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This study used the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of prison staff in Kosovo. A cross-sectional survey of 622 staff members from different Kosovo prison facilities was carried out between June and August 2023. To measure quality of life, 26 items from four domains (physical health, psychological health, social interactions, and environment) were included in the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. According to the study, the general health score was 57.8, the environment and social connection domains had the lowest scores, and the overall QoL mean score was 68.1. In the environment domain, there were notable gender disparities, with females scoring better. Significant psychological and social relationship differences were associated with marital status, favoring married persons. Increased results in every domain were positively correlated with increased educational attainment. Age-related differences were seen, with the age group of 31 to 40 exhibiting the highest level of psychological well-being. Correctional staff performed the best in physical and psychological domains, while healthcare workers performed the worst. The results emphasize that customized interventions are required to promote social support, educational possibilities, and work environment circumstances to improve the general well-being of prison staff. By addressing these variables with focused techniques, QoL can be significantly improved, benefiting the prison system and the workforce.

Introduction: Nurses play a crucial role in providing healthcare services in prisons and psychiatric hospitals in Kosovo. In Kosovo, there are ten prison facilities with a capacity of 2500 inmates. At those facilities there are ten Prison Health Units with six Medical Clinics and three medical stationeries. At every PHU, basic healthcare services are offered round-the-clock. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of nurses in providing healthcare services in prisons and psychiatric hospitals in Kosovo. The study aims to assess the workload and responsibilities of nurses and the quality of healthcare services they provide. Additionally, the study analyzes the management of health services in these institutions. Methods: This study is based on statistical data from the Prison Health Service in Kosovo from 2013 to 2022. The study calculated statistical coefficients related to the number of nurses and healthcare staff per 1,000 prisoners. Results: The study found that there were 10.09 nurses per 1,000 inmates in the 10 prison facilities in Kosovo, and the total number of medical staff per 1,000 inmates was 15.49. The ratio of physicians per 1,000 inmates was 3.05, indicating a relatively low number of physicians compared to nurses. The study also found a higher ratio of nursing staff to inmates, indicating more individualized attention and care. Conclusions: The study concludes that nurses play a vital role in providing healthcare services in prisons and psychiatric hospitals in Kosovo. The study recommends hiring more physicians to improve the quality of healthcare services in prisons.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in drug use among inmates in prisons worldwide, including Kosovo, due to restrictions on visitation and addiction recovery programs. Objectives: This study analyzed drug use among 33,144 inmates in Kosovo prisons over nine years and aimed to identify potential solutions, foster collaboration between relevant institutions, and develop better programs and treatments. Methods and Results: The study is based on data from the medical files of inmates examined over nine years (2014-2022) in 10 Kosovo prison health units. From the total number of inmates, 8.22% were identified as drug users, and the percentage of drug use among inmates steadily increased from 5.8% in 2014 to 15.48% in 2019. In 2020, the first year of the pandemic, there was a decrease of 1.16% (from 15.48% to 14.28%), which was the first decrease in six years. The study also found a disproportional decrease in the number of inmates admitted during the same period. The Medico Psycho Therapeutic Center “Labyrinth” showed a similar trend. Suicide attempts, death under custody, and tobacco use increased linearly, with alcohol use remaining stable. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for effective prevention, treatment, and management strategies for drug use among inmates and the general population in Kosovo. Continuous collaboration between relevant institutions and stakeholders is essential to improve the health and well-being of those affected by drug use and create a brighter future for Kosovo.

Access and emergency medical care for massive or multiple injuries is an comprehensive interdisciplinary challenge. Taking care of the growing causes of emergency care levels as well as cross-sectoral collaboration in the management of multiple incidents, reducing disease, disability, and mortality in the population with multiple disorders. In a disaster or extraordinary situation with mass casualties is a state in which the health care system is overloaded and the ability to provide emergency health care is considerably hindered. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on what we, the authors, say are the central aspects of trauma management of mass casualty incidents. Emergency planning and methodology are related to accidental states, elementary medical staff disasters, medical equipment, drilling material, concretizing assessment tools, monitoring, mass incident prevention. In terms of implementing a good action plan, effective collaboration between state agencies such as fire departament and law enforcement is necessary in identifying and directing critically ill patients to designated trauma centres. The integration of emergency systems for incident management, through providing resources like, medical equipment, drugs, autoambulances, ongoing education and training. This has the impact of increasing knowledge of medical emergency procedures that would help reduce the risk of consequences of mass incidents. When applied to MCI responses, damage-control principles reduce resource utilization and optimze surge capacity, consequently reducing the rate of mortality.

