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1. Refractive surgery in the HIV-positive U.S. Military Natural History Study Cohort: complications and risk factors

Author

Cammarata, S., Kirkland, N., Maves, R., Utz, G., Price, M., Powers, J., Tramont, E., Agan, B., Chu, X., Horton, W., Hsieh, H., Noiman, A., Parmelee, E., Tribble, D., Wang, X., Won, S., Barahona, I., Blaylock, J., Decker, C., Ganesan, A., Ressner, R., Wallace, D., Peel, S., De Leon, S., Merritt, S., Merritt, T., Okulicz, J., Sjoberg, T., Banks, S., Kronmann, K., Lalani, T., Tant, R., Warkentien, T., Baker, C., Chambers, S., Colombo, R., Ferguson, T., Kunz, A., Schofield, C., Stein, M., Tisdale, Carter S., Justin, Grant A., Wang, Xun, Chu, Xiuping, Carlton, Darrel K., Okulicz, Jason F., Schofield, Christina, Maves, Ryan C., Agan, Brian K., and Legault, Gary L.

Published
2019
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2. HIV Care Continuum and Meeting 90-90-90 Targets: Cascade of Care Analyses of a U.S. Military Cohort

Author

Anglemyer, A., Haber, N., Noiman, A., Rutherford, G., Ganesan, A., Blaylock, J., Okulicz, J., Maves, R.C., Lalani, T., Schofield, C., Mancuso, J., Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.), and Operations Research (OR)

Subjects
humanities
Abstract

The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa021 The new initiative by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) aims to decrease new HIV infections in the U.S. by 75% within 5 years and 90% within 10 years. Our objective was to evaluate whether the U.S. military provides a good example of the benefits of such policies. This work was supported in whole, or in part, with federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Inter-Agency Agreement Y1-AI-5072. This work was supported in whole, or in part, with federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Inter-Agency Agreement Y1-AI-5072.

Published
2020

3. HIV Care Continuum and Meeting 90-90-90 Targets: Cascade of Care Analyses of a U.S. Military Cohort

Author

Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.), Operations Research (OR), Anglemyer, A., Haber, N., Noiman, A., Rutherford, G., Ganesan, A., Blaylock, J., Okulicz, J., Maves, R.C., Lalani, T., Schofield, C., Mancuso, J., Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.), Operations Research (OR), Anglemyer, A., Haber, N., Noiman, A., Rutherford, G., Ganesan, A., Blaylock, J., Okulicz, J., Maves, R.C., Lalani, T., Schofield, C., and Mancuso, J.

Abstract

The new initiative by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) aims to decrease new HIV infections in the U.S. by 75% within 5 years and 90% within 10 years. Our objective was to evaluate whether the U.S. military provides a good example of the benefits of such policies.

Published
2020

6. Refractive Outcomes Following Trifocal Intraocular Lens Implantation in Post-Myopic LASIK and PRK Eyes

Author

Blaylock JF and Hall BJ

Subjects
panoptix iol, cataract surgery, intraoperative aberrometry, post-refractive, Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

John F Blaylock,1 Brad J Hall2 1Medical Director/Chief Surgeon, Valley Laser Eye Centre, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; 2Clinical Research Consultant, Sengi, Penniac, NB, CanadaCorrespondence: Brad J Hall, Sengi, 473 Route 628, Penniac, NB, E3A8X8, Canada, Tel +1 888.255.8680, Email bhall@sengiclinical.comPurpose: To assess refractive outcomes of a trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) in post-myopic laser refractive surgery eyes.Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of 35 eyes (21 patients), with history of laser refractive surgery, who were implanted with a trifocal IOL. Surgeon’s standard procedure included femtosecond laser (FLACS), digital registration, and intraoperative aberrometry (IA). The primary outcome measure was absolute prediction error. Secondary measures were refractive outcomes, postoperative residual astigmatism (PRA), monocular uncorrected visual acuity at distance (UDVA; 4m), intermediate (UIVA; 60cm), and near (UNVA; 40cm), and monocular best-corrected visual acuity at distance (BCVA; 4m).Results: At 3 months postoperatively, 71% and 68% of eyes had absolute prediction error 0.5 D or less with IA and preoperative planning respectively, which was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The PRA was 0.5 D or less in 91% of eyes with IA and 56% of eyes with preoperative planning. The PRA differences between IA and preoperative planning were statistically significant (p < 0.002). The percentage of eyes 20/20 or better for monocular UCVA, BCVA, UIVA, and UNVA was 29%, 77%, 78%, and 66%, respectively. Absolute prediction error 0.5 D or less was significantly higher in post-LASIK eyes versus post-PRK eyes (p < 0.003), at 85% and 56% of eyes, respectively.Conclusion: Implantation with a trifocal IOL can provide acceptable refractive and visual outcomes with minimal residual astigmatism in post-myopic LASIK and PRK eyes.Keywords: PanOptix IOL, cataract surgery, intraoperative aberrometry, post-refractive

