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The assumptions of stationarity and isotropy often stated over spatial processes have not aged well during the last two decades, partly explained by the combination of computational developments and the increasing availability of high-resolution spatial data. While a plethora of approaches have been developed to relax these assumptions, it is often a costly tradeoff between flexibility and a diversity of computational challenges. In this paper, we present a class of covariance functions that relies on fixed, observable spatial information that provides a convenient tradeoff while offering an extra layer of numerical and visual representation of the flexible spatial dependencies. This model allows for separate parametric structures for different sources of nonstationarity, such as marginal standard deviation, geometric anisotropy, and smoothness. It simplifies to a Mat\'ern covariance function in its basic form and is adaptable for large datasets, enhancing flexibility and computational efficiency. We analyze the capabilities of the presented model through simulation studies and an application to Swiss precipitation data., Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures

This work presents some results regarding three-dimensional billiards having a non-constant potential of Keplerian type inside a regular domain $D\subset \mathcal R^3$. Two models will be analysed: in the first one, only an inner Keplerian potential is present, and every time the particle encounters the boundary of $D$ is reflected back by keeping constant its tangential component to $\partial D$. The second model is a refractive billiard, where the inner Keplerian potential is coupled with a harmonic outer one; in this case, the interaction with $\partial D$ results in a generalised refraction Snell's law. In both cases, the analysis of a particular type of straight equilibrium trajectories, called \emph{homothetic}, is carried on, and their presence is linked to the topological chaoticity of the dynamics for large inner energies.

Mosques are worship places of Allah and must be preserved clean, immaculate, provide all the comforts of the worshippers in them. The prophet's mosque in Medina/ Saudi Arabia is one of the most important mosques for Muslims. It occupies second place after the sacred mosque in Mecca/ Saudi Arabia, which is in constant overcrowding by all Muslims to visit the prophet Mohammad's tomb. This paper aims to propose a smart dome model to preserve the fresh air and allow the sunlight to enter the mosque using artificial intelligence techniques. The proposed model controls domes movements based on the weather conditions and the overcrowding rates in the mosque. The data have been collected from two different resources, the first one from the database of Saudi Arabia weather's history, and the other from Shanghai Technology Database. Congested Scene Recognition Network (CSRNet) and Fuzzy techniques have applied using Python programming language to control the domes to be opened and closed for a specific time to renew the air inside the mosque. Also, this model consists of several parts that are connected for controlling the mechanism of opening/closing domes according to weather data and the situation of crowding in the mosque. Finally, the main goal of this paper has been achieved, and the proposed model has worked efficiently and specifies the exact duration time to keep the domes open automatically for a few minutes for each hour head.

Gravitational waves (GW) are a powerful probe of the earliest moments in the Universe, enabling us to test fundamental interactions at energy scales beyond the reach of laboratory experiments. In this work, we assess the GW capability to probe the origin of the flavour sector of the Standard Model (SM). Within the context of Froggatt-Nielsen models of fermion masses and mixing based on a gauged $U(1)$ flavour symmetry, we investigate the formation of cosmic strings and the resulting stochastic GW background (GWB), estimating the sensitivity to the model's parameter space of future GW experiments. Comparing these results with the bounds from low-energy flavour observables, we find that these two types of experimental probes of the model are nicely complementary. Flavour physics observables can probe low to intermediate symmetry-breaking scales $v_\phi$, while future GW experiments are sensitive to the opposite regime, for which the string tension is large enough to yield sizeable GW signals, and in the long run can set an upper limit on the scale as stringent as $v_\phi \lesssim 10^9$ GeV. In certain scenarios, the combination of flavour constraints and future GW bounds can bring about a complete closure of the available parameter space, which illustrates how GWB searches can play an important role in testing the origin of the SM flavour sector even if that occurs at ultra-high energies., Comment: 32 pages, 6 figures

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in exceptional points in open quantum systems. The natural approach in this area has been the use of Markovian master equations. While the resulting Liouvillian EPs have been seen in a variety of systems and have been associated to numerous exotic effects, it is an open question whether such degeneracies and their peculiarities can persist beyond the validity of master equations. In this work, taking the example of a dissipative double-quantum-dot system, we show that Heisenberg equations for the system exhibit the same EPs as the corresponding master equations. To highlight the importance of this finding, we prove that the paradigmatic property associated to EPs - critical damping, persists well beyond the validity of master equations. Our results demonstrate that Liouvillian EPs can arise from underlying fundamental exact principles, rather than merely as a consequence of approximations involved in deriving master equations., Comment: 6+5 pages, 3 figures

We present the first assessment, using hybrid PIC simulations, of the role of non-linear Landau damping in the process of self-generated scattering in a high $\beta$ plasma, conditions appropriate for CR scattering in the halo of the Galaxy. This damping process manifests itself in the form of heating of the background plasma and reduction of the drift speed of CRs that yet remains super-Alfvenic. We also show that the damping leads to an inverse cascade process, consisting of producing non-resonant large scale modes, a novel result with many potential phenomenological implications.

