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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in dog feces from public places, investigate the occurrence of endoparasites in soil, and identify potential risk factors associated with the dog endoparasites infection spread in East Slovak Lowland - the region near the EU border with Ukraine. In a one-year study, a total of 803 dog fecal samples and 148 soil samples from public places were examined for the presence of endoparasite developmental stages. In general, 43.59 % of dog excrements were positive. Six different species of intestinal parasites were detected: Toxocara canis (22.65 %), Trichuris vulpis (14.07 %), family Ancylostomatidae (10.09 %), Capillaria aerophilla (5.60 %), Ascaris spp. (1.49 %). Altogether, 52.03 % of soil samples were positive for at least one endoparasites species. The occurrence of parasitic eggs in the soil was as follows: Ascaris spp. (37.16 %), Toxocara spp. (29.05 %), Trichuris spp. (29.05 %) %), family Ancylostomatidae (2.03 %) and Toxascaris leonina (2.03 %). The occurrence of endoparasites between the towns and villages varied significantly. The distribution of endoparasites in dogs and soil was affected by the population density, the minority people living in the studied territory, the number of people living in poor hygienic conditions with limited access to drinking water and the usage of sewerage. Persisting endoparasitic contamination of the environment in East Slovak Lowland forms a reservoir with zoonotic potential representing public and environmental health problems.

The combination of multicriteria analysis (MCA), particularly analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS) were applied for transmission risk assessment of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda; Fasciolidae) in south-western Slovakia. Based on the details on F. magna life cycle, the following risk factors (RF) of parasite transmission were determined: intermediate (RFIH) and final hosts (RFFH) (biological factors), annual precipitation (RFAP), land use (RFLU), flooded area (RFFA), and annual mean air temperature (RFAT) (environmental factors). Two types of risk analyses were modelled: (1) potential risk analysis was focused on the determination of the potential risk of parasite transmission into novel territories (data on F. magna occurrence were excluded); (2) actual risk analysis considered also the summary data on F. magna occurrence in the model region (risk factor parasite occurrence RFPO included in the analysis). The results of the potential risk analysis provided novel distribution pattern and revealed new geographical area as the potential risk zone of F. magna occurrence. Although the actual risk analysis revealed all four risk zones of F. magna transmission (acceptable, moderate, undesirable and unacceptable), its outputs were significantly affected by the data on parasite occurrence what reduced the informative value of the actual transmission risk assessment.

Uranium ore mineralisation occurrences at the Western Carpathians/Slovakia are deposited within Permian volcano-sedimentary sequences. The mineralisation principally consists of two genetic types, the stratiform one and U-Mo vein mineralization linked to andesite volcanites. Geological exploration of uranium mineralization in Slovakia is subject to rigorous assessment of Ministry of Environment and municipalities. The limited energy sources and dependence to foreigner, open space for prospection of new energy sources (reneweable, uranium or traditional from coal, oil, gas).

During the last period is modern geology oriented toward intensive utilisation of mathematical methods. Utilisation of these methods was conditioned by complicated structure of geological bodies, which resulted from interaction of a couple of factors. In the period of projection, realisation and evaluation of geological works one meet many problems of description of a character of geological data. These problems very often trivial arise from the poor knowledge of the principles of statistical methods. Transformation of real geological object into the form of abstract mathematical model is the basic and usually also the most complicated step of mathematical solution. There is also to be mentioned that there is no unitary approach to the modelling or uniform direction for a method of data processing selection. Complicacy of geological objects needs rational simplification of the model, otherwise the solution would be too complicated or even impossible.

World-wide trend of geological data processing leaves old documentation forms and shows the necessity for introduction of computer technologies utilising GIS and CAD systems for the processing of geological documentation. These systems are used for the effective creation, data input, documentation updating, deposit modelling and geological data presentation. The systems can be indicated as computer expert systems, which help us solve everyday geological problems more effectively. Establishing of new system for creation and actualisation of geological documentation and creation of the GIS will simplify the mine practice control system, which in consequence supports the positive development in the economy of the company.

The Geographical Information System (GIS) introduced into the mining practice represents a new technology of a graphical and alphanumerical data overworking. GIS becomes a necessary part of the mining practice control, as it works with many data more quickly and effective by, and enables a presentation of the data in a 2-D and 3-D space by a suitable graphical means. A new way of creating GIS, a new and progressive method of overworking, evaluating and archivating of geological data in Slovakia, is presented in this paper.

