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Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are major global health issues, with myocardial infarction becoming more common. In the current study, the cardioprotective effects of methanol extract from the aril of the Blighia sapida fruit were assessed in relation to certain cardiac function biomarkers, endogenous antioxidant activity, and the pathology of the heart in Wistar rats that had undergone isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. Phytochemical screening was according to methods described by Trease and Evans. The LD50 of the extract was calculated using Lorke's approach. The LD50 was calculated using nine (9) Wistar rats. For cardioprotective and antioxidant activities, six groups of seven Wistar rats each were formed from forty-two (42), which were divided at random. Group 1 were administered 1ml of normal saline daily, group 2 through 4 were pretreated with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, for 28 days. Group 5 were administered 85 mg/kg of isoprenaline on days 26 and 27, 24 hours apart to cause myocardial infarction. Group 6 served as the positive control (pretreated with 2 mg/kg carvedilol for 28 days). The plant contains bioactive substances like alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, steroid glycosides, cardenolides, terpenes, and tannins. No mortality even at a dose of 5000mg/kg. Glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase all show considerable increases. Total troponin, troponin c, troponin I, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin, significantly decreased when compared to the isoprenaline group. Additionally, there was a significant drop in the levels of some biochemical markers in the extract treated groups compared to the isoprenaline control. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and ALT, AST, and ALP significantly decreased. Histological analysis revealed some degree of cardiac modification and a notable improvement. According to the data, the extract contains modest antioxidant and cardioprotective characteristics.

The leaf of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig (Sapindaceae) has been used traditionally to treat several conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. However, there is still limited knowledge of its toxicity and safety. The study was aimed at investigating the sub-acute toxicological profile of the aqueous leaf extract of Blighia sapida in rodents. The leaf extract was obtained by cold maceration for 72 h. A 21-day sub-acute toxicity test was performed using doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg orally. In vitro, antioxidant tests were performed using standard methods 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) and hydroxyl tests. Biochemical, hematological and histological studies were performed. The leaf extract demonstrated antioxidant activity. The spleen was significantly increased at 2000 mg/kg compared to the control. Marked increases in hemoglobin levels at all the doses, hematocrit levels at 500 mg/kg and platelet counts at 1000 mg/kg relative to the control were observed. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly decreased at 500 and 1000 mg/kg in relation to the control. Urea concentrations at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg were significantly increased relative to the control. A significant increase was observed in albumin levels at 500 and 2000 mg/kg compared to the control. Alkaline phosphatase was reduced at 2000 mg/kg compared to the control. Most organs showed normal histological features at 500 mg/kg. This study shows that repeated exposure of the extract to rats may be toxic at doses above 500 mg/kg and may be unsafe for traditional users at higher doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection practices include minimizing the level of synthetic chemicals as pesticides in agricultural activities. Reduction of cholinergic and metabolizing enzymes by natural products are safer pest-controlling alternatives in food security. Hence, the objective of this study is to assess the ability of Ackee apple (Blighia sapid) stem-bark extract as a potential biological pest control agent to interfere with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and biomarkers in brain, liver, and blood of Wistar rat using standard methods. The Wistar rat brain and liver were excised and blood was collected into heparinized tubes at the end of a 28-day experiment for biochemical investigations. Data obtained revealed that the activities of AChE and GST decreased at a dose-dependent rate (P < 0.05). A non-significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for all the treated groups and a dose-dependent increase in total protein concentration were detected. The extract did not significantly alter ALT, AST, and ALP, particularly at repeated doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. The extract of Blighia sapida reduced AChE and GST activity; a property that could be exploited in the formulation of pest control agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection practices include minimizing the level of synthetic chemicals as pesticides in agricultural activities. Reduction of cholinergic and metabolizing enzymes by natural products are safer pest-controlling alternatives in food security. Hence, the objective of this study is to assess the ability of Ackee apple (Blighia sapid) stem-bark extract as a potential biological pest control agent to interfere with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and biomarkers in brain, liver, and blood of Wistar rat using standard methods. The Wistar rat brain and liver were excised and blood was collected into heparinized tubes at the end of a 28-day experiment for biochemical investigations. Data obtained revealed that the activities of AChE and GST decreased at a dose-dependent rate (P < 0.05). A non-significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for all the treated groups and a dose-dependent increase in total protein concentration were detected. The extract did not significantly alter ALT, AST, and ALP, particularly at repeated doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. The extract of Blighia sapida reduced AChE and GST activity; a property that could be exploited in the formulation of pest control agents.

Blighia unijugata (Baker) and B. sapida (K.D. Koenig) (Sapindaceae) are forest trees widespread in Tropical Africa. They are used in folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, cardiovascular diseases, yellow fever, dysentery, and epilepsy. The essential oils of the air-dried leaves, stem bark, and roots of the plants were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method using α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid as standards. The insecticidal activity of the oils was investigated by determining the percentage mortality of the grain insects (Sitophilus zeamaise). Results showed that the yield of the colorless oils (% w/w) from the leaves, stem bark, and roots of the plants were 0.91%, 0.42%, and 0.34% for B. unijugata and 0.67%, 0.32%, and 0.48% for B. sapida, respectively. The most abundant compounds in B. unijugata leaves were pentadecanoic acid (14-methyl-, methyl ester) (38.34%), carbonic acid, propyl-en-2-yl undecylpropyl ester (36.79%), and 9-octadecanoic acid (Z)-methyl ester (24.86%). The stem bark was rich in 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (79.01%) while the root contained limonene (20.51%), trans-13-octadecanoic acid (16.74 %), and cis-vaccenic acid (9.50%). The leaf essential oil of B. sapida had hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (21.43%), phytol (20.45%), geosmin (16.258%), and α-ionone (8.271%) as the major constituents. The stem bark had cholesterol (38.66%) as the major constituent while the root contained nonanal (18.09%) and 4-cyclopropyl carbonyl tetradecane (11.6%). The antioxidant analysis revealed that B. unijugata root had 83.96% inhibition at 100 mg/ml, while B. sapida stem had 79.73% inhibition, better than α-tocopherol. No significant insecticidal activity was observed in the essential oils of the plants against S. zeamaise except for B. sapida stem which showed 50% toxicity to the maize weevils. However, the two plants can be the source of antioxidant agents against oxidative stress and related diseases.