Published
2022

7. Simulation testing the robustness of stock assessment models to error:some results from the ICES Strategic Initiative on Stock Assessment Methods

Author

Deroba, J J, Butterworth, Doug S, Methot, R D Jr, De Oliveira, J, Fernandez, C, Nielsen, A, Cadrin, S X, Dickey-Collas, M, Legault, C M, Ianelli, J, Valero, J L, Needle, C, O\'Malley, J M, Chang, Y-J, Thompson, G G, Canales, C, Swain, D P, Miller, D C M, Hintzen, N T, Bertignac, M, Ibaibarriaga, L, Silva, A, Murta, A, Kell, L T, De Moor, Carryn L, Parma, A M, Dichmont, C M, Restrepo, V R, Ye, Y, Jardim, E, Spencer, P D, Hanselman, D H, Blaylock, J, Mood, M, Hulson, P -J F, Marine Resource Assessment and Management Group, and Faculty of Science

Subjects
cross-test, model comparison, pseudo data, time-series analysis, vpa, self-test
Abstract

The World Conference on Stock Assessment Methods (July 2013) included a workshop on testing assessment methods through simulations. The exercise was made up of two steps applied to datasets from 14 representative fish stocks from around the world. Step 1 involved applying stock assessments to datasets with varying degrees of effort dedicated to optimizing fit. Step 2 was applied to a subset of the stocks and involved characteristics of given model fits being used to generate pseudo-data with error. These pseudo-data were then provided to assessment modellers and fits to the pseudo-data provided consistency checks within (self-tests) and among (cross-tests) assessment models. Although trends in biomass were often similar across models, the scaling of absolute biomass was not consistent across models. Similar types of models tended to perform similarly (e.g. age based or production models). Self-testing and cross-testing of models are a useful diagnostic approach, and suggested that estimates in the most recent years of time-series were the least robust. Results from the simulation exercise provide a basis for guidance on future large-scale simulation experiments and demonstrate the need for strategic investments in the evaluation and development of stock assessment methods

Published
2015

8. 2015 Discard estimation, precision, and sample size analyses for 14 federally managed species groups in the waters off the northeastern United States

Author

Wigley, Susan E., Blaylock, J. (Jessica), Rago, Paul J., Tholke, C. (Christopher), and Shield, G.

Subjects
Fishery discards--Estimates--Atlantic Coast (U.S.), Bycatches (Fisheries)--Northeastern States--Management
Abstract

This report describes the analyses associated with the discard estimation of 14 federally managed fish and invertebrate species groups during the July 2013 through June 2014 time period and the expected coverage needed by at-sea observers for northeastern US fisheries for the April 2015 through March 2016 period using the Standardized Bycatch Reporting Methodology. An estimated 64,795 mt (142,848,902 lb) of federally regulated species were discarded during the July 2013 through June 2014 time period. The predominant species groups discarded are skates (Rajidae) and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Across all species groups examined, 'No Market' is the reason reported for the majority of discards. Analyses also revealed that observer coverage within a fleet corresponded with the spatial and temporal patterns of fishing activity in terms of kept weight of all species for fleets with observer coverage. The discards reported in this document may not necessarily correspond directly with the discard estimates derived for individual stock assessments because of differences in stratification and data. Hence, the discard estimates are not definitive, but indicative of where discarding is occurring among commercial fleets and for which species groups. The sea days needed to achieve a precision-based performance standard (30% coefficient of variation of the discard estimate) were estimated to be 11,204 sea days for the 14 fish and invertebrate species groups across 56 fleets. The sea day analyses used a standardized protocol to account for the importance of the discarded species relative to the amount of discards by a fleet and total fishing mortality.