In order to improve the present knowledge of the siderite ore deposit at Kobeliarovo, a computer technique and available software were used for basic parameters at V. and VI. horizons. The modeling used for individual parts as well as for all limited deposits made available to clear a distribution of effective and undesirable components and solved the problem regarding the reserve calculation, realized in the extracted block 65.

The mining process of the coal seam wall is accompanied by the release of methane into the mine atmosphere. This process is highly variable and depends on the methane content in the seam and the methane saturation of the rocks surrounding the seam. This is the specificity of the Polish hard coal mining industry. In the article, prognostic formulas for the maximum methane concentration at the outlet of the longwall ventilation gallery were developed. In the presented article, these formulas were used to predict methane concentration at the longwall outlet and in the ventilation gallery at a distance of up to 10 m in front of the longwall. In order to assess the accuracy of the forecasts, their results were compared with the forecast at the exit of the ventilation roadway. The obtained results are so accurate that it is worth repeating this type of check also using measurements in other longwalls. It will allow to reduce the risk of methane explosion during operation.

For the correct operation of the rotary kiln it is necessary to ensure that basic geometric conditions are fulfilled. For regular check the geodetic measurements are used. Based on the developments in survey technology, the geodetic total stations (TS) and terrestrial laser scanning method (TLS) are used. TLS method was used for an investigation of the longitudinal axis of the rotary kiln (RK), axes of the carrier tires, and mainly the kiln shell deformation during its shutdown. The results of the experimental use of the TLS method to obtain ovality ratio of the shell of the rotary kiln are presented in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the purpose of Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) is to contribute to mitigating the effects of floods and droughts -hydrological hazards occurring nowdays more often in river basins. Effective water management, as required by the WFD, helps Member States prepare for extreme weather events which, due to climate change, are becoming more frequent and cause tremendous damages. The study of climatological data is performed with goal to reduce impacts of droughts and floods and thus to ensure sustainable and proper water resources management. Based on the precipitation time series obtained from Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute at a number of climatic stations over a considerable span of time a comprehensive analysis for the entire Slovakia is being carried out. Some of methods applied as well as some of the results achieved are briefly mentioned in this paper, namely (i) trend analysis applied to precipitation time series, (ii) the temporal and spatial evolution of climatological hazards in the area, and (iii) proposal of hazard mitigation measures. It is found increasing trends in precipitation time series in the most of stations in Slovakia, although it is also proved that the droughts are recurrent in Slovakia. The paper identifies climatological extremity in the country that significantly influences water resources management. It presents actual measures for proper water management in river basins aimed to mitigation of hydrological risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper had a primary task, namely “Proposal of a methodology for the process of preliminary assessment of flood risk – a methodological procedure for preliminary flood risk assessment from flash floods with respect to the need for its updating following from directive 2007/60/EC and its application in the conditions of a modelled territory”. The methods which are used in the contribution emerge from practical experience as well as from knowledge obtained from the available literature and consultations with experts dealing with the given problem in practice. The foundations of flood risk assessment are hypotheses on the impact of physiogeographical attributes of basins on the origin of floods. The conceptual framework for flood risk assessment of flash floods comes from the definition of a multidimensional conception of flood risk. The proposed methodology consists in the identification of critical points and contributing surfaces from the viewpoint of creation of a concentrated surface flow from flash floods and their adverse impacts on the built-up areas of a municipality. The primary goal of the assessment of risk of contributing surfaces was determining the riskiness of the locality with an ordinal degree (i.e., low, moderate, and high) and providing a foundation for a second stage, called controlling risk. The resulting risk of contributing surfaces is determined as a combination of danger and vulnerability according to a set matrix. Processing and analysis of the input data as well as visualization of the achieved results is carried out in the GIS environment (ArcGIS 9.3, 10) in integration with a spreadsheet of Microsoft Excel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emissions, changes in land use, such as urbanization aural areasnd agriculture. The urban environment has distinctive bioclimatical factors in relation to rural areas. The process of urbanization alters natural surface and atmospheric conditions. Urban areas are characteristic by increased rainwater surface runoff, increased temperatures and decreased evaporation. Exactly evaporation warms the rural surface more than the urban. The paper concerns on the impacts of urbanization that are evaluated by observations in cities with those in rural areas – not so populated and with smaller built areas. We use and asses the difference between trends in monthly average temperatures and trends in monthly precipitations in the cities and the corresponding trends in rural areas. For the trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test is used. Our results show differences in trends in villages and cities. Observed are increased trends in temperature and decreased trends in precipitation due to urban and land-use changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to generate a composite map for decision makers using selected factors, mainly of natural character, causing floods. In the analyses, some of the causative factors for flooding in a catchment area are taken into account, such as soil type, precipitation, land use, size of catchment and basin slope. A case study of flood vulnerability identification in the Bodva river basin in eastern Slovakia is employed to illustrate the different approaches. A geographical information system (GIS) is integrated with multicriteria analysis (MCA) in the paper. The identification of flood vulnerability consists of two basic phases. Firstly, the effective factors causing floods are identified. Secondly several approaches to MCA in a GIS environment are applied and these approaches are evaluated in order to prepared flood vulnerability map.