Abstract Blighia sapida, commonly known as the ackee, is a member of the Sapindaceae family. The tree is native to the forests of West Africa and was brought to the Caribbean and later Florida, where it is cultivated as an orchard crop in some areas. Arilli of the fruit are processed to make canned ackee in brine whereas the seeds, raphe and pods are discarded. Physiochemical studies were conducted on extracts of the seed. Qualitative analysis detected the presence of phenolics and reducing sugars. Aqueous extracts of the seeds (ASE) exhibited free radical scavenging activity and had an inhibitory concentration of 2.59 mg/mL. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry led to the identification of several metabolites including amino acids and fatty acids. Hypoglycin B was isolated utilizing ion exchange chromatography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of hypoglycin B detected a band resonating at 3070 cm−1 which may be attributed to the methylenecyclopropane moiety of hypoglycin B. The seeds had a lipid content of 5.72 ± 0.25 % (w/w). The ackee seed oil (ASO) had a saponification value of 152.07 ± 37 and a carotenoid content of 23.7 ± 1.8 mg/kg. The ackee seeds are a source of bioactive components.

Abstract Background The study was designed to screen aqueous extract of Bilghia sapida leaves for its phytochemical constituents, in vivo antiplasmodial activity and biochemical changes in Plasmodium berghei (NK65)-infected female mice. Phytochemical screening was done using standard methods. In the acute toxicity test, three groups of mice received 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/Kg/day of the extract respectively, and were observed for signs of toxicity, especially mortality for 24 h. Forty-eight mice were assigned into six groups of eight animals each. The uninfected group A (control) was administered distilled water, while groups B, C, D, E and F were inoculated intraperitoneally with about 107 parasitized erythrocytes and received distilled water, chloroquine (5 mg/Kg/day), 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg/day of extract, respectively. The antiplasmodial activity was evaluated using Peter’s 4 days suppressive test. Haematological indices, selected biochemical parameters and liver histology were evaluated. Results Screening revealed the presence of six phytochemicals in the aqueous extract of B. sapida leaves. Median lethal dose of the extract is > 5,000 mg/Kg/day. The aqueous extract of the leaves significantly (P

Blighia unijugata (Baker) and B. sapida (K.D. Koenig) (Sapindaceae) are forest trees widespread in Tropical Africa. They are used in folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, cardiovascular diseases, yellow fever, dysentery, and epilepsy. The essential oils of the air-dried leaves, stem bark, and roots of the plants were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method using a-tocopherol and ascorbic acid as standards. The insecticidal activity of the oils was investigated by determining the percentage mortality of the grain insects (Sitophilus zeamaise). Results showed that the yield of the colorless oils (% w/w) from the leaves, stem bark, and roots of the plants were 0.91%, 0.42%, and 0.34% for B. unijugata and 0.67%, 0.32%, and 0.48% for B. sapida, respectively. The most abundant compounds in B. unijugata leaves were pentadecanoic acid (14-methyl-, methyl ester) (38.34%), carbonic acid, propyl-en-2-yl undecylpropyl ester (36.79%), and 9-octadecanoic acid (Z)-methyl ester (24.86%). The stem bark was rich in 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (79.01%) while the root contained limonene (20.51%), trans-13-octadecanoic acid (16.74 %), and cis-vaccenic acid (9.50%). The leaf essential oil of B. sapida had hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (21.43%), phytol (20.45%), geosmin (16.258%), and a-ionone (8.271%) as the major constituents. The stem bark had cholesterol (38.66%) as the major constituent while the root contained nonanal (18.09%) and 4-cyclopropyl carbonyl tetradecane (11.6%). The antioxidant analysis revealed that B. unijugata root had 83.96% inhibition at 100 mg/ml, while B. sapida stem had 79.73% inhibition, better than a-tocopherol. No significant insecticidal activity was observed in the essential oils of the plants against S. zeamaise except for B. sapida stem which showed 50% toxicity to the maize weevils. However, the two plants can be the source of antioxidant agents against oxidative stress and related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blighia sapida (B. sapida) K.D. Koenig (Family Sapindaceae) is a branchless straight bole approximately 15 m in length. The study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and fractions of B. sapida stem-bark using in vitro methods. Ethanol extract and its fractions were investigated for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and quantitative phenolic and flavonoid contents. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays. The extract and its fractions exhibited radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. The ethyl acetate fraction possessed maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents (136.67 ± 1.55 gallic acid equivalent mg/g and 75.76 ± 4.03 quercetin equivalent mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant studies revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction displayed superior activity with an IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.03 mg/mL DPPH, and values of 146.96 ± 3.81 ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) mg/g and 359.20 ± 4.98 AAE mg/g for FRAP and TAC, respectively. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was revealed by inhibition of heat-induced albumin denaturation and red blood cell membrane stabilization at concentrations of 200–1000 μg/mL and 50–250 μg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract and fractions exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with ethyl acetate fraction showing superior activity, which could be attributed to secondary metabolites, mainly phenolic compounds. Overall, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of B. sapida can be exploited by ethnomedicinal users.