Published
2015
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9. A brief description of Greater Atlantic Region fish and invertebrate discard estimation for the 2015 update to the National Bycatch Report

Author

Blaylock, J. (Jessica)

Subjects
Bycatches (Fisheries)--Estimates--Atlantic Coast (U.S.)
Abstract

This report describes the discard estimation analysis performed for Greater Atlantic Region (formerly Northeast Region) fish and invertebrates for the National Bycatch Report First Edition Update 2. Estimates of discards that occurred during the 2011, 2012, and 2013 calendar years in all federally managed fisheries in the northeast United States were derived for 34 species of finfish and invertebrates by using a combined discard/kept ratio estimator. Based on this analysis, approximately 63,680 mt (live weight) of discards occurred in 23 fleets in 2011, approximately 61,594 mt (live weight) of discards occurred in 23 fleets in 2012, and approximately 63,603 mt (live weight) of discards occurred in 24 fleets in 2013 across the 34 species considered. In all three years, the predominant species discarded were skates (Rajidae), spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), and Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus). The discards reported in this document may not necessarily correspond directly with the discard estimates derived for individual stock assessments because of differences in stratification and data. Hence, the discard estimates presented here are not definitive, but indicative of where discarding is occurring among commercial fisheries and for which species.

Published
2015
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10. The window period of NEUROGENIN3 during human gestation

Author

Salisbury, RJ, Blaylock, J, Berry, AA, Jennings, RE, de Krijger, Ronald, Hanley, KP, Hanley, NA, and Pathology

Subjects
endocrine system, endocrine, NEUROG3, Neurogenin-3, dpc, dayspost-conception, wpc, weeks post-conception, human, pancreas, SOX9, Sex-determining region Y-box 9, sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), fetal, development, Neurogenin-3 (NEUROG3)
Abstract

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, NEUROG3, is critical in causing endocrine commitment from a progenitor cell population in the developing pancreas. In human, NEUROG3 has been detected from 8 weeks post-conception (wpc). However, the profile of its production and when it ceases to be detected is unknown. In this study we have defined the profile of NEUROG3 detection in the developing pancreas to give insight into when NEUROG3-dependent endocrine commitment is possible in the human fetus. Immunohistochemistry allowed counting of cells with positively stained nuclei from 7 wpc through to term. mRNA was also isolated from sections of human fetal pancreas and NEUROG3 transcription analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. NEUROG3 was detected as expected at 8 wpc. The number of NEUROG3-positive cells increased to peak levels between 10 wpc and 14 wpc. It declined at and after 18 wpc such that it was not detected in human fetal pancreas at 35-41 wpc. Analysis of NEUROG3 transcription corroborated this profile by demonstrating very low levels of transcript at 35-41 wpc, more than 10-fold lower than levels at 12-16 wpc. These data define the appearance, peak and subsequent disappearance of the critical transcription factor, NEUROG3, in human fetal pancreas for the first time. By inference, the window for pancreatic endocrine differentiation via NEUROG3 action opens at 8 wpc and closes between 21 and 35 wpc.

Published
2014
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11. 2014 discard estimation, precision, and sample size analyses for 14 federally managed species groups in the waters off the Northeastern United States

Author

Wigley, Susan E., Blaylock, J. (Jessica), Rago, Paul J., and Shield, G.

Subjects
Fishery discards--Monitoring--Northeastern States
Abstract

This report describes the analysis of the expected coverage needed by at-sea observers for northeastern US fisheries for the April 2014 th rough March 2015 period using the Standardized Bycatch Reporting Methodology. The sea days needed to achieve a precision-based performance standard (30% coefficient of variation of the discard estimate) were updated by using July 2012 through June 2013 data.