The mining science, unlike many other technical sciences, studies the processes that occur not in one place, but in moving faces. The primary task is to analyze the influence of the various factors defining the parameters of the quarry operational area and to define a possibility of mining operations’ concentrating on the individual sections of the quarry, taking into account their further development downdip and in-depth. The intensity of their movement depends on the surface and on the excavating equipment capacity. The development of open pit mining area in time and space is subject to certain rules. Thus, the initiating works providing the access to the deposit should be ahead of the work on the preparation of excavation blocks, and the latter coal extraction. The intensity of the implementation of this works is also associated with certain patterns of the quarry working area development. The article describes the calculation method for determining the cyclical size of the working area, as a function of some key points: the time of working area development; its speed vector; the direction of the depth of mining and the quarry field area.

Thanks to the development of geodetic methods and equipment, there has been a transition from conventional methods to modern technologies, which can efficiently and accurately acquire a large amount of data in a short time without the need for direct contact with the measured object. Combined technologies such as Structure from Motion (SfM), Multi-View Stereo (MVS) photogrammetry using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) are often used for monitoring geohazards and documenting objects in quarries to obtain detailed and accurate information about their condition and changes. This article deals with the analysis of point clouds obtained with different settings in terms of average absolute point distance, average point density, and time range for surveying and office work. The numerical and graphical results of the research lead to conclusions for scientific and practical applications for activities in the mining industry.

The alpine environment with a high degree of nature protection is characterized by complete non-intervention. The processes and phenomena occurring in it are exclusively of a natural origin. Related geohazards are threatening the safety of people’s movement. They arise as a result of a combination of meteorological, hydrological, and geological–morphological factors permanently operating in the country. Therefore, the prevention of fatal events is limited to monitoring and predicting changes in selected objects where we expect change. Changes in the shape and dimension, or the object’s deformation, can be documented using geodetic and photogrammetric measurements. Our research focuses on monitoring a rock talus cone in High Tatras, Slovakia, at an altitude of 1700 m above sea level (ASL), created mainly due to erosion and seasonal torrential rains. To monitor changes in selected objects, we used mass non-contact methods of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), UAS photogrammetry based on the principle of structure-from-motion–multi-view stereo (SfM–MVS), and airborne laser scanning (ALS). From the selective measurement methods, spatial measurement by a total station (TS) and height measurement based on the principle of precise leveling were used in the monitoring deformation network on a stand-alone boulder. The research results so far analyze and evaluate the possibilities, limits, effectiveness, and accuracy of the measurement and data processing methods used. As a result, we propose a complex methodology for monitoring similar phenomena in alpine environments.

Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) combined with various sensors brings the benefits associated with fast, automatic, and contactless spatial data collection with high resolution and accuracy. The most frequent application is the possibility of effectively creating spatial models based on photogrammetric and lidar data. This review analyzes the current possibilities of UAVs. It provides an overview of the current state of the art and research on selected parameters regarding their history and development, classification, regulation, and application in surveying with creating spatial models. Classification and regulation are based on national sources. The importance and usability of this review are also carried out by analyzing the UAV application with selected photogrammetric and lidar sensors. The study explores and discusses results achieved by many authors in recent years, synthesizing essential facts. By analyzing the network of co-occurring High-Frequency Words, in addition, we visualized the importance of the primary keyword UAV in the context of other keywords in the literary sources processed.

