of 115) due to the fear of COVID-19 infection. Among their friends, the main reason for not donating blood was the fear of infection (63 out of 115). Conclusion: Individual with blood group ‘O’ were more affected by COVID-19 compared to other blood groups. The pandemic has impacted blood transfusion services as fewer donors are visiting hospitals for blood donation. It is important to thoroughly assess and address the various reasons that prevent individuals from donating plasma through mass awareness campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Throughout the history of transfusion medicine, many infectious diseases have been recognised, impacting the blood supply. • Surveillance contributed to the changes in donor screening. • Transfusion medicine needs to be prepared for new pathogens emerging, especially in the context of climate change. Blood transfusion saves millions of lives each year. It is a well-established treatment, and many procedures are applied to avoid transmitted infections. However, throughout the history of transfusion medicine, many infectious diseases arose or were recognised, bringing up an impact on the blood supply, as the difficulties in diagnosing new diseases, the decrease in blood donors, the challenges for the medical team, the risks for the receptor and the related costs. This study aims to review historically the principal infectious diseases transmitted through the blood that circulated worldwide in the 20th and 21st centuries, considering the impact on the blood banks. Despite the current blood bank control of transfusion risks and the hemovigilance improvements, transmitted and emerging infections can still compromise the blood bank supply, as we have witnessed during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, new pathogens will continue emerging, and we must be prepared for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Hemovigilance is a set of monitoring methods that covers the blood transfusion chain, from collecting blood and blood products to monitoring the blood recipients. To this end, any error in this process can have serious and irreparable consequences for patients. The present study aimed to investigate the quality of hemovigilance process in Iran, using the first two steps of Six Sigma model. Methods: This was a quantitative cross-sectional study that was conducted over 6 months (from August 20, 2021, to February 20, 2022) at Afzalipour Hospital in Iran, using the first two steps of Six Sigma model. The study population comprised of all inpatients who needed blood or blood product transfusion in various departments of Afzalipour Hospital, among whom 477 patients were selected via stratified sampling in three shifts (morning, evening, and night). The datasheet was used to record errors in the three shifts. This research was conducted, using the DMAIC cycle's "define" and "measure" steps. Results: In the define step, the hemovigilance process at Afzalipour Hospital was divided into two categories of normal process and emergency process. Each of these processes consists of several sub-processes, including "phlebotomy," "requesting blood and blood products from the department," "preparation of application by the blood bank," " sending a request from the blood bank to the blood transfusion center," "transfusing blood and blood products," and "returning the blood and blood products to the blood bank and waste disposal." In the measure step, the quality of hemovigilance process was evaluated based on sub-processes and labels at morning, evening and night shifts. The sub-process of sending a request from the blood bank to the blood transfusion center had the highest error rate with a sigma level of 1.5. Also, the evening and night shifts had a sigma level of 1.875, and the clinical and registration labels had a sigma level of 1.875. The overall sigma level of hemovigilance process was calculated to be 2. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the quality of hemovigilance process at Afzalipour Hospital was poor. By employing the first two steps of Six Sigma method, we identified the existing errors in the hemovigilance process of Afzalipour hospital in order to assist hospital managers to take the necessary measures to improve this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: A spectrum of blood‐borne infectious agents may be transmitted through transfusion of blood components from asymptomatic donors. Despite the persistence of polyomaviruses in blood cells, no studies have been conducted in Argentina to assess the risk of transfusion infection. Materials and Methods: We investigated BKPyV and JCPyV in 720 blood donors, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for a region of T antigen common to both viruses. Positive T‐antigen samples were subjected to two additional PCR assays targeting the VP1 region. Viral genotypes were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Results: Polyomaviruses were detected in 1.25% (9/720) of the blood samples selected; JCPyV was identified in 0.97% (7/720) and BKPyV in 0.28% (2/720) of them. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the JCPyV sequences clustered with 2A genotype and Ia of BKPyV. Conclusion: This study describes for the first time the prevalence of polyomavirus DNA in blood donors of Córdoba, Argentina. The polyomavirus DNAemia in healthy populations suggests that those viruses are present in blood components eligible for transfusion. Therefore, the epidemiological surveillance of polyomavirus in blood banks might be incorporated into haemovigilance programmes, to determine the infectious risk and implement newer interventions to ensure the safety of blood supplies, if required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zewudu Mulatie,1 Melak Aynalem,2 Solomon Getawa2 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Desie, Ethiopia; 2Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Zewudu Mulatie, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O.box: 1145, Desie, Ethiopia, Tel +251945274251, Email zewudumulatie@gmail.comAbstract: Micro-ribonucleic acids are control gene expression in cells. They represent the changed cellular states that occur can be employed as biomarkers. Red blood cells alter biochemically and morphologically while they are being stored, which could be detrimental to transfusion. The effect of storage on the erythrocyte transcriptome is not mostly investigated. Because adult erythrocytes lack a nucleus, it has long been assumed that they lack deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. On the other hand, erythrocytes contain a diverse range of ribonucleic acids, of which micro-ribonucleic acids are key component. Changes in this micro-ribonucleic acid protect cells from death and adenine triphosphate depletion, and they are linked to specific storage lesions. As a result, changes in micro-ribonucleic acid in stored erythrocytes may be used as a marker to assess the quality and safety of stored erythrocytes. Therefore, this review ams to review the role of microRNA in stored packed red blood cells as quality indicator. Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Z-libraries are used for searching articles and books. The article included in this paper was written in the English language and had the full article. During long storage of RBCs, miR-16-2-3p, miR-1260a, miR-1260b, miR-4443, miR-4695-3p, miR-5100, let-7b, miR-16, miRNA-1246, MiR-31-5p, miR-203a, miR-654-3p, miR-769-3p, miR-4454, miR-451a and miR-125b- 5p are up regulated. However, miR-96, miR-150, miR-196a, miR-197, miR-381 and miR-1245a are down regulated after long storage of RBCs. The changes of this microRNAs are linked to red blood cell lesions. Therefore, micro-ribonucleic acids are the potential quality indicator in stored packed red blood cells in the blood bank. Particularly, micro-ribonucleic acid-96 is the most suitable biomarker for monitoring red blood cell quality in stored packed red blood units.Keywords: blood bank, microRNA, packed red blood cell

Introduction/Objective. Professional burnout has sparked academic interest as one of the phenomena with the most serious implications for healthcare employees’ well-being. As burnout becomes an increasingly common issue in medical practice, more extensive research on its predictors is needed. This study aimed to examine whether and how job satisfaction and work-related burnout affect personal burnout. Methods. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The sample consists of 218 employees from transfusion medicine units located in five cities in the central part of Serbia. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlation, and hierarchical regression were applied. Results. We found the personal burnout is negatively affected by job satisfaction, predominantly by working conditions (β = -0,141, t = -2,780, p < 0.01), and positively impacted to work-related burnout (β = 0,690, t = 13,409, p < 0.001) indicated that workload has strong impact on personal life quality of healthcare professionals employed in blood banks. Conclusion. This research contributes to more comprehensive understanding of personal burnout factors. The findings of this study can be used to develop strategies to promote employee well-being and prevent burnout in different manifestations.

Background: Blood and its constituents are necessary for human survival, and no major surgical procedure can be completed without using blood. Wastage of blood and blood products should ideally never occur. This study aimed to examine the load of blood discarded in our blood bank, the causes of the discard, and to reduce blood discard to a minimum by using innovative procedures and approaches. Materials and Methods: A 5-year retrospective research was conducted at the Department of Blood Bank, D. Y. Patil Hospital and Research Centre, Navi Mumbai, from 2018 to 2022. Results: Throughout our research period of 5 years, the average number of blood units collected was 4655/year. With an average of 2.5 blood products made from every whole blood collected, there were, on average, 117167/year blood products made. There was an overall decreasing trend of blood products discarded from 11% in 2018 to around 5% in 2022. The main reasons for blood discard were expired blood products (average 4.9%/year), transfusion-transmitted diseases (TTDs) (average 2%/year), and less quantity (average 0.5%/year). Conclusion: Expiry/outdated units were determined to be our study’s most prevalent reason for disposal. Over the years, the discard percentage has been reduced by half to 5% in 2022. Better blood bag collection, storage, and usage management might eliminate this discard. The coronavirus disease pandemic has been a pivot point, in which the discard rate gradually decreased despite less blood collection. TTDs were another major cause of blood discard in our blood bank (2%). By arranging revision training courses and educating our blood bank workers, we can reduce TTD as a cause of blood wastage.