First order phase transitions are violent phenomena that occur when the state of the universe evolves abruptly from one vacuum to another. A \emph{direct} phase transition connects a local vacuum to a deeper vacuum of the zero--temperature potential, and the energy difference between the two minima manifests itself in the acceleration of the bubble wall. In this sense, the transition is triggered by the release of vacuum energy. On the other hand, an \emph{inverse} phase transition connects a deeper minimum of the zero--temperature potential to a higher one, and the bubble actually expands against the vacuum energy. The transition is then triggered purely by thermal corrections. We study for the first time the hydrodynamics and the energy budget of inverse phase transitions. We find several modes of expansion for inverse bubbles, which are related to the known ones for direct transitions by a mirror symmetry. We finally investigate the friction exerted on the bubble wall and comment on the possibility of runaway walls in inverse phase transitions., Comment: 29 pages + appendices; typos corrected, v2 matchs with JCAP

We present a comprehensive multi-messenger study of NGC 1068, the prototype Seyfert II galaxy recently associated with high-energy IceCube neutrinos. Various aspects of the source, including its nuclear activity, jet, outflow, and starburst region, are analyzed in detail using a multi-wavelength approach and relevant luminosities are derived. We then explore its gamma-ray and neutrino emissions and investigate potential mechanisms underlying these phenomena and their relations with the different astrophysical components to try to understand which one is responsible for the IceCube neutrinos. By first using simple order-of-magnitude arguments and then applying specific theoretical models, we infer that only the region close to the accretion disc around the supermassive black hole has both the right density of X-ray photons needed to provide the targets for protons to sustain neutrino production and of optical/infrared photons required to absorb the associated but unobserved gamma rays. We conclude by highlighting ongoing efforts to constrain a possible broad connection between neutrinos and active galactic nuclei, as well as future synergies between astronomical and neutrino facilities., Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, review paper accepted for publication in Nature Astronomy; authors' version before editorial review. Revised version matches the title of the published paper; no other changes were made to the text

Fracton phases of matter constitute an interesting point of contact between condensed matter and high-energy physics. The limited mobility property of fracton quasiparticles finds applications in many different contexts, including quantum information, spin liquids, elasticity, hydrodynamics, gravity and holography. In this paper we adopt a field theoretical approach to investigate the three dimensional action of a rank-2 symmetric tensor field invariant under the covariant fracton symmetry. The theory appears as a non-topological higher rank generalization of the ordinary Chern-Simons model, depending only on the traceless part of the tensor gauge field. After defining a field strength, a rank-2 traceless ``electric'' field and a ``magnetic'' vector field are identified, in analogy with the standard Chern-Simons ones. Once matter is introduced, a Hall-like behaviour with fractonic features emerges. In particular, our model shows a Hall-like dipole current, together with a vectorial ``flux-attachment'' relation for dipoles. This gives a possible starting point for a fracton - vortex duality. A gauge-fixing term is then introduced, from which propagators are computed and the counting of the degrees of freedom is performed. Finally, the energy-momentum tensor is shown to be conserved and the integrated energy density is proved to be zero, which reminds the topological nature of the standard Chern-Simons model., Comment: 31 pages, appendix and references added, version to appear on JHEP

The recent discovery of the so-called TeV halos has attracted much attention. The morphology of the emission requires that the region is characterized by severe suppression of the diffusion coefficient. This finding raises many questions as to its origin: 1) is the suppressed diffusion to be attributed to instabilities induced by the same radiating particles? 2) or does it actually show that the diffusion coefficient is small throughout the disc of the Galaxy? In both cases, one would expect that the surroundings of supernova remnants (SNRs) should also show evidence of reduced diffusion coefficient, since most remnants are located in the disc and are expected to be sites of effective particle acceleration. Should we expect the existence of regions of extended $\gamma$-ray emission from these regions as well? Here we investigate the transport of cosmic rays (CRs) escaped from SNRs in order to assess the viability of the idea of having a cocoon of suppressed diffusion around them. A comparison of our results with the $\gamma$-ray emission from the regions around HB9 and W28 does not provide solid evidence of reduced diffusivity. However, if indeed the phenomenon of reduced diffusivity occurs around SNRs surrounded by molecular clouds, our calculations show that the effects on the grammage of Galactic CRs can be significant., Comment: published in ApJ