There are numerous talus cones that have formed by long-term geological processes and sudden hydrological events in the Small Cold Valley (High Tatras National Park in Slovakia). Frequent hiking trails lead here; therefore, their safeness needs to be monitored due to recent rock avalanches and landslides. A complex methodology for monitoring changes in talus cones was developed to determine the extent, pace, nature, and origin of the morphological changes in the land in this complex high-mountain terrain. Non-contact UAS photogrammetry with SfM-MVS processing was applied as a quick, reliable, and environment-friendly data acquisition method. For proper georeferencing, a network of GCPs and stabilized surveying points were established by terrestrial geodetic surveying. Together with an evaluation of the methodology, the results comparing the actual state of a talus cone in 2018 and 2022 (after the significant hydrological event) are presented. Comparing and analyzing spatial models represented by point clouds, with an accuracy of centimeter level, was obtained. The detected morphological changes reached values in meters. A differential model expresses the distribution of the morphological changes. In conclusion, geodetic and geological knowledge is synthesized to evaluate the phenomena occurring in this territory.

Water is a basic element of the natural environment and the most important component in human water management. Rainfall is the main source of water. Therefore, determining the amount of precipitation reaching the ground using sensors is crucial information. Precise precipitation data are necessary for better modeling quality, as the observation data from weather stations are used as basics for weather model assessment. The authors compared precipitation from the Hellmann rain gauge (climatic precipitation, 1.0 m above the ground surface) measured throughout the year and the GGI 3000 rain gauge (actual precipitation on the ground level) measured from April to October. Measurement sequences from the years 2011–2020 were considered. The data for analysis were obtained from a weather station located in northern Poland. The authors analyzed the relationships between data from the two sensors. A comparative study showed that the measurements of actual precipitation are higher and there are strong relationships between actual and climatic rainfall (r = 0.99). Using the introduced coefficient it is possible to determine the full–year actual precipitation with high probability, taking into account the precipitation with a correction from the winter half-year and the actual precipitation from the summer half-year, which is of great importance in the calculation of the water balance.

Structure from motion photogrammetry is currently one of the most frequently used technologies for the documentation of archaeological sites. Due to the relatively high freedom in choosing the position and orientation of the cameras, qualitatively different results for the reconstructed geometry can be achieved. Therefore, in the presented study, we focused on monitoring the changes in the geometry of point clouds obtained with different configurations of the camera network during the digitization of Saint James’s Chapel in Bratislava city. The changes of the tested photogrammetric variants were analyzed through comparison with scans from terrestrial laser scanning. The results suggest that caution should taken when striving for image recording efficiency, as insufficient connections between image blocks can lead to a decrease in relative accuracy, down to a level worse than 1:1000.

For the correct operation of the rotary kiln it is necessary to ensure that basic geometric conditions are fulfilled. For regular check the geodetic measurements are used. Based on the developments in survey technology, the geodetic total stations (TS) and terrestrial laser scanning method (TLS) are used. TLS method was used for an investigation of the longitudinal axis of the rotary kiln (RK), axes of the carrier tires, and mainly the kiln shell deformation during its shutdown. The results of the experimental use of the TLS method to obtain ovality ratio of the shell of the rotary kiln are presented in this article.

Mapping watercourses and their surroundings through remote sensing methods is a fast, continuous, and effective method and is a crucial tool for capturing change and possibly predicting hazards. Thanks to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology and the ability of its backscattered and emitted radiation to penetrate the atmosphere under any conditions, this type of mapping of water surfaces is of particular importance. This paper presents the possibility of using SAR technology for long-term observations of changes in the behaviour of rivers and river systems, combined with optical multispectral images Sentinel-2. Additionally, it aims to demonstrate the suitability of satellite SAR and multispectral data implementation for mapping changes in watercourses, caused not only by their natural development but especially by inundation processes in their catchment area. Appropriate Sentinel-1 image processing evaluation procedures demonstrate that the usage of vertical-vertical (VV) type polarisation configuration is a suitable methodology for documenting water bodies, and a Lee filter is an acceptable tool for radar noise filtering. The extraction process of water surfaces is based on the determination of threshold values using the “Otsu” principle. Subsequently, the comparison of the results is realised by the spectral indices of water—the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), a pair of Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) indices, and supervised classification method Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC). The results are numerical and graphical evaluated. In assessing the accuracy of SAR extraction, the highest values achieved in Overall Accuracy (OA) were a maximum of 98.6%. On average, the lower values were in User Accuracy (UA) with a maximum of 93.1%, where VV polarisation also dominates. However, vertical-horizontal (VH) polarisation dominates in Producer Accuracy (PA) with a maximum of 84.9%.