Published
2014
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12. Simulation testing the robustness of stock assessment models to error: some results from the ICES strategic initiative on stock assessment methods

Author

Deroba, J. J., Butterworth, D. S., Methot, R. D., Jr., De Oliveira, J. A. A., Fernandez, C, Nielsen, A., Cadrin, S. X., Dickey-collas, M., Legault, C. M., Ianelli, J., Valero, J. L., Needle, C. L., O'Malley, J. M., Chang, Y-j., Thompson, G. G., Canales, C., Swain, D. P., Miller, D. C. M., Hintzen, N. T., Bertignac, Michel, Ibaibarriaga, L., Silva, A., Murta, A., Kell, L. T., De Moor, C. L., Parma, A. M., Dichmont, C. M., Restrepo, V. R., Ye, Y., Jardim, E., Spencer, P. D., Hanselman, D. H., Blaylock, J., Mood, M., Hulson, P. -j. F., Deroba, J. J., Butterworth, D. S., Methot, R. D., Jr., De Oliveira, J. A. A., Fernandez, C, Nielsen, A., Cadrin, S. X., Dickey-collas, M., Legault, C. M., Ianelli, J., Valero, J. L., Needle, C. L., O'Malley, J. M., Chang, Y-j., Thompson, G. G., Canales, C., Swain, D. P., Miller, D. C. M., Hintzen, N. T., Bertignac, Michel, Ibaibarriaga, L., Silva, A., Murta, A., Kell, L. T., De Moor, C. L., Parma, A. M., Dichmont, C. M., Restrepo, V. R., Ye, Y., Jardim, E., Spencer, P. D., Hanselman, D. H., Blaylock, J., Mood, M., and Hulson, P. -j. F.

Abstract

The World Conference on Stock Assessment Methods (July 2013) included a workshop on testing assessment methods through simulations. The exercise was made up of two steps applied to datasets from 14 representative fish stocks from around the world. Step 1 involved applying stock assessments to datasets with varying degrees of effort dedicated to optimizing fit. Step 2 was applied to a subset of the stocks and involved characteristics of given model fits being used to generate pseudo-data with error. These pseudo-data were then provided to assessment modellers and fits to the pseudo-data provided consistency checks within (self-tests) and among (cross-tests) assessment models. Although trends in biomass were often similar across models, the scaling of absolute biomass was not consistent across models. Similar types of models tended to perform similarly (e.g. age based or production models). Self-testing and cross-testing of models are a useful diagnostic approach, and suggested that estimates in the most recent years of time-series were the least robust. Results from the simulation exercise provide a basis for guidance on future large-scale simulation experiments and demonstrate the need for strategic investments in the evaluation and development of stock assessment methods.

Published
2015
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13. Development of the human pancreas from foregut to endocrine commitment

Author

Jennings RE1, Berry AA, Kirkwood-Wilson R, Roberts NA, Hearn T, Salisbury RJ, Blaylock J, Piper Hanley K, Hanley NA.

Subjects
Pancreas, SOX9
Abstract

Knowledge of human pancreas development underpins our interpretation and exploitation of human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation toward a β-cell fate. However, almost no information exists on the early events of human pancreatic specification in the distal foregut, bud formation, and early development. Here, we have studied the expression profiles of key lineage-specific markers to understand differentiation and morphogenetic events during human pancreas development. The notochord was adjacent to the dorsal foregut endoderm during the fourth week of development before pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 detection. In contrast to the published data from mouse embryos, during human pancreas development, we detected only a single-phase of Neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3) expression and endocrine differentiation from approximately 8 weeks, before which Nirenberg and Kim homeobox 2.2 (NKX2.2) was not observed in the pancreatic progenitor cell population. In addition to revealing a number of disparities in timing between human and mouse development, these data, directly assembled from human tissue, allow combinations of transcription factors to define sequential stages and differentiating pancreatic cell types. The data are anticipated to provide a useful reference point for stem cell researchers looking to differentiate human PSCs in vitro toward the pancreatic β-cell so as to model human development or enable drug discovery and potential cell therapy.

