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Norovirus (NoV) that enters drinking water sources with wastewater discharges is a common cause of waterborne outbreaks. The impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the river Gota alv (Sweden) was studied using monitoring and hydrodynamic modeling. The concentrations of NoV genogroups (GG) I and II in samples collected at WWTPs and drinking water intakes (source water) during one year were quantified using duplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The mean (standard deviation) NoV GGI and GGII genome concentrations were 6.2 (1.4) and 6.8 (1.8) in incoming wastewater and 5.3 (1.4) and 5.9 (1.4) log(10) genome equivalents (g.e.) L-1 in treated wastewater, respectively. The reduction at the WWTPs varied between 0.4 and 1.1 log(10) units. In source water, the concentration ranged from below the detection limit to 3.8 log(10) g.e. L-1. NoV GGII was detected in both wastewater and source water more frequently during the cold than the warm period of the year. The spread of NoV in the river was simulated using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The modeling results indicated that the NoV GGI and GGII genome concentrations in source water may occasionally be up to 2.8 and 1.9 log(10) units higher, respectively, than the concentrations measured during the monitoring project., Funding Agencies|VISK project within the framework of European Union program Interreg IVA Oresund-Kattegat-Skagerrak; Graduate School on Environment and Health (Forskarskolan Miljo och Halsa) - Chalmers University of Technology; University of Gothenburg; Region Vastra Gotaland, Sweden; Swedish Water and Wastewater Association (Svenskt Vatten)

Myxomatous mitral valve disease is a common disease in older dogs of small- to medium-size breeds. The mitral valve, and less commonly the tricuspid valve may be affected which causes them to leak blood from the ventricle to the atrium of the heart during systole. With increasing severity of mitral valve leakage the forward stroke volume ejected into the aorta decreases, which may lead to an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary vein resulting in pulmonary edema. A decrease in cardiac output may lead to a decrease in blood pressure, but the body may respond in order to normalize the blood pressure. Franzén showed in 2007 that the systolic blood pressure was increased in dogs with severe mitral insufficiency. Franzén used the intensity of the heart murmur to estimate the severity of mitral insufficiency. In this study we used echocardiography for the same purpose. Both studies used an oscillometric method to determine the arterial blood pressure. We wanted to see if we could obtain similar results using an echocardiographic classification. The aim of the study was to give an overview of the disease and investigate if mitral valve insufficiency affects the arterial blood pressure. We examined a total of 58 dogs (20 male and 38 female) of which 53 had different severity of mitral insufficiency and 5 were healthy controls. The dogs comprised 51 cavalier king charles spaniels, 4 dachshunds, one poodle, one miniature schnauzer and one shih-tzu. The dogs were 2,2-15,6 years old with a mean age of 8,8 years. The female dogs were 2,2-15,1 years old with a mean age of 8,6 years. The male dogs were 3,7-15,6 years old with a mean age of 9,2 years. The dogs underwent a physical examination and the heart rate, body weight and presence and intensity of heart murmur was recorded. The dog's systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured using oscillometry and echocardiography was performed to determine the severity of mitral insufficiency. The heart rate increased with inc, Kronisk mitralisinsufficiens (tidigare benämnt endokardos) är en vanligt förekommande hjärtsjukdom hos medelålders till äldre hundar och ses framförallt hos små- till medelstora raser. Sjukdomen innebär att mitralisklaffen, och ibland även tricuspidalisklaffen, degenereras och blir otät. Detta leder till att blod strömmar tillbaka från kammaren in i förmaket under systole. I grava fall minskar slagvolymen ut i aorta och blod stasas i lungvenen, vilket i sin tur leder till lungödem. Kroppen aktiverar då kompensatoriska mekanismer som strävar efter att normalisera blodtrycket. Franzén visade 2007 en signifikant ökning av det systoliska blodtrycket vid ökande läckage över mitralisklaffarna hos hund med kronisk mitralisinsufficiens. Hon använde sig av graden av blåsljud för att uppskatta graden av mitralisinsufficiens samt oscillometri för att mäta det arteriella blodtrycket. I denna studie användes ekokardiografi för att gradera mitralisinsufficiensen och oscillometri för att mäta det arteriella blodtrycket. Vi ville se om man erhöll samma resultat med de olika metoderna. Syftet med studien var att ge en överblick av sjukdomen samt att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan graden av mitralisinsufficiens och det arteriella blodtrycket. Vi undersökte sammanlagt 58 hundar (20 hanhundar och 38 tikar), varav 53 med varierande grad av kronisk mitralisinsufficiens samt 5 friska kontrollhundar. Det var framförallt hundar av rasen cavalier king charles spaniel (51 stycken) som inkluderades, men även en storpudel, en dvärgschnauzer, en shih-tzu och fyra taxar. Hundarna (samtliga) var mellan 2,2 och 15,6 år gamla med ett medelvärde på 8,8 år. Tikarna var mellan 2,2 och 15,1 år gamla med ett medelvärde på 8,6 år. Hanarna var mellan 3,7 och 15,6 år med ett medelvärde på 9,2 år. Hundarna genomgick en allmän klinisk undersökning för att fastställa hjärtfrekvens och grad av blåsljud. Oscillometri användes för att mäta det systoliska- och diastoliska blodtrycket och ekokardiografi