The ackee (Blighia sapida), a member of the Sapindaceae family is native to West Africa but has been naturalised in the Caribbean. Fully mature fruits are consumed in Jamaica and its diaspora. The arilli of the mature fruit is rich in monounsaturated lipids. Lipid extracts of the fruit are not currently utilised commercially. In the current study, lipid extracts of the arilli and seeds of the fully mature fruit were characterised. The acid, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values of the lipid extracts, as well as the refractive index were determined. Their antioxidant and chain breaking properties were also evaluated. Ackee arilli oil and seed oil had acid values of 3.2 ± 1.3 mg KOH/g and 4.7 ± 0.3 mg KOH/g, respectively (p > 0.05). The refractive index of ackee arilli oil and seed oil was 1.46 and 1.45, respectively (p > 0.05). Ackee seed oil had an iodine value of 48 and arilli oil 47 -- 56 (g I2/100 g oil) (p > 0.05). Oil extracts from the mature arilli of the fruit had a saponification value of 211-213 mg KOH/g whereas ackee seed oil had a saponification value of 140 mg KOH/g. The peroxide values for the arilli and seed oil samples were 1.88 ± 0.35 and 19.55 ± 2.90 mEq/kg, respectively (p < 0.05), indicating that arilli oil had greater stability than ackee seed oil. The reducing capacity of ackee seed oil (3184 ± 526 %) and arilli oil (2078 ± 252 %) was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Fractionation of arilli oil extracts revealed that neutral lipids made up the major portion followed by glycolipids. Phospholipids were present in very small quantities. DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed percentage inhibitions of 3.2 % and 20.1 % for arilli and seed oils, respectively. Ackee arilli oil contained higher quantities (p < 0.05) of phenolics compounds (14.35 ± 0.66 ppm gallic acid/g) than the seed oil (11.47 ± 0.53 ppm gallic acid/g). Ackee oil exhibited several characteristic features of oils that are currently utilised commercially. Ackee oil extracts could be considered for utilisation in commercial applications in the food and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blighia sapida (B. sapida) K.D. Koenig (Family Sapindaceae) is a branchless straight bole approximately 15 m in length. The study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and fractions of B. sapida stem-bark using in vitro methods. Ethanol extract and its fractions were investigated for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and quantitative phenolic and flavonoid contents. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays. The extract and its fractions exhibited radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. The ethyl acetate fraction possessed maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents (136.67 ± 1.55 gallic acid equivalent mg/g and 75.76 ± 4.03 quercetin equivalent mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant studies revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction displayed superior activity with an IC 50 = 0.09 ± 0.03 mg/mL DPPH, and values of 146.96 ± 3.81 ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) mg/g and 359.20 ± 4.98 AAE mg/g for FRAP and TAC, respectively. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was revealed by inhibition of heat-induced albumin denaturation and red blood cell membrane stabilization at concentrations of 200–1000 μg/mL and 50–250 μg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract and fractions exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with ethyl acetate fraction showing superior activity, which could be attributed to secondary metabolites, mainly phenolic compounds. Overall, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of B. sapida can be exploited by ethnomedicinal users. [Display omitted] • This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and fractions of Blighia sapida stem-bark using in vitro methods. • Antioxidant activity was determined regarding 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity, and quantification of phenolic and flavonoid contents. • The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays at various concentrations. • The ethyl acetate fraction was found to possess maximum phenolic and flavonoids contents. • The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited heat-induced albumin denaturation and red blood cell membrane stabilization, which could be attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ackee seeds are a major waste of the ackee canning industry. The seeds bio-accumulate the toxin hypoglycin but are also a potential source of protein. The objective of this study was to produce a protein isolate from the ackee seed and determine the chemical and functional properties of the isolate. Proteins were extracted from the defatted ackee seed flour using sodium borate buffer (pH 10.0, 50 mM) and aqueous ethanol (75% v/v). The protein isolate was then dried under vacuum and milled into a powder. The ackee seed protein isolate contained low molecular weight proteins comprising principally glutamic acid, arginine, glycine and aspartic acid with hypoglycin content within regulatory limits. Ackee seed protein powder, in comparison to soy protein isolate, demonstrated high solubility, formed stable emulsions and demonstrated good foaming properties, particularly at acidic pH values, making it suitable for use in acidic foods such as fruit juices, beverages and yoghurts. The purity (g protein/100 g isolate) of the ackee seed protein isolate was found to be lower than that of the commercial soybean protein isolate while higher quantities of fat and ash were present in the soybean protein isolate. The water and oil absorption capacities (g/g isolate) of ackee seed protein were lower than those of the commercial soybean protein isolate. Hypoglycin content in the ackee seed protein isolate was determined to be below the commercial standard for ackee products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global campaign to achieve net zero emissions have necessitated the switch from fossil fuels to biofuels. Owing to the limited resources and high overall production costs, the use of biobased materials has been considered as an economic approach to produce low carbon emitting biofuels. The utilization of heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from Ribbon vittata shells for biodiesel production from Blighia sapida seed oil is discussed in this paper. The crushed shells of Ribbon vittata was placed in a crucible and calcined in a furnace for 4 hr at a temperature of 900 °C to develop the heterogeneous catalyst. The calcined Ribbon vittata shells were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy-dispersive electroscope (EDS) to reveal the microstructure and elemental composition. Oil was extracted from Blighia sapida seeds using n-hexane solvent in a chemical extraction process. The biodiesel was produced from the extracted oil using the developed heterogeneous catalyst under selected optimal reaction conditions of 65 °C, 120 min, 2 wt.% catalyst content, and methanol to oil ratio of 9:1. Selected fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were determined using American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The calcined Ribbon vittata shells showed regular rod-like porous particles, indicating its suitability as a catalyst material. The EDS analysis revealed Ca, O, and C to be the significant elements in the developed heterogeneous catalyst. An average biodiesel of 95.60% was obtained from the transesterification reaction. All the determined fuel properties were found to be within the ASTM D6751 limits for biodiesel. The utilization of calcined Ribbon vittata shells as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of Blighia sapida oil is an economic approach to lower the cost of biodiesel and promote its adoption.