Published
2013

14. Clinical Outcomes of Monofocal Toric IOLs Using Digital Tracking and Intraoperative Aberrometry

Author

Blaylock JF and Hall BJ

Subjects
toric iol, cataract surgery, intraoperative aberrometry, Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

John F Blaylock,1 Brad J Hall2 1Valley Laser Eye Centre, Abbotsford, BC, V2S 3R1, Canada; 2Sengi, Penniac, NB, E3A 8X8, CanadaCorrespondence: Brad J HallSengi, 473 Route 628, Penniac, NB, E3A8X8, CanadaTel +1 888 255 8680Email bhall@sengiclinical.comPurpose: To evaluate clinical outcomes of a toric IOL using digital tracking (DT) and intraoperative aberrometry (IA).Methods: This was a retrospective, single surgeon study examining 151 eyes of 106 patients. Inclusion criteria were subjects who presented with visually significant cataracts (or as a candidate for clear lens extraction) and were implanted with a toric intraocular lens. Spherical equivalent prediction errors for IA and preoperative planning were calculated and compared. Preoperative and postoperative refractive data and monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were also collected at 3 months postoperatively.Results: Postoperative actual residual refractive astigmatism with IA was 0.50 D or less in 140 eyes (92.8%) and was 0.50 D or less in 88 eyes (58.3%) with back-calculations based on preoperative planning. The absolute spherical equivalent prediction error was 0.50 D or less in 135 eyes (89.4%) for IA compared to 123 eyes (85.4%) for preoperative planning. Postoperative monocular UDVA was 0.10 logMAR or better in 124 eyes (82.1%) and 0.00 logMAR or better in 90 eyes (59.6%). Postoperative CDVA was 0.10 logMAR or better in 147 eyes (97.4%) and 134 eyes (88.7%) were 0.00 logMAR or better.Conclusion: The results demonstrate that toric implantation with DT and IA can provide excellent refractive and visual outcomes.Keywords: toric IOL, cataract surgery, intraoperative aberrometry

Published
2021

15. The window period of NEUROGENIN3 during human gestation

Author

Salisbury, R.J. (Rachel J.), Blaylock, J. (Jennifer), Berry, A.A. (Andrew A.), Jennings, R.E. (Rachel E.), Krijger, R.R. (Ronald) de, Hanley, K.P. (Karen Piper), Hanley, N.A. (Neil A), Salisbury, R.J. (Rachel J.), Blaylock, J. (Jennifer), Berry, A.A. (Andrew A.), Jennings, R.E. (Rachel E.), Krijger, R.R. (Ronald) de, Hanley, K.P. (Karen Piper), and Hanley, N.A. (Neil A)

Abstract

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, NEUROG3, is critical in causing endocrine commitment from a progenitor cell population in the developing pancreas. In human, NEUROG3 has been detected from 8 weeks postconception (wpc). However, the profile of its production and when it ceases to be detected is unknown. In this study we have defined the profile of NEUROG3 detection in the developing pancreas to give insight into when NEUROG3- dependent endocrine commitment is possible in the human fetus. Immunohistochemistry allowed counting of cells with positively stained nuclei from 7 wpc through to term. mRNA was also isolated from sections of human fetal pancreas and NEUROG3 transcription analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. NEUROG3 was detected as expected at 8 wpc. The number of NEUROG3-positive cells increased to peak levels between 10 wpc and 14 wpc. It declined at and after 18 wpc such that it was not detected in human fetal pancreas at 35-41 wpc. Analysis of NEUROG3 transcription corroborated this profile by demonstrating very low levels of transcript at 35-41 wpc, more than 10-fold lower than levels at 12-16 wpc. These data define the appearance, peak and subsequent disappearance of the critical transcription factor, NEUROG3, in human fetal pancreas for the first time. By inference, the window for pancreatic endocrine differentiation via NEUROG3 action opens at 8 wpc and closes between 21 and 35 wpc.