Introduction: Around 1.250000 people die each year due to traffic accidents. Traffic accident injuries are the leading cause of death in the most productive age group – 20-45 years old. 20 to 50 million people end up with injuries, disability because of traffic accident injuries. Purpose of study: To identify the most common factors of traffic accidents. To compare the number of accidents and casualties at local, regional and global level. To evaluate the way traffic accidents are handled from urgent medicine services and the Emergency Medical Center (EMC) in particular. To improve the quality of management traffic accident from medical teams. Material and methods: data for this paper is extracted from EMC and archive protocols in different years, carrying out data analysis. We have cooperated with EMC of University Clinical Center of Kosovo (UCCK), and Kosovo Police – Pristina regional unit. Retrospective method of research and afterwards descriptive and analytical method has been applied. Results: According to Police statistics, the largest number of accidents in traffic in Kosovo. The EMC in Pristina had 1024 traffic accident interventions in 2019 but 2020 the traffic accidents are lowest for 181 accidents, because we have the decrease in circulation as a result of the CIVID pandemic 19. The largest number was in August – 198 cases (15.4 %) while the lowest number was in May – 69 (5.4%). Of 604 cases of traffic accidents that have been analyzed, 212 or 35.1 % included persons of age group 16-25. Of the total number, 411 or 68.04 % were males and 193 or 31,9 % were females. Conclusion: The main factor of traffic accidents remains human factor. Traffic accidents increase the incidence of death and disability in general population. Enforcing Emergent Medical Services, promoting and educating the population, institutional cooperating, have positive impact in reducing the number of traffic accident, decreasing mortality and disability caused by traffic accidents. Proposal of measures: organizing seminars in national level for young people in order to increase the awareness about dangers in traffic, educating children in kindergartens, elementary schools and high schools…

Firearms injuries are a major public health problem in Kosovo. Injuries from firearms injuries are those caused by any firearm (cartridge, Cannonball) and from the special properties war, mine explosive grenades, and other subjects. Epidemiology of the use of firearms in males ranges corresponding 1.9 per 100,000 population, while for women 0.3 per 100,000 inhabitants The most common injuries are caused by weapons fire, rarely with special tools of war, Causes with firearms injuries blamed mental health problems, domestic violence, disparities in family, social cases, use of drugs and alcohol Preventing injuries and deaths by firearms is one of the most complex issues at the country in recent years. Management and Access Principles, Access, Evaluation of Emergency Medical Care at Three Levels of Care based on EMS Standard. It is important to take a step, contributing significantly to the reduction of premature deaths, diseases, and disability. Careful medical certificates should be given for carrying weapons, assessing the psychophysical and social aspects. The Kosovo Police should control nightclubs, schools and universities, respecting, implementing legal and institutional mechanisms, educating communities through brushes, lectures, media, and social networks, as well as international cooperation. The significant number of injuries with disabilities and deaths should be prevented through national preventive strategies and the need to provide emergency medical care for the rapid transport of firearm victims to the emergency clinic for definitive treatment. Educational efforts are trying to promote safer use of firearms, but they have not led to a significant reduction in the number of victims.

The process of patient referral system at the level of health care is a comprehensive institutional framework with responsible, well-defined competencies, as a network of cooperation with the general goal of maintaining health, treatment, stabilization, transport and medical care up to in the complete recovery of the sick. The process of patient referral system in most countries in Europe and in the world is a challenge for most developing and developed countries. The mechanisms of the referral system function at different national, regional and municipal levels based on national laws and policies and work on the basis of efficient lines of communication by creating clear and simple steps and procedures described. The referral system in Kosovo is disorganized, chaotic, the Ministry of Health must have a national document of the referral system for patients at the health level, and before that all health care professionals are educated, trained on the way of the referral system, which cases must be sent from the primary, secondary and tertiary level. At the national level, the National Coordinating Council with a national plan of the patient referral system can convey the quality; help the health care professionals based on the current health legislation, the harmonization of unique standardized protocols with follow-up guidelines. Patients at the country level.

One “Quality by Design” approach is the focus on the variability of the properties of the active substance. This is crucially important for active substances that are obtained from natural resources such as herbal plant material and extracts. In this paper, we present various strategies for the development of herbal products especially taking into account the natural batch-to-batch variability (mainly of the dry mass) of tablets that contain a fixed amount of tincture. The following steps in the development have been evaluated for the outcome of the physico-chemical properties of the resulting tablets and intermediates: concentration of the tincture extracted from Echinacea fresh plant, loading of the concentrate onto an inert carrier, the respective wet granulation and drying step, including milling, and the adjuvant excipients for the tablet compression step. The responses that were investigated are the mean particle size of the dried and milled granulates, compaction properties and disintegration time of the tablets. Increased particle size showed a significant increase of the disintegration time and a decrease of the compaction properties. In addition, our results showed that the particle size has a great dependency on the ratio of liquid to carrier during the wet granulation process. Thus, the variability of the respective parameters tested was influenced by the performed strategies, which is how the tincture correlated to its dry mass and the relation of the amount of carrier used. In order to optimize these parameters, a strategy considering the above-mentioned points has to be chosen.

The aims of the study are: 1. Determination of the amount of extracted Ca ions from den-tine using 17% and 20% EDTA, at pH 7 and pH 9. 2. Determination of the amount of extracted Ca ions front den-tine using citric acid 5% and 1%, at pH 7 and pH 9. Methodology 30 extracted, single rooted, human teeth were tested. Their crowns were sectioned at CEJ using diamond disks. The root canals were manually prepared with K-files #50-60. After each instrument 2.5 ml of 5.25% NaOC1 was used and 0.9 NaC1 as final irrigation. All teeth were longitudinally sectioned and 8 samples of den tine taken front each. sample. EDTA 10% and 17% and citric acid 1% and 5% in neutral and alkaline pH were used. Each sample was immersed in acid and then exposure time was evaluated after 1, 5, 10, 15 and 25 min. The release rate of calcium ions front root dentine was evaluated by atontic absorption spectrometer. Results There were significant differences in the amount of extracted Ca by citric acid 1% and5% or EDTA 10% and 17% in human teeth. Conclusions It may be concluded that EDTA is a better chelating agent than citric acid, The decalcifying activity of these solutions is related to the duration of exposure, pH and their concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]