Malaria is one of the highest causes of mortality in the populations of African, South Asia, and Latin America as it contributes a large part of the continued impoverishment of these populations. The efficacy of both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the fruits of Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. (Ascelepiadaceae), Aframomum melegueta K. Schum (Zingiberaceae), and seeds of Blighia sapida (Sapindaceae) were tested on the third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae (L). 200 g of the blended form of each plant material was suspended in 500 mls of water and filtered after 1 day. The filtrates were then dried to get the stock from which serial concentrations (20, 10, 1, 0.1 mg/ml) were reconstituted. The result after a 24 hrs bioassay time shows that the A. meleguta (59.4 %) ethanolic extract with LC50 values of 0.3 mg/ml acted most followed by its aqueous form (38.89 %) with LC50 2.57 mg/ml, ethanolic extract of C. gigantea (27.78 %) with LC50 5.57 mg/ml, the ethanolic form of B. sapida (27.5 %) 6.25 mg/ml while the aqueous forms of C. gigantea and B. sapida were 6.37 at 25 % and 6.5mg/ml at 26.6% respectively. For all the plants used, A. melegueta was the most potent plant and there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the ethanolic extract and the aqueous form. The use of insecticides of plant origins may serve as a suitable alternative to chemical insecticides in the future with their characteristic relative safety, degradability, and abundance in many areas of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical forest contains many plant species that are cultivated for food but they are neglected and underutilized despite their importance. This study examined phenotypic variation of trees and fruits of Blighia sapida conducted at (Akure, Owo and Akoko) within Ondo State, Nigeria. Five healthy trees were selected and twenty (20) matured fruits were collected from each tree. Data collected from selected trees were tree growth, fruits and seeds. The result indicates that highest tree height 14.0 m was recorded in Akoko and 8. 00 m was found in Akure B. sapida trees but tree dbh shows that 19. 46 cm, 19.44 cm and 18.34 cm were found for Owo, Akoko and Akure trees while 8. 48 m, 7. 60 m and 7. 12 m were for crown diameter found for Akure, Owo and Akoko tree respectively. But for seed parameter it shows that 1.85, 1. 75 and 1.71 were found for the seed no/fruit for Akoko, Owo and Akure, and 2.14, 2. 03 and 1.99 cm for seed length for Akoko, Akure and Owo respectively. Seed breadth ranged from 1. 67 cm – 1.81 cm and seed weight ranged from 8. 19g -7.61g. Fruit parameters show that highest fruit length was found in Akoko with 4. 90 cm while Owo fruits had least with 3.78 cm, for fruit breadth Akoko had the highest value of 4.08 cm Owo had the last value of 3. 37 cm but for fruit weight Akoko had the highest with 42. 33 g while Akure had the least weight of 42.20 g respectively. The variation in fruit and seed of B. sapida could be due to climatic, edaphic factors and cultural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blighia sapida (BS) has been shown to be rich sources of antioxidant, thus, we evaluated effects of B. sapida Koenig stem bark ethanol extract (BSE) on lipid metabolism and hematological indices in diabetes rats. Thirty male rats were divided into six groups of five rats each. Diabetes was elicited by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (65 mg/kg body weight) once and orally administered with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), B. sapida extract (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight (bw) once daily for 21 days. Serum lipid profile, markers of hepato-renal toxicity and hemato-logical indices were examined using automated analyzer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically different. Diabetic untreated animals showed considerably elevated total cholesterol p < 0.05, also, significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine compared to control. Triglycerides, LDL-c, VLDL-c, AI and CRI decreased with extract administration and HDL-c increased considerable compared to untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, significant lower hemoglobin (Hb) levels, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBCs) levels, white blood cells (WBCs) compared to normal animals was recorded in the untreated group. These changes were returned to normal after the administration of extract 50, 100 and 150 mg/ kg body weight. Hence, these effects were most prominent in the animals treated with 150 mg/kg body weight of B. sapida bark. This indicates that B. sapida stem bark possess anti-hyperlipidemic activity and improved the biochemical parameters within the hematological profile of diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of temperatures on the rate of O2 uptake (RRO2) and CO2 production (RRCO2), the Q10 and activation energy (Ea) of respiration, the respiratory quotient (RQ), the rate of ethylene production, the colour and visual quality attributes of ackee (Blighia sapida Köenig) fruit arils "cheese" variety were measured. RRO2 averaged 0.26, 0.63, and 0.96 mmol kg-1 h-1 and RRCO2 averaged 0.22, 0.55, 0.90 mmol kg-1 h-1 and ethylene production averaged, 47.5, 50.2 and 51.9 nmol kg-1 h-1 at 5, 15 and 25°C, respectively. Neither RRO2 nor RRCO2 correlated with ethylene production. The RQ of arils varied from 0.89 to 1.0 and the Q10 varied from 1.8 to 2.0, while the Ea ranged from 40.4 to 51.6 kJ mole-1. Decay and quality loss were rapid at temperatures above 15°C. When kept under chilling temperature (3°C for 20 days with or without subsequent removal to 25°C), ackee arils showed severe chilling injury symptoms. Decay was also accelerated by the removal to 25°C. Collectively, the data indicate that ackee fruit aril storage is limited to temperatures between 5°C and 15°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In West Africa, the stem of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig are commonly used as remedy against a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases without scientific basis. The present study characterizes the phenolic constituents, assessed the cholinergic enzymes (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) and evaluated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from B. sapida K.D. Koenig. Total phenol and flavonoids content was evaluated as well as antioxidants as illustrated by Fe2+ chelation, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH∙) radical scavenging ability and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS∙) radical scavenging ability spectophotometrically. The ability of the extract to inhibit the activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was also evaluated. The extract was found to be rich in phenolic acid (gallic acid, ellagic acid) and flavonoids (Quercetrin and Luteolin). The results show that the phenolic extracts had DPPH radical scavenging abilities (IC50 = 90.71 μg/mL), ABTS∙ radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 85.47 μg/mL), iron chelation (IC50 = 136.61 μg/mL) and reducing power (Fe3+- Fe2+) (400.08 AAE mg/100g). Extracts of B. sapida inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 125.56 μg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 230.63 μg/mL) activities in a concentration dependent manner (20-100 μg/mL). Hence, one probable means through which the stem bark execute their anti-Alzheimer's disease activity might be by inhibiting cholinesterase activities in addition to thwarting oxidative-stressinduced neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate and compare the physicochemical properties and lubricant potentials of Blighia sapida seed oil (BSSO) with those of magnesium stearate, a commercial lubricant. Methods: The dried seeds of Blighia sapida (BS) powder were macerated with n-hexane for five days to separate the oil. The physicochemical properties; solubility profile, acid value, saponification value, iodine value of the oil were determined using standard methods. Batches of ascorbic acid tablets compressed at same compression settings using different concentrations of BSSO as lubricant were evaluated for their friability, weight uniformity, tablet hardness, disintegration and dissolution. Results: BSSO had a density of 0.9 g/ml, acid value of 2.65 ± 0.20 mg KOH/g, saponification value of 141.65 ± 0.75 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 62.50 ±3.71 mg I2/g among other parameters. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME) revealed 96.89 % of monounsaturated fatty acids and esters in the range of C15-C23; a C23 compound, 22-tricosenoic acid was the dominant compound (46.82 %). The oil showed excellent lubrication properties in ascorbic acid tablets at a low concentration (0.5 %), similar to 2 % magnesium stearate. However, higher concentration (5 %) of BSSO resulted in granules that could not be compressed into tablets. Tablets containing BSSO demonstrated satisfactory friability, weight uniformity, hardness, disintegration and dissolution characteristics. Conclusion: Blighia sapida seed oil is a potentially useful low-cost tablet lubricant. However, further investigations on the excipient, including stability, toxicity, etc, are required to ascertain its suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids represent a wide spread group of water soluble phenolic derivatives, known for their medicinal effect. This paper is focused on identifying the functional groups present in flavonoids of Blighia sapida stem bark and root sample. The percentage yield was higher with methanol extract of the stem bark compared to the root. The GC-MS of methanol extract shows carboxylic acid which might be attributed to presence of lipids. The isolation of flavonoids by TLC and the FITR revealed the functional group -OH, C=O,CH which are majorly responsible for the medicinal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maturation of fruits is characterized by numerous compositional changes during ripening and these changes contribute in their quality attributes. This study aimed to assess the contents of saccharides and potential fructooligosaccharides (FOS) of ackee ( Blighia sapida Köenig), carambola ( Averrhoa carambola ) and June plum ( Spondias dulcis ), at green and ripe stages. Beside glucose and fructose and lower sucrose content, three short chain fructooligosaccharides were identified in ackee fruit, namely 1-kestose (1 F - β - d -fructofuranosyl sucrose), nystose (1 F (1- β - d -fructofuranosyl) 2 sucrose) and DP5 (1 F (1- β - d -fructofuranosyl) 3 sucrose), while in carambola and June plum DP5 (1 F (1- β - d -fructofuranosyl) 3 sucrose) was not detected. Ripening stage also affected significantly the contents of these saccharides and sFOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Blighia sapida leaves are used in the management of diabetes in Nigeria. Thus the antidiabetic activity of methanolic Blighia sapida leaf extract and its capability to halt oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Methods In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract (0.2–1.0 mg/mL) was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical and ferric ion reducing system. Antidiabetic was evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results The methanolic extract of Blighia sapida leaves at 1.0 mg/mL scavenged DPPH, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical at 80.34%, 57.39%, 72.36% and 77.0% respectively, while ferric ion was significantly reduced. Single oral dose of the extract significantly reduced blood glucose level in a dose dependent manner with highest dose producing 18.6% reduction after 240 min. Similar reduction was produced after 28 days of extract administration with the highest dose producing 65.65% reduction which compared significantly ( P <0.05) with the control group and glibenclamide treated groups. Alloxan-induced diabetic mediated alterations in liver and serum cholesterol, triacylglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) were significantly ( P <0.05) restored by the extract. Methanolic extract of Blighia sapida leaves significantly attenuated the decrease in the activities of reactive oxygen species detoxifying enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in the liver and pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Elevation in the concentrations of malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl, and fragmented DNA was significantly ( P <0.05) lowered by Blighia sapida leaves extract. Conclusion Overall, methanolic extract of Blighia sapida leaves at all doses used reduced blood glucose level and prevented oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ackee canners often harvest mature fruits that are placed on sun racks to complete ripening (indicated by podopening). It is unknown whether the nutrient composition of rack-ripened fruits differs from those completely ripened on trees. This study compares proximate, mineral and fatty acid composition of raw, mature arils of tree-ripened and rackripened fruits. Proximate and mineral compositions were determined, using standard methods, for composite samples of tree-ripened fruits collected from eleven different trees, and for ackees allowed to rack-ripen in the sun over three days. Fatty acid profiles were established by GC-MS analysis of the trans-methylated ackee oils. It was found that rack-ripened ackees had a higher percentage crude fat and crude protein, but lower moisture levels than the tree-ripened ackees (p < 0.05). Mineral contents were similar. Higher quantities of oleic acid and linoleic acid (p < 0.05) were found in the oils of tree-ripened fruits, while a higher proportion of stearic acid (p < 0.05) was present in rack-ripened fruits. In conclusion, the nutritional profiles of tree-ripened and rack-ripened ackees were generally similar. Higher quantities of crude fat and crude protein in rack-ripened ackees were probably a direct consequence of lower residual moisture in the said ackees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se realizó un diseño experimental para determinar el efecto de una solución del arilo del fruto de Blighia sapida (Merey del Diablo), sobre la concentración total de glucógeno en mejillones Geukensia demissa del Lago de Maracaibo, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se utilizaron seis tratamientos: cinco experimentales y uno control. Los experimentales consistieron en exponer a grupos de cuatro mejillones a dosis de 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 y 3000 mg/L de la solución durante 24 horas; a diferencia del control, que no incluyó dicha solución. De cada tratamiento se realizaron cuatro repeticiones. La concentración de glucógeno se determinó por la prueba cuantitativa de antrona, realizando las lecturas en un espectrofotómetro de luz visible a 620 nm. El análisis de varianza indicó que la solución del arilo del fruto de B. sapida en dosis de 1500 mg/L afecta de manera significativa (P < 0,0007) la concentración de glucógeno en los mejillones, aumentándola.

