Search

Background: Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis infections are neglected tropical diseases in developing countries, which have environmental risk factors with the potential for transmission of hookworm and S. stercoralis infections. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors for hookworm and S. stercoralis infections in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 213 participants from 28 villages, including 12 villages from Muara Kaman District and 16 villages from Marangkayu District in East Kalimantan Province. The data from 10-15 households of each village with 1-3 participants in each household were collected. In this study, Kato Katz and Koga agar plate cultures/KAP cultures were used for diagnosing hookworm and S. stercoralis infections among participants. The Pearson chi-square analysis was used to analyze the correlation between risk factors with hookworm and S. stercoralis infections. Results: In this study, 72 (33.8%) and 17 (8.0%) participants were infected with hookworm and S. stercoralis, respectively. The prevalence of hookworm infection reported was higher than S. stercoralis infection in rural areas of East Kalimantan Province. Hookworm infection has been significantly associated with demographic factors, sanitation conditions and personal hygiene. In addition, high hookworm infection has been significantly associated with environmental factors such as locality of district, organic carbon content in the soil, temperature, humidity, number of days of rainfall, volume of rainfall, wet/dry soil around houses, and habitation. However, S. stercoralis infection has not been significantly correlated with demographic factors, sanitation conditions, and personal hygiene. The highest odds ratio of hookworm infection was in village areas surrounded by a river or coastal areas OR: 2.92 (95% CL: 1.38-6.24), while the highest odds ratio of S. stercoralis infection was in households with habitation with humans infected with S. stercoralis OR: 95% CL: 8.33 (2.27-30.61). Conclusions: The high prevalence and risk factors of hookworm and S. stercoralis infections in rural communities in East Kalimantan Province. Characteristics of demographic factors, sanitation conditions, and personal hygiene that were correlated with hookworm and S. stercoralis infection should be used for control and prevention programs to reduce hookworm and S. stercoralis infections, especially in rural areas.

The prevalence of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis is serious public health concern globally. In rural East Kalimantan, Indonesia has high-risk environmental factors of the prevalence of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis. In this study would show the infection rates, correlation analysis between environmental risk factors and prevalence of hookworm infection with statistical analysis. We performed a cross-sectional study among 213 participants from rural community of East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. In this study used two diagnostic methods: Kato Katz and Koga agar plate culture/KAP culture for diagnosing of hookworm and Strongyloides infections. Chi-square analysis was used for study correlation between environmental factors and hookworm infection. Hookworm, strongyloides, and ascaris infections were found in this study; 44.1%, 16.4%, and 7.5% respectively. Environmental risk factors such as; rainy season, quality of soil and infection hookworm and strongyloides in pet have significant correlation (p-value < 0.05) with hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis. The prevalence of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis has correlation with environmental factors, and the finding in this research could be contributed to decreasing program of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis especially in rural community area.

Hookworm infection and Stronyloidiasis are public health problem in the worldwide which both of them could infective in human by penetrated on skin and they have potential risk from Gastrointestinal zoonotic helminths of pets, including cats. We investigated the prevalence soil transmitted helminths infection in human and cats used modified Formal-Ether Concentration and agar plate culture. Fecal samples of 23 cats and human from Naitung and Subua Villages (area study 1), and fecal samples of 15 cats and 17 humans from Thasala Beach villages (area study 2) were collected. Result of study in area study 1 showed prevalence of infection in human was not hookworm and strongyloidiasis but 10% humans have infected Ascaris and Tricuris, and in cats have infected by hookworm 75.2% and S. strercoralis 8.5%, toxocara 13%, spirometra 13% and overall prevalence 82.5%. In area study 2 showed in human has infected by Trichuris 100% and S. stercoralis 29.4% and in cats have infected by hookworm 100% and S. strercoralis 40%, toxocora 20%, and spirometra 20%. Helminth infection found in both humans in two areas study are S. strercoralis. Hookworms were the most common helminth in cats but did not connection with infection in human, while S. strercoralis was helminth infection in cats which has potential zoonotic disease to human.