Published
2014
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18. Simulation testing the robustness of stock assessment models to error: some results from the ICES strategic initiative on stock assessment methods

Author

Deroba, J.J., primary, Butterworth, D.S., additional, Methot, R.D., additional, De Oliveira, J.A.A., additional, Fernandez, C., additional, Nielsen, A., additional, Cadrin, S.X., additional, Dickey-Collas, M., additional, Legault, C.M., additional, Ianelli, J., additional, Valero, J.L., additional, Needle, C.L., additional, O'Malley, J.M., additional, Chang, Y-J., additional, Thompson, G.G., additional, Canales, C., additional, Swain, D.P., additional, Miller, D.C.M., additional, Hintzen, N.T., additional, Bertignac, M., additional, Ibaibarriaga, L., additional, Silva, A., additional, Murta, A., additional, Kell, L.T., additional, de Moor, C.L., additional, Parma, A.M., additional, Dichmont, C.M., additional, Restrepo, V.R., additional, Ye, Y., additional, Jardim, E., additional, Spencer, P.D., additional, Hanselman, D.H., additional, Blaylock, J., additional, Mood, M., additional, and Hulson, P.-J. F., additional

Published
2014
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19. Astigmatic Results of a Diffractive Trifocal Toric IOL Following Intraoperative Aberrometry Guidance

Author

Blaylock JF and Hall B

Subjects
panoptix, trifocal iol, toric iol, cataract surgery, Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

John F Blaylock,1 Brad Hall2 1Valley Laser Eye Centre, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; 2Sengi, Penniac, NB, CanadaCorrespondence: Brad HallSengi, 473 Route 628, Penniac, NB E3A 8X8, CanadaTel +1 888-255-8680Email bhall@sengiclinical.comPurpose: To determine if intraoperative aberrometry (IA) improves astigmatic outcomes for trifocal toric IOL (TTI) cases.Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective study examining 137 eyes that underwent cataract extraction and TTI implantation using femtosecond laser, digital registration, and IA. Final cylinder power and axis of placement were determined by IA. Monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and refractive data were collected at 3 months. Postoperative residual astigmatism (PRA) determined by manifest refraction was compared to back-calculated residual astigmatism (BRA) using the cylinder power calculated preoperatively.Results: Postoperatively, 97.8% of eyes had IA PRA ≤ 0.50D and 80.3% had BRA ≤ 0.50 D, a difference of 17.5%. Mean PRA for IA was 0.07 D ± 0.19 (range 0.00– 1.00 D) compared to BRA 0.31 D ± 0.33 (range 0.00– 1.34 D) (P < 0.001). Cylinder power was changed in 50.4% of cases based upon IA. Postoperative mean UDVA (LogMAR) was 0.04 ± 0.09 (range − 0.12– 0.30 logMAR), and 65% of eyes were ≤ 0.0, 85% ≤ 0.1, and 99% ≤ 0.18.Conclusion: The proportion of eyes with PRA ≤ 0.50 D and mean PRA was significantly lower using IA versus the preoperative planned cylinder power.Keywords: PanOptix, trifocal IOL, toric IOL, cataract surgery

Published
2020

28. Constructing a team model: creating a foundation for evidence-based teams.

Author

Porter-O'Grady T, Alexander DR, Blaylock J, Minkara N, and Surel D

Abstract

Teams are the fundamental element of work in the contemporary clinical setting. As interdisciplinary teams become an essential component of the evidence-based framework for clinical practice, their formalization, integration, and synthesis within the practice framework will become increasingly mandatory. Outlined here is a contextual model for team action that is formalized as the organizational leadership continuously addresses the structural and process components of team dynamics in a continuous and cybernetic frame that assures all of the elements of effective teamwork. The theoretical foundations for team modeling are explicated, the elements of the systems approach to team process are outlined, and a necessary synthesis of team processes is described and established as a foundation for evidence-based clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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30. An economic model of grocery shopping frequency.

Author

Blaylock, J. R.

Subjects
GROCERY shopping, SELF-service (Economics), ECONOMIC models, PUBLIC spending, ECONOMETRICS, MATHEMATICAL models, WOMEN consumers, VOYAGES & travels
Abstract