Background and Objectives: Stored blood undergoes many metabolic, biochemical, and molecular changes known as storage lesions which are responsible for negative posttransfusion effects in recipients. This study aims to detect serial in vitro qualitative changes that occur during processing and blood storage including changes in plasma hemoglobin (Hb), plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and potassium levels and changes (fall) in pH of packed red blood cell at serial intervals under a standard condition of storage in the blood bank. This is a two year prospective study. Methods: Fifty donors were selected and blood units were collected and stored under blood bank conditions. Mean plasma Hb of stored blood was estimated by measuring the transmittance and absorbance of modified azide-methemoglobin and percentage hemolysis was calculated on days 0, 1, 7, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. Similarly, plasma LDH and plasma potassium levels were also assessed during storage. Results: It was noted that free Hb level and percentage hemolysis progressively increased with storage along with the level of LDH and potassium. However, the extent of hemolysis did not exceed the permissible limit of up to 42 days of storage. Conclusion: It was concluded that quantitative estimation of Hb is superior to the visual method for the determination of hemolysis. Hemolysis can be further reduced by additive solution saline, adenine, glucose, and mannitol and using di-2-ethyl hexyl pHthalate as s plasticizer in blood bags for storage.

Objective To analyze the reasons for the invalidity of blood nucleic acid test results, and to explore the countermeasures to reduce the invalidity of the test. Methods From 2019 to 2021, the number of tests performed in our laboratory for Cobas s201 blood nucleic acid screening system and the number of batches and tests with invalid results were counted, and the types and reasons of invalid results were analyzed. Results From 2019 to 2021, the Cobas s201 nucleic acid detection system detected a total of 5, 420 batches and 127, 950 pools, and the invalid rate of batches and pools were 1.83% and 1.97%, respectively. The types of invalid results can be summarized as improper operation, sample quality problems, invalid quality control (IQC), equipment failure and others. Among them, IQC and equipment failure were the main reasons for invalid results, accounting for 44.51% and 39.96%, respectively. IQC was mainly related to cross-contamination of samples and insufficient mixing of quality control products. Equipment failures mostly occurred in the robotic arm gripper of the nucleic acid extraction instrument and the TC module of the amplification instrument. Conclusion The laboratory should conduct quality monitoring for invalid results, and take targeted improvement measures, especially to reduce invalid results caused by invalid quality control and instrument failure.