We study the impact of QCD axion strings in the cosmological history of electroweak (EW) symmetry breaking, focussing on the minimal KSVZ axion model. We consider the case of the pure SM Higgs potential as well as a simple scenario with a first order EW phase transition. We capture the effect of the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) sector within an effective-theory approach for the Higgs field, where the axion string core and the heavy PQ states are integrated out. The relevant parameters in this effective theory are controlled by the size of the portal coupling between the Higgs and the PQ scalar, and the mass of the PQ radial excitation. We determine the range of portal couplings for which the axion strings can strongly affect the dynamics of EW symmetry breaking. In the case of a first order EW phase transition, the strings can act as seeds by either catalyzing the nucleation of (non-spherical) bubbles, or leading to the completion of the phase transition by triggering a classical instability., Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures; v2: minor changes, version resubmitted to Journal

Entanglement engines are autonomous quantum thermal machines designed to generate entanglement from the presence of a particle current flowing through the device. In this work, we investigate the functioning of a two-qubit entanglement engine beyond the steady-state regime. Within a master equation approach, we derive the time-dependent state, the particle current, as well as the associated current correlation functions. Our findings establish a direct connection between coherence and internal current, elucidating the existence of a critical current that serves as an indicator for entanglement in the steady state. We then apply our results to investigate kinetic uncertainty relations (KURs) at finite times. We demonstrate that there are more than one possible definitions for KURs at finite times. While the two definitions agree in the steady-state regime, they lead to different parameter's ranges for violating KUR at finite times.

This paper reports the results of the deployment of Rich-State Simulated Populations at Meta for both automated and manual testing. We use simulated users (aka test users) to mimic user interactions and acquire state in much the same way that real user accounts acquire state. For automated testing, we present empirical results from deployment on the Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram apps for iOS and Android Platforms. These apps consist of tens of millions of lines of code, communicating with hundreds of millions of lines of backend code, and are used by over 2 billion people every day. Our results reveal that rich state increases average code coverage by 38\%, and endpoint coverage by 61\%. More importantly, it also yields an average increase of 115\% in the faults found by automated testing. The rich-state test user populations are also deployed in a (continually evolving) Test Universe; a web-enabled simulation platform for privacy-safe manual testing, which has been used by over 21,000 Meta engineers since its deployment in November 2022., Comment: ICSE 2024

Context. We propose that the X-ray filaments emerging from selected bow shock pulsar wind nebulae are due to a charge-separated outflow of electrons and/or positrons escaping the nebula and propagating along the local Galactic magnetic field. Aims. The X-ray brightness, length, and thickness of filaments are all accounted for if a nonresonant streaming instability is excited. Methods. This is possible if particles are released in the interstellar medium as a collimated beam, as would be expected in a reconnection region between the nebular and interstellar magnetic fields. Results. We successfully test this idea on the Guitar Nebula filament and discuss other cases. Conclusions. These filaments provide the best diagnostics available for particle escape from evolved pulsar wind nebulae, a process essential to assessing the contribution of these sources to cosmic ray positrons. The same phenomenology might govern the occurrence of TeV halos and their importance for cosmic ray transport., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables

In this paper, two models of interest for Celestial Mechanics are presented and analysed, using both analytic and numerical techniques, from the point of view of the possible presence of regular and/or chaotic motion, as well as the stability of the considered orbits. The first model, presented in a Hamiltonian formalism, can be used to describe the motion of a satellite around the Earth, taking into account both the non-spherical shape of our planet and the third-body gravitational influence of Sun and Moon. Using semi-analytical techniques coming from Normal Form and Nekhoroshev theories it is possible to provide stability estimates for the orbital elements of its geocentric motion. The second dynamical system presented can be used as a simplified model to describe the motion of a particle in an elliptic galaxy having a central massive core, and is constructed as a refraction billiard where an inner dynamics, induced by a Keplerian potential, is coupled with an external one, where a harmonic oscillator-type potential is considered. The investigation of the dynamics is carried on by using tools of ODEs' theory and is focused on studying the trajectories' properties in terms of periodicity, stability and, possibly, chaoticity.

Transport in open quantum systems can be explored through various theoretical frameworks, including the quantum master equation, scattering matrix, and Heisenberg equation of motion. The choice of framework depends on factors such as the presence of interactions, the coupling strength between the system and environment, and whether the focus is on steady-state or transient regimes. Existing literature treats these frameworks independently, lacking a unified perspective. Our work addresses this gap by clarifying the role and status of these approaches using a minimal single-level quantum dot model in a two-terminal setup under voltage and temperature biases. We derive analytical expressions for particle and energy currents and their fluctuations in both steady-state and transient regimes. Exact results from the Heisenberg equation are shown to align with scattering matrix and master equation approaches within their respective validity regimes. Crucially, we establish a protocol for the weak-coupling limit, bridging the applicability of master equations at weak-coupling with Heisenberg or scattering matrix approaches at arbitrary coupling strength.