BACKGROUND: The ripening of fruits is characterized by physical, chemical and biochemical compositional changes such as color, sugars and phenolic compounds. Ackee fruit is famous in Jamaica and the Caribbean. This study aimed to assess the variation of fatty acids in two varieties (cheese and butter) ackee ( Blighia sapida) fruits during five different ripening stages. RESULTS: The total fatty acid content of ackee fruit was much higher in arils and ranged from 283.4 to 465.1 g kg−1 dry weight ( DW), while in husk they ranged from 235.2 to 465.1 g kg−1 DW in both varieties. Total fatty acid content declined in the arils and the husks as the fruit ripened. Five major fatty acids were found: palmitic acid ( C16:0) and stearic acid ( C18:0), oleic acid ( C18:1), linoleic acid ( C18:2) and linolenic acid ( C18:3). In the arils, oleic acid was found at the highest concentration, followed by palmitic, stearic, linoleic and last linolenic acid. The unsaturated:saturated ratio of fatty acids varied from 1.23 to 3.26 in the arils of both varieties, and from 1.03 to 5.05 in the husk. Monounsaturated:polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 8.56 to 25. 19 in the arils and from 0.62 to 2.33 in the husk. CONCLUSION: The results show that ackee arils contain much higher levels of fats than the husk and the major fatty acid in the arils was oleic acid (Δ9- cis-oleic acid, an omega n-9), while in the husk unsaturated fatty acids were higher than the saturated ones. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid in both varieties, and aril fatty acid content was 10-20 times higher than in the husk. In both varieties, unsaturated fatty acids were relatively higher than saturated ones; however, total fatty acids showed a decline with ripening for arils and husk tissues. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polyphenolic extract of Blighia sapida arilli was evaluated for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and detoxification potentials in rat microsomes. ROS scavenging potentials of the polyphenolic extract of B. sapida (0.2–1.0mg/mL) was investigated using DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and ferric ion reducing system. The detoxification of ROS was evaluated in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced redox imbalance in rat microsomes. B. sapida polyphenolic extract (1.0mg/mL) scavenged DPPH, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical by 60, 67, 63, and 57%, respectively, while ferric ion was significantly reduced. N-nitrosodiethylamine-mediated decrease in the activities of ROS detoxifying enzymes was significantly (P<0.05) attenuated. N-nitrosodiethylamine-mediated elevation in the concentrations of oxidative stress biomarkers: malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl and percentage DNA fragmentation were significantly (P<0.05) lowered by B. sapida polyphenolic extract. Overall, the polyphenolic extract of B. sapida arilli elicited ROS scavenging and detoxification potentials and prevented lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA fragmentation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Consumption of large amounts of hypoglycin A can lead to the sometimes fatal Jamaican Vomiting Sickness necessitating regulation of the residual hypoglycin levels in commercial ackee products. Factors contributing to elevated levels of hypoglycin A in the edible arilli of the tree ripened fruit are under investigation. The current study examined the influence of seed maturity on the residual hypoglycin concentrations in the seed and the attached aril of mature fruits. Tree-ripened ackee fruits with fully formed, regular-to-medium sized and very small seeds harvested from several ackee trees were analyzed for hypoglycins A and B by Reversed Phase HPLC after pre-column derivitization with phenylisothiocyanate. The majority of the sampled ackee population consisted of mature arilli with regular-to-medium sized seeds (83.0±6.5%). Regular-to-medium sized seeds contained significantly more hypoglycin B (524–767mg/100g) than very small seeds (<349mg/100g), while mature ackee arilli borne on regular-to-medium sized seeds typically contained lower levels of hypoglycin A than mature arilli with very small seeds. It is suggested that a lower residual hypoglycin concentration in ackees may be facilitated if the inclusion of mature arilli which had been appended to very small seeds is avoided in the product. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The structures of three complex saponins from the fruit pods of Blighia sapida have been elucidated and their 1H and 13C NMR spectra assigned employing a variety of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques without degradative chemistry. The saponins have either four or six monosaccharide units linked to a triterpene aglycone. High-resolution, proton-coupled-HSQC spectra were important for determining both the identities of the intact monosaccharide units and coupling constants in strongly coupled proton spin systems. These NMR experiments will prove crucial as the complexity of saponin structures reaches the limit that can be determined solely by NMR. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Akee apple fruit (Blighia sapida Konig), is one of the popular small-scale tropical fruits and it is an important crop. B. sapida may be eaten raw (without the pink raphe attaching the aril to the seed) or after cooking when it resembles scrambled eggs. Fruits like the akee apple are novelties for many people except in the savannah belt; in the localities where they grow they are eaten and relished. In view of this, an investigation into the concentrations of amino acids of the aril and seed parts of Blighia sapida fruit was carried out using standard methods to determine amino acid profiles; quality of dietary protein was determined using various methods like: amino acid scores determination [(in three different ways); (i) amino acid score based on the whole hen’s egg, (ii) essential amino acid score based on the provisional amino acid scoring pattern, (iii) essential amino acid score based on suggested school child requirement] essential amino acid index and predicted protein efficiency ratio. For quick precipitation of protein, the isoelectric point was also determined. Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid (11.4-12.7 g/100 g) and while Arg was the most abundant (7.25 g/100 g) essential amino acid in the aril, it was Leu (6.58 g/100 g) in the seed. The total essential amino acid in aril was 33.7 g/100 g (50.2 %). It was 33.8 g/100 g (45.8 %) in the seed. The limiting essential amino acid (based on provisional scoring pattern) was Met + Cys (0.60) in aril and Thr (0.59) in seed. The essential amino acid index ranged from 1.08 (seed) to 1.62 (aril); the predicted protein efficiency ratio was 1.83 in aril and 2.20 in the seed whereas the isoelectric point ranged between 3.89 in aril and 4.0 in the seed. At α 0.05, significant differences existed in the samples in amino acid profiles and calculated isoelectric point (pI). The results of this study indicated that the amino acid profiles of akee apple aril and seed are similar in composition, being good sources of many of the essential amino acids. Whilst the aril is eaten fresh, the seed can be exploited for human food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