The present manuscript proposes a novel method for the measurement of a trajectory of a falling impact hammer in the dynamic loading of conveyor belts and the determination of their impact resistance. The proposed method has been experimentally tested and the results of the measurements are presented in this manuscript. The proposed method is based on the long-exposure photography with a long-duration opened shutter of the Nikon D5000 DSLR camera. Results of the experimental research were compared with direct reference measurements performed using the L-GAGE LT3 laser distance sensor. Differences between values, obtained by the new method and by the reference measurements were up to ±3 mm. The standard deviation identified in all the experiments was 1 mm.

One of the purpose of Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) is to contribute to mitigating the effects of floods and droughts – hydrological hazards occurring nowdays more often in river basins. Effective water management, as required by the WFD, helps Member States prepare for extreme weather events which, due to climate change, are becoming more frequent and cause tremendous damages. The study of climatological data is performed with goal to reduce impacts of droughts and floods and thus to ensure sustainable and proper water resources management. Based on the precipitation time series obtained from Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute at a number of climatic stations over a considerable span of time a comprehensive analysis for the entire Slovakia is being carried out. Some of methods applied as well as some of the results achieved are briefly mentioned in this paper, namely (i) trend analysis applied to precipitation time series, (ii) the temporal and spatial evolution of climatological hazards in the area, and (iii) proposal of hazard mitigation measures. It is found increasing trends in precipitation time series in the most of stations in Slovakia, although it is also proved that the droughts are recurrent in Slovakia. The paper identifies climatological extremity in the country that significantly influences water resources management. It presents actual measures for proper water management in river basins aimed to mitigation of hydrological risks.

Precipitation and its development over time is an important indicator of climate change. Research on long-term precipitation totals is absent in the Slovak Republic. This paper deals with the statistical analysis of daily precipitation from 48 precipitation stations in Slovakia. The paper evaluates the spatial distribution of precipitation in Slovakia and also presents analyses of stationarity and trends using the Mann-Kendall test. Emphasis is placed especially on the evaluation of the trends in total annual precipitation, maximum daily precipitation and also the number of days without precipitation in the year. By evaluating the trends in these three indicators, it is possible to assess the impact of potential change in the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation on hydrological drought and floods. The results show that there are currently no significant changes in precipitation in Slovakia. The problem of floods and hydrological drought seems to be more complex and is mainly due to surface water drainage from the landscape and the change in its use in connection with the increase in the average annual temperature.

The aim of the paper is to present the results of the assessment of flood vulnerability using multicriteria analyses (MCA) and geographical information systems (GIS) tools. The analyses were made in case study area of the Bodva river basin located in the eastern part of Slovakia. In the study, attention was focused on the causative natural factors for flooding in the river basin, such as soil type, precipitation, land use, the size and slope of the basin. The identification of flood vulnerability is comprised of two basic phases. Firstly, the effective factors causing floods are identified. Secondly, several approaches to MCA in a GIS environment are applied, and these approaches are evaluated in order to prepare flood vulnerability map. The flood vulnerability was evaluated in four classes – acceptable, moderate, undesirable and unacceptable. The results of analyses are a vulnerability map of the study area and a calculation of percentage area of each vulnerability class. More than 40% of the area represents an area with a higher scale of vulnerability. The results show areas to which should be given greater attention in the implementation of preventive or rescue work.