The influence of economic and demographic variables on household food purchases, frequently termed Engel analysis, has been studied extensively. Similarly, analysis of time allocation and household production activities holds a prominent place in the economics literature. This article examines a household non-market activity-the frequency of grocery shopping-and factors influencing it. Specifically, is the number of major grocery shopping trips made by a household within a specific time frame explainable on economic grounds? Alternatively, why do some households elect to shop more or less frequently than others and what effect do household characteristics have on shopping frequency? Finally, what is the effect of shopping frequency on food expenditures?
Shopping behaviour has been studied often in the marketing literature. However, these studies do not have the structure associated with economic models. This results in few testable hypotheses relating to the effects of household characteristics on behaviour and accounts for the focus on non-economic factors as explanatory variables (Bagozzi, 1984). Previous economic research on shopping behaviour has been limited. Blaylock and Smallwood (1987) focused on the selection of a shopper (i.e., male or female) within a household and Doff and Sharir (1981) attempted to quantify the impact of household characteristics on the time spent in a grocery store and the size of a purchase on a single shopping trip. The latter study used a small sample (100 households) collected by the researchers in a single grocery store.
To study the above issues, a constrained utility maximization model is established, its equilibrium conditions are derived, and the implied hypotheses for shopping frequency are tested using a simultaneous equations model. The theoretical model is developed in Section II. Sections III and IV describe the empirical model and estimation results. A brief summary concludes the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1989
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31. Evaluating food plans and poverty thresholds.

Author

Blaylock, J. R.

Subjects
DEMOGRAPHY, FOOD consumption, INCOME, FOOD supply, FOOD industry, ECONOMIC activity, ECONOMIC indicators
Abstract

This paper extends and generalizes a simple framework developed by Blaylock and Smallwood (1986) for evaluating and comparing via probability statements the adequacy of household food supplies at alternative levels of household income. In particular, the Blaylock and Smallwood methodology, termed the Index of Adequacy (IA), is generalized to focus on food expenditures and the effects of demographic variables. This makes the methodology applicable for addressing issues surrounding food programmes such as those posed above. Extending the IA method to include the effects of demographic variables isolates the effects of income and food expenditures and provides comparison of welfare levels across household characteristics. The IA framework focuses on the minimum household income (or food expenditures in the present analysis) necessary to purchase food supplies which are evaluated with a given degree of confidence by individuals in society as being barely adequate. Income (food expenditure) poverty lines are developed which are direct measures of welfare (with respect to food) as opposed to the indirect measure represented by the Orshansky method. These poverty thresholds and their variants have a number of uses in addition to providing insight into the issues raised above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1987
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32. EFFECTS OF WHEAT STRAW AND ALFALFA AMENDMENTS ON SOLUBILIZATION OF MANGANESE AND IRON IN SOIL

Author

ELLIOTT, L. F. and BLAYLOCK, J. W.

Abstract

This column study indicates that, when plant amendments are added to soil, Mn and Fe are released at moisture contents below field capacity. Soluble Mn and Fe were released from the soil columns in the order: alfalfa > wheat straw > soil alone. Release was greater at 0.3-bar than at 0.5-bar moisture tension, and the effect was more noticeable for Mn than for Fe. When the easily reducible Mn in the soil was compared with total Mn elution at 0.3 bar, 6.6 and 16.1 times more total Mn than the amount of easily reducible Mn in the soil was eluted from the 2 and 5 percent straw treatments, respectively. The results suggest a potential for soluble Mn accumulations where large amounts of plant residues are incorporated into a normally well-drained soil.

Published
1975

34. Toxicity and Effects of Bromoform on Five Marine Species

Author

Gibson, Charles, Tone, Frederick, Wilkinso, Peter, and Blaylock, J. W.

Abstract

To determine the potential biological effects of bromoform release into marine waters, short-term toxicity bioassays and 28-day uptake/28-day depuration studies were conducted with Protothaca staminea, Mercenaria mercenaria, Crassostrea virginica, Penaeus aztecus, and Brevoortia tyrannus. The 96-hr LC50's ranged from approximately 7 ppm (B. tyrannus) to greater than 40 ppm (P. staminea). Shrimp and menhaden behavior was significantly altered by bromoform exposure.

Published
1979
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35. INITIAL NEUTRON AND GAMMA AIR-EARTH INTERFACE MEASUREMENTS

Author

DEFENSE ATOMIC SUPPORT AGENCY WASHINGTON DC, York, E. N., Boyd, R. E., Blaylock, J. A., DEFENSE ATOMIC SUPPORT AGENCY WASHINGTON DC, York, E. N., Boyd, R. E., and Blaylock, J. A.