kee ( Blighia sapida) is a native multipurpose species important for the livelihoods of the rural populations in Benin. Trees are found in natural forests or are managed by farmers in different traditional agroforestry systems. Genetic variation at amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, four nuclear microsatellites (nSSRs) and one chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) were investigated in 279 individuals from six wild and eight cultivated populations from Benin. The AFLP data revealed moderate levels of diversity of ackee in Benin (mean diversity values are proportion of polymorphic loci = 52.8% and Nei's gene diversity = 0.157, for 375 AFLP fragments). The mean diversity values based on nSSR-markers are expected heterozygosity = 0.286, allelic richness = 2.77. Genetic variation of wild and cultivated populations did not differ markedly. AMOVA revealed that only 7.3 and 5.2% of the variation was partitioned among populations for nSSR- and AFLP-markers, respectively. A Mantel test based on these both marker-types revealed significant correlations between population pairwise geographic distance and genetic differentiation. Differentiation among cultivated populations was higher than among wild populations. The only polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite marker (ccmp7) showed three haplotypes. Cultivated populations from northeastern Benin were fixed on one haplotype which was not observed elsewhere indicating a different origin of these populations possibly from neighboring Nigeria. Farmer-led domestication had an impact on the spatial distribution of genetic variation but did not result in significant losses of diversity within populations. Measures to conserve genetic resources of ackee in each of the three main bioclimatic zones in Benin are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ackee ( Blighia sapida, Sapindaceae) is a multipurpose fruit tree species of high economic importance, native to the Guinean forests of West Africa, and belongs to the same family as that of lychee ( Litchi chinensis). In this study, a set of 12 primer pairs for simple sequence repeats (SSRs) previously developed for lychee has been evaluated for polymorphism in 16 ackee trees from different populations. Seven primer pairs have been found to be transferable, and four have revealed polymorphisms. However, the average number of alleles per locus has dropped from 4.9 for lychee to 3.7 for ackee. Characterization of the four polymorphic markers in 279 individuals belonging to14 different ackee populations from Benin has revealed that the numbers of alleles per locus range from two to 14 with a mean number of 5.8. The observed and expected heterozygosities range between 0.020 to 0.359 and 0.020 to 0.396, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of Blighia sapida seeds collected in Benin has been analysed and the results are compared to the scarcely available literature data. The chemical analysis of seed oil shows a saponification value of 145 and an iodine value of 66, consistent with the high mono-unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) content (63.8 wt%). The most interesting feature is the prominent concentration of eicosenoic acid (48.4 wt%). Arachidic acid being the main component within the saturated group, the C20 FAs fraction accounts for 68.4 wt%, thus making the peculiar composition of this oil. Among the unsaponifiable fraction (2.4 wt%), the major sterol is stigmasterol (54.6 wt%), surprisingly over passing β-sitosterol. Tocols (338 ppm) contains mainly α- and γ-tocopherol. Regarding the defatted cake, results show the prominent position of starch and a noticeable amount of proteins and fibers (44.2, 22.4, 15.6 wt%, respectively). Seventeen amino acids were identified together with valuable minerals (total ashes 3.5 wt%). Possible uses of oil and defatted cake are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ingestion of unripe ackee fruit (Blighia sapida) is responsible for lethal epidemic encephalopathy in West Africa and the Caribbean. The treatment of ackee poisoning remains empirical and lethality was 100% in a recent epidemic in Burkina Faso. Because ackee poisoning has certain biochemical similarities to ifosfamide encephalopathy, we evaluated the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and glucose (G), alone and in combination (MB+G) in mice, as a treatment for ackee poisoning. MB administration showed some efficacy towards early mortality (P=0.07) but not to late mortality. No deaths were observed when 8 mg/kg MB was administrated within 1h of the ackee poisoning. The treatment was ineffective if given 6h or later after poisoning. Survival in G and G+MB groups was higher than in MB group (75% and 25% respectively) (P=0.008, R=2.0, 1.14

Blighia sapida is traditionally used in treating intercostal pain, psychosis, stomach ache, back pain, and skin diseases. However, there is limited information on the scientific basis for its use traditionally in the treatment of pain. To identify the major constituents in the aqueous leaf extract of Blighia sapida (AEBS) and to assess its analgesic properties in mice. Bioactive compounds were identified and quantified in AEBS by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC/DAD). Analgesic activity of AEBS was assessed at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg p.o., using animal models. Chlorogenic acid, saponins, tannins, caffeic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, pyrogallol, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine were identified. At doses 250 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 500 mg/kg (p < 0.01), AEBS significantly inhibited acetic acid induced writhing in comparison with the control. It also significantly inhibited pain in the inflammatory phase of the formalin induced paw licking test at 250 mg/kg (p < 0.01) and 500 mg/kg (p < 0.05) doses, in comparison with the control. It did not inhibit pain in the neurogenic phase of the formalin paw licking and in the hot plate tests. Blighia sapida leaf extract possesses analgesic activity that is mediated by peripheral mechanisms but not through central mechanisms. [Display omitted] • Blighia sapida leaf possesses analgesic activity that is mediated peripherally. • Blighia sapida leaf extract does not possess central analgesic activity. • Ten bioactive compounds were identified in the leaf extract of Blighia sapida. • Quercetin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid may have contributed to the analgesic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the air-layering propagation of Jamaican ackee (Blighia sapida L.). Blighia sapida L. is a woody