In 1987, Slovakia bought part of the ocean bottom with the occurrence of mineral resources future - polymetallic nodules. The polymetallic nodule is a geological term for naming natural features consisting of more than 40 metals and other chemical elements. These special services originated in the ocean for two to three million years and nowadays, they are of main interest for countries whose mineral wealth is little or no available. Nodules contain about 30 % manganese, 1.2 % copper, 1.2 % nickel, 0.2 % cobalt, rare earth elements, etc. The existence of submarine nodules was found by the British ship HMS "Challenger" by oceanographic research in 1872 - 1876. Research and the subsequent mining of nodules were particularly points of interest for Western countries as well as the USSR. Rules for the use of mineral resources of the seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction were codified in the Convention on the Law of 1982, which came into force on 16.11.1994, and in the Slovakia on 21.7.1996. The seabed is one of the international space next to the high seas, Antarctica, outer space and celestial bodies, which are not subject to the sovereignty of any state authority.

The proposed paper deals with different approaches to the issue of shortage of relevant customer behavior data and key performance indicators for evaluating and planning for mining tourism. Mining tourism's offer is concentrated in tourist destinations emerging from tourist sub-regions or other areas of interest that by unwritten rules may or may not copy administrative boundaries of NUTS 5 areas. Management of mining tourism's offer is a part of destination management organizations' processes, which within their planning are dependent on huge amounts of data as key components of their knowledge infrastructure. In Slovakia, the issue of knowledge infrastructures in tourism is approached by the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) with redeemable value to the national economy and published only as an informative report. On the other hand, regarding tourism destination management on the principles of knowledge-based economy, publicly available statistics at levels of NUTS 4-5 do not have an exact information value regards to the performance of mining tourism's offer. These facts cause lack of effective support of mining tourism in Slovakia and create significant barriers in information cooperation of tourism stakeholders. Data management and analysis may be challenging to tourism stakeholders. Information technologies offer advanced features as detection of qualitative patterns and hidden dependencies as well as the possibility of continuous study of destination's KPI evolution. Different examples around the world show that information collected in ICT knowledge infrastructures can be used as intelligent decision support tools. The tools can connect tourism and mining tourism stakeholders into a system based on knowledge and provide them with solutions to complex problems without having deep technical expertise. The results show that the issued problematic of data shortage in destination management could be solved through implementation of destination business information systems based on continuous information cooperation of relevant state authorities and stakeholders. The group of authors are members of a research team currently working on a project with the aim of developing an interactive business intelligence system for the support of complex decision making and planning in tourism market conditions of the Kosice county.

In this paper, the results of trend analysis applied to precipitation and temperature monthly data for the period from 1962 to 2014 is presented for the hydrological year (from November to October) in sixteen climatic stations in Eastern Slovakia. The topography of this part of the country is very diverse and it affects the climate. The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test coupled with Sen’s slope was applied to identify the significant long-term climatic trends, as well as the magnitude of those trends. According to the present study, all climatic stations in Eastern Slovakia show a positive trend in temperature during the year and almost all of them show a significant positive annual trend in temperature. Seasonal and monthly trend analyses produced the same results. Trends in temperature are always positive during winter and spring. Trends in precipitation are also mostly positive during winter and spring, although some negative trends were also found during these seasons. The spatial distribution of precipitation and temperature trends was modelled in ArcGIS using geostatistical analysis. Abrupt positive trend shifts in annual precipitation and temperature time series were also investigated. An abrupt shift in precipitation at the highest climatic station, Lomnický peak, began around 1985 (+). Abrupt shifts in temperature began around 1970 (+) at the presented climatic stations. The extremity of the climate is confirmed by an analysis of the trends in wet and dry spells. Trends showed increasing tendencies in medium- and long-term wet spells.

The project aims to solve the problem of monitoring the influence of mining activity caused by the kinematic impact of the rock massive. In case of the rock massive we observe that the deformation caused the mining activity is delayed, what is caused by gradual dieing out of its inner stress (retardation of the rock massive). Prognosis of the influence of mining activity on the surface and its further influence for later exploatation of the mineral deposit, ecosystem, and urban activities is the main aim of the proposed project. The project aims to describe using the model of the exploated mineral deposit important factors influencing by the course of subsidence, slides and other geologic phenomena appearing during the extraction. The project aims to observe these changes (monitoring of deformations in the place of interest using geodetic and geophysical methods), to analyse, evaluate and predict their further development using Geographic information systems (GIS).