Blood is a crucial constituent within the human body that is irreplaceable for human life, it supplies supplements and oxygen to all the cells, due to this fundamental part, the requirement for a decentralized blood bank has been introduced in this paper. Manual frameworks as compared to computerized frameworks are time-consuming, exorbitant, and may regularly contain human errors. Moreover, they are helpless to the single point of disappointment issue due to centralization and may lack privacy and security features. This research paper explores the usage of a blood management system based on blockchain technology. The current blood management systems confront challenges such as donor-recipient anonymity, traceability, and straightforwardness. These issues can be tended to by utilizing blockchain, which gives a decentralized and secure database for data administration. The suggested system makes use of blockchain to handle and preserve data from blood banks, such as donor details, blood type, and availability. Automating the blood donation procedure using smart contracts ensures accountability and transparency. Additionally, the system has an interface that both donors and receivers may use to obtain data and follow their donation history. While preserving the anonymity of the donors and recipients, the proposed blood management system employing blockchain is projected to boost efficiency, transparency, and trust in the blood donation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Stored blood undergoes many metabolic, biochemical, and molecular changes known as storage lesions which are responsible for negative posttransfusion effects in recipients. This study aims to detect serial in vitro qualitative changes that occur during processing and blood storage including changes in plasma hemoglobin (Hb), plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and potassium levels and changes (fall) in pH of packed red blood cell at serial intervals under a standard condition of storage in the blood bank. This is a two year prospective study. Methods: Fifty donors were selected and blood units were collected and stored under blood bank conditions. Mean plasma Hb of stored blood was estimated by measuring the transmittance and absorbance of modified azide-methemoglobin and percentage hemolysis was calculated on days 0, 1, 7, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. Similarly, plasma LDH and plasma potassium levels were also assessed during storage. Results: It was noted that free Hb level and percentage hemolysis progressively increased with storage along with the level of LDH and potassium. However, the extent of hemolysis did not exceed the permissible limit of up to 42 days of storage. Conclusion: It was concluded that quantitative estimation of Hb is superior to the visual method for the determination of hemolysis. Hemolysis can be further reduced by additive solution saline, adenine, glucose, and mannitol and using di-2-ethyl hexyl pHthalate as s plasticizer in blood bags for storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, a novel mathematical model for blood supply chain network and a variant of Genetic Algorithm for the problem are proposed. The proposed mathematical model is developed using Mixed-integer nonlinear programming. The model is designed as a location, allocation, and routing problem that includes determining locations of local blood centers, assigning transfusion and blood donation centers to predetermined local blood centers, and routing between them. Eventually, a case study is conducted in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkish Red Crescent to illustrate the practicality and validity of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Thawed plasma (TP) refers to defrosted fresh frozen plasma stored refrigerated. TP is used in human medicine for the rapid provision of clotting factors for the treatment of life-threatening bleeding but its use in dogs has been poorly described. The objectives of this historical case series were to describe the reasons for TP transfusion, treatment outcomes, and adverse events associated with canine TP transfusions in a veterinary teaching hospital. We hypothesised that TP would be used most commonly for the treatment of haemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication and trauma. Blood bank plasma transfusion logs were searched to identify dogs that received at least one unit of TP. Briefly, 166 dogs received a total of 262 units of TP. Anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication (37/166, 22.3%) was the most common reason for transfusion, followed by traumatic haemorrhage (23, 13.9%) and spontaneous haemoperitoneum (22, 13.2%). The majority of dogs received one unit of TP (111/166, 67.1%) and packed red blood cells (pRBCs) were commonly simultaneously transfused with TP (65, 39.2%). Severe prolongations of clotting times were reduced following TP transfusions. Allergic reactions were the most common transfusion reaction (19/166, 11.4%). Most dogs survived to discharge (101/166, 60.8%). Thawed plasma (TP) refers to defrosted fresh frozen plasma stored refrigerated. TP is used in human medicine for the rapid provision of coagulation factors and resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock, but its use in dogs is poorly described. The objectives of this historical case series were to describe the reasons for TP transfusion, treatment outcomes, and adverse events associated with canine TP transfusions in a veterinary teaching hospital. We hypothesised that TP would be used most commonly for the treatment of haemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication and trauma. Blood bank plasma transfusion logs were searched to identify dogs that received at least one unit of TP between December 2015 and June 2021. Briefly, 166 dogs received a total of 262 units of TP. Anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication (37/166, 22.3%) was the most common reason for transfusion, followed by traumatic haemorrhage (23, 13.9%) and spontaneous haemoperitoneum (22, 13.2%). The majority of dogs received one unit of TP (111/166, 67.1%) and pRBCs were commonly simultaneously transfused with TP (65, 39.2%). Severe prolongations of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were reduced following TP transfusions. Allergic reactions were the most common transfusion reaction (19/166, 11.4%). Most dogs survived to discharge (101/166, 60.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]