perennial, evergreen multipurpose fruit tree species native to the Guinean forests of West Africa. The fleshy arils of the ripened fruits are edible. All selected mother plants were fully grown mature, vigorous, healthy, and disease-free trees located within the landscape at The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus. The experiment was laid out as a randomized block design with five different concentrations of the rooting hormone (0, 2000, 2500, 3000, and 3500 ppm) IBA and individual trees as blocks. The highest (100%) rooting success, maximum (108.0) number of roots, longest (16.0 cm) root length, and maximum (11.9 g) fresh weight and (3.7 g) dry weight of roots per stem were recorded in the treatment of 3500 ppm IBA. The results of this study can benefit fruits and nursery growers interested in propagating true-to-type Blighia sapida plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering novel means of protection from harmful substances in toothpaste is essential due to its mass production, and frequent exposure to its ingredients by consumers. This method of safeguarding through discovery demonstrates toothpaste safety, which is at risk of being stifled by other commercial priorities. Among the ingredients in toothpaste that cause adverse effects is sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). An understanding of this source and its effects therefore allows for investigating preventative strategies through the use of safer alternatives. Saponin, a naturally occurring chemical in several plant species was discovered to be an alternative compound that may parallel the effects of sodium lauryl sulphate, yet exude less ill effects. This article highlights the benefits of saponin and its presence in a heavily consumed and exported fruit in Jamaica (ackee, Blighia sapida). The possibility of extracting saponin from ackee, and its use in the toothpaste industry as an alternative to sodium lauryl sulphate are discussed. Through consideration of this alternative, the potential exists to improve the safety of toothpastes and consequently improve oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plant-extract-reduced metal nanoparticles provide means of overcoming microbial resistance. Incorporating them into appropriate pharmaceutical formulations will enhance their portability and ease of administration., Objectives: To synthesize silver nanoparticles using methanol extracts of the seeds of Blighia sapida as capping agents and formulating the products in antimicrobial films., Material and Methods: Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig (ackee) seeds was performed and its antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The green synthesis of ackee seed extract silver nanoparticles (ASAgNPs) was accomplished with reacting 1 mM of aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) and the methanol extract in a flask; the bioreduction was performed at 37°C for 72 h. The resulting nanoparticles were lyophilized and characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photomicrography. The nanoparticles were further formulated into films using starch and carboxymethyl cellulose using the solvent evaporation method. The extract, biosynthesized nanoparticles and film formulations were screened for antimicrobial activity against several pathogens using the agar well diffusion method., Results: The methanol seed extracts of the ackee fruit contained saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant properties. The nanoparticles and film formulations had a broader range of activity against microbes than the plant extract, exhibiting significant activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 700728, Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Activity was also observed with Candida krusei, C. albicans, and Penicillium sp. It is noteworthy that this last organism showed resistance to fluconazole., Conclusions: Ackee seed extract silver nanoparticles exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial activity against several pathogens. Film formulations of the nanoparticles retained this antimicrobial activity and allowed the product to be presented in a consumer-ready form.

Blighia sapida has been used in the treatment of different pathologies. The study aimed at evaluating the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of ethanol stem-bark extract of B. sapida. The acute toxicity was evaluated by gavage administration at single dose and the extract was also administered at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight every other day for ninety day. No mortality or observable signs of toxicity were observed for acute and sub-chronic effects of the extract on the tested animals. No significant difference ( P > 0.05) in haematological and biochemical parameters compared to the control group. However, histopathological observation revealed some derangements which could be due to continuous consumption of the extract by the animals. It implied that care must be exercised in the use of the plant for a long period of time to prevent its possible long-term toxic effects., (© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Predominant Phenolic Compounds in Arils, Seeds and Husks of Ackee fruit. • Profiled phenolics of ackee fruit showed seventeen different compounds. • Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and vanillic acid were predominant in seeds and husks, respectively. • Total phenolics decreased in arils but increased in seeds and husks. • Profiled phenolics showed significant antioxidant properties. The aim of this study were to reveal the profile and the antioxidant capacities of total phenolic compounds (TPC) of arils, seeds and husks of ackee fruit of different ripening stages. Fruits were harvest at not open, mid open and fully open pods stages. Phenolic compounds profiled using UHPLC-MS/MS revealed a total of seventeen different phenolics. The highest level (15 mg/g DW) noted was vanillic acid in the seeds of not open pods, while the lowest level (0.1 mg/g DW) noted were gallic acid and ferulic acid in the arils and the husks of not open pods. During ripening, TPC decreased in the arils, but increased in the seeds and husk. TPC ranged from lowest value of 244.29 μg/g DW in the arils of fully open pods to the highest value of 652.72 μg/g DW in the husks of fully open pods. The husks of fully open pods exhibited the highest DPPH-radical scavenging capacity, H 2 O 2 scavenging capacity and the reducing power capacity, while the seeds exhibited the lowest values. On the other hand, high correlation was found between TPC and antioxidant capacities. Conclusively, the results of this study provide important information on the phenolic compounds profile and their antioxidant properties of different of ackee fruit harvested at different ripening stages, and this information is very useful for determining the nutritional quality of this fruit for better use either in human, animal or industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]