Abstract

Measurements of total gamma dose, gamma dose rate, neutron flux, and neutron dose were made at the surface and at heights up to 950 feet to determine the effect of the air-ground interface on initial nuclear radiation. Measurements of total gamma dose and neutron flux were made with dosimeters fastened to towers 500 feet high and to the mooring cables of captive balloons 950 ft high. Total gamma measurements were made with three types of film badges, two types of phosphate glass dosimeters, quartz-fiber dosimeters, and chemical dosimeters. Neutron-flux measurements were made with sulfur pellets and with nuclear track emulsions. Neutron-dose measurements were made with chemical dosimeters. Measurements of gamma dose rate were made with air-filled, saturated, ion-chamber detectors carried by captive balloons with signals carried by miniature coaxial cable to ground stations and recorded on magnetic tape. It was found that total gamma dose increased with height to a value, at 400 ft, 30% greater than ground measurements. There was no further increase up to 950 ft. The effect was the same at all stations from 1,500 to 3,500 yards horizontal distance from burst point. There was no change in the ratio of gamma dose rates at the balloon stations compared to dose rates at ground stations over the first 5-second interval for which records were obtained., Report on Operation Plumbbob - Project 2.10.

Published
1960

49. Guest editorial: health policy analysis on improving HIV PrEP implementation to help end the HIV epidemic in the U.S. military.

Author

Mancuso JD, Blaylock J, Robinson S, and Agan B

Subjects
Humans, United States epidemiology, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Policy Making, Epidemics prevention & control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. organization & administration, Male, HIV Infections prevention & control, HIV Infections epidemiology, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis methods, Military Personnel statistics & numerical data, Health Policy
Abstract

Use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among U.S. military service members at high risk for HIV infection remains suboptimal, resulting in preventable new HIV infections and decreased medical readiness among service members. PrEP coverage should be increased to the greatest extent possible to prevent HIV infection and support the Military Health System (MHS) quadruple aim. This policy analysis employed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Policy Analytical Framework to develop several policy options based upon the evidence summary and interventions described. Evaluation criteria based on the CDC's Policy Analytical Framework incorporated all elements of the Military Health System (MHS)'s quadruple aim, including impact on population health and readiness, impact on the experience of care, and value in terms of cost-effectiveness. An additional criterion of feasibility was also added to account for cultural, societal, and political factors influencing this policy decision. This policy analysis suggests that HIV PrEP coverage in the MHS remains suboptimal, while several available interventions could result in substantial increases in PrEP coverage that would, in turn, result in further reductions in new service member HIV infections and increased medical readiness.

Published
2024

50. Low Level Viremia Is Associated With Serious non-AIDS Events in People With HIV.

Author

Ganesan A, Hsieh HC, Chu X, Colombo RE, Berjohn C, Lalani T, Yabes J, Joya CA, Blaylock J, and Agan BK

Abstract

Background: The consequences of low-level viremia in people with HIV are unclear. We used data from the US Military HIV Natural History Study to examine the association of low-level viremia (LLV) and serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs)., Methods: Included participants initiated antiretroviral therapy after 1996 and had ≥3 viral loads (VLs) measured, using an assay with a lower limit of detection of <50 copies/mL, ≥6 months after antiretroviral therapy initiation. VLs were categorized as lower levels of LLV (51-199 copies/mL), higher level of low-level viremia (HLLV; 200-999 copies/mL), and (VF; ≥200 copies/mL on 2 or more successive determinations or a single VL ≥1000 copies/mL), and virologic suppression (VS; ie, VL <50 copies/mL). Viral blips (ie, VLs between 50 and 999 copies/mL that are preceded and succeeded by VL <50 copies/mL) were analyzed in the VS category. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association of LLV and SNAEs, adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals are presented., Results: A total of 439 (17.4%) SNAEs were recorded among the 2528 participants (93% male, 40% Caucasian, 43% African American) followed for a median of 11 years. In 8.5% and 4.6% of the participants, respectively, LLV and HLLV were the highest recorded viremia strata. Compared with VS, SNAEs were associated with LLV (1.3 [1.2-1.4]), HLLV (1.6 [1.5-1.7]), and virologic failure (1.7 [1.7-1.8])., Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that LLV is associated with the occurrence of SNAEs and needs further study., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Published
2024
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