The thematic maps, spatial models and 3D simulations are the frequent form of presentation of geological data in GIS. Thematic maps and spatial models should represent quantitative and qualitative dates from a terrain measurement and laboratory study in an appropriate form. Point, line and shape marks use for presentation of qualitative dates in a practice.On the creation of thematic maps, various models and computer simulations work together. Team of researchers and engineers of different special oriented (geologist, land surveyors, builder, ecology, programmer) work together on the creation of thematics maps, various models and computer simulation. It is important, that all the methodical directions and principles were observed by the creation of GIS because accrued GIS can be in the practice not use.

Elaboration of geological information using GIS brings also some serious problems. A correct and effective analysis of the complex system of surficial and subsurficial objects requires a whole palette of specific data, which are typical for the problems of geology. Traditional GIS technologies are oriented especially toward the administration and management of 2D data. The geological GIS require the data analysis and elaboration in a 3D space. Consequently, it is later possible to solve some problems connected with the simulation of geological phenomena and also to solve some problems of geological prospecting. The simulation of spatial processes and objects requires empirical data, which are maintaining the essence of the natural systems. The spatial analysis includes the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of discrete and continuous geological data at the small and also the big scale. GIS contains sub-systems for the input, management and the output of data. These subsystems arose as an answer to the need of visualization of complicated spatial databases. These subsystems are designed for the description of causal presence of geological phenomena as a function of time and for analysing of spatial relations of variables.

Magnesite deposits are in principle the only non-ore mineral deposits in Slovakia, which are mined economically using underground methods. Their reserves and output represent an important part of the world reserves and output. Therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the analysis and modeling of geological-economical and environmental parameters influencing the mining of Slovak magnesite deposits. The quality of raw material or deposit is in the first place among factors influencing the industrial output of magnesites. This parameter significantly influences the mining and processing technology. New methods of prospecting, exploration and reserve calculations need a re-evaluation of existing criteria for the determination of economical importance. Modern technologies are also capable utilizing previous noneconomical parts of deposit what causes a need for the re-evaluation of existing methods of the ore reserves determination and for the introduction and testing of modern methods of the ore reserves determination. The usage of new computer methods in these areas will enable the automatization and rationalization of the mineral deposit extraction. This will have a positive influence on the effectivity of the mineral deposit extraction. Using GIS methods in geology in recent years increased considerably because of improving the hardware equipment but also creating the pressure of competition on the quality of outputs. Another reasons are the increasing personnel qualification and accessibility of vector and raster basic data. Unfortunately analytical possibilities are often not used sufficiently and a work is concentrated at the area of creation of graphical geological fenomenous and their presentation in the paper-form. The return of an investment put into purchasing of expensive hardware and software technologies can only be achieved of GIS data created within the range of the project.

Water is a basic element of the natural environment and the most important component in human water management. Rainfall is the main source of water. Therefore, determining the amount of precipitation reaching the ground using sensors is crucial information. Precise precipitation data are necessary for better modeling quality, as the observation data from weather stations are used as basics for weather model assessment. The authors compared precipitation from the Hellmann rain gauge (climatic precipitation, 1.0 m above the ground surface) measured throughout the year and the GGI 3000 rain gauge (actual precipitation on the ground level) measured from April to October. Measurement sequences from the years 2011-2020 were considered. The data for analysis were obtained from a weather station located in northern Poland. The authors analyzed the relationships between data from the two sensors. A comparative study showed that the measurements of actual precipitation are higher and there are strong relationships between actual and climatic rainfall (r = 0.99). Using the introduced coefficient it is possible to determine the full-year actual precipitation with high probability, taking into account the precipitation with a correction from the winter half-year and the actual precipitation from the summer half-year, which is of great importance in the calculation of the water balance.

The present manuscript proposes a novel method for the measurement of a trajectory of a falling impact hammer in the dynamic loading of conveyor belts and the determination of their impact resistance. The proposed method has been experimentally tested and the results of the measurements are presented in this manuscript. The proposed method is based on the long-exposure photography with a long-duration opened shutter of the Nikon D5000 DSLR camera. Results of the experimental research were compared with direct reference measurements performed using the L-GAGE LT3 laser distance sensor. Differences between values, obtained by the new method and by the reference measurements were up to ±3 mm. The standard deviation identified in all the experiments was 1 mm.

The authors wish to add the following data corrections to the coauthors listed, because of the updated data for their paper published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [...].