We revisit the electroweak phase transition in the scalar singlet extension of the standard model with a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. In significant parts of the parameter space the phase transition occurs in two steps - including canonical benchmarks used in experimental projections for gravitational waves. Domain walls produced in the first step of the transition seed the final step to the electroweak vacuum, an effect which is typically neglected but leads to an exponentially enhanced tunnelling rate. We improve previous results obtained for the seeded transition, which made use of the thin-wall or high temperature approximations, by using the mountain pass algorithm that was recently proposed as a useful tool for seeded processes. We then determine the predictions of the seeded transition for the latent heat, bubble size and characteristic time scale of the transition. Differences compared to homogeneous transitions are most pronounced when there are relatively few domain walls per hubble patch, potentially leading to an enhanced gravitational wave signal. We also provide a derivation of the percolation criteria for a generic seeded transition, which applies to the domain wall seeds we consider as well as to strings and monopoles., Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, Journal Version

We study a class of elliptic billiards with a Keplerian potential inside, considering two cases: a reflective one, where the particle reflects elastically on the boundary, and a refractive one, where the particle can cross the billiard's boundary entering a region with a harmonic potential. In the latter case the dynamics is therefore given by concatenations of inner and outer arcs, connected by a refraction law. In recent papers (e.g. arXiv:2105.02108, arXiv:2108.11159, arXiv:2212.01150, arXiv:2110.03376) these billiards have been extensively studied in order to identify which conditions give rise to either regular or chaotic dynamics. In this paper we complete the study by analysing the non focused reflective case, thus complementing the results obtained in arXiv:2110.03376 in the focused one. We then analyse the focused and non focused refractive case, where no results on integrability are known except for the centred circular case, by providing an extensive numerical analysis. We present also a theoretical result regarding the linear stability of homothetic equilibrium orbits in the reflective case for general ellipses, highlighting the possible presence of bifurcations even in the integrable framework.

We study the LHC phenomenology of an Axion Like Particle (ALP) that couples only derivatively with the top quark at tree level. We inspect the radiatively induced couplings with the SM fermions and (gauge) bosons and the associated production and decay mechanisms of the ALP. We focus on the most challenging mass window that remains open for a top-philic ALP, i.e., the range between tens and hundreds of GeV. Not only ALP production processes but also virtual ALP contributions to final states with top quarks are considered in detail. We show how searches through resonant production, such as ALP production in association with a $t\bar t$ pair, are complementary to precision measurements of $t \bar t$ and $t\bar t t \bar t$ final states, the latter being competitive or even more powerful for a top-philic ALP in this mass window. Finally, we explore the scenario where the top-philic ALP acts as a mediator to a dark-matter sector, resulting in missing energy signatures at the LHC. We find that the LHC constraints from $t \bar t$, $t\bar t t \bar t$ and ALP + jet production, together with those from $t \bar t$ + ALP production, can already exclude a large fraction of the parameter space leading to the correct relic abundance., Comment: 45 pages + appendices, 23 figures; matches published version

Lipid nanoparticles own a remarkable potential in nanomedicine, only partially disclosed. While the clinical use of liposomes and cationic lipid-nucleic acid complexes is well-established, liquid lipid nanoparticles (nanoemulsions), solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers have even greater potential. However, they face obstacles in being used in clinics due to a lack of understanding about the molecular mechanisms controlling their drug loading and release, interactions with the biological environment (such as the protein corona), and shelf-life stability. To create effective drug delivery carriers and successfully translate bench research to clinical settings, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the internal structure of lipid nanoparticles. Through synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering experiments, we determined the spatial distribution and internal structure of the nanoparticles' lipid, surfactant, and the water in them. The nanoparticles themselves have a barrel-like shape that consists of coplanar lipid platelets (specifically cetyl palmitate) that are partially covered by polysorbate 80 surfactant and retain a small amount of hydration water. Although the platelet structure was expected, the presence of surfactant molecules forming sticky patches between adjacent platelets challenges the classical core-shell model used to describe solid lipid nanoparticles. Additionally, the surfactant partially covers the water-nanoparticle interface, allowing certain lipid regions to come into direct contact with surrounding water. These structural features play a significant role in drug loading and release, biological fluid interaction, and nanoparticle stability, making these findings valuable for the rational design of lipid-based nanoparticles., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures

Cosmic ray acceleration at the termination shock of compact star clusters has recently received much attention, mainly because of the detection of gamma ray emission from some of such astrophysical sources. Here we focus on the acceleration of nuclei at the termination shock and we investigate the role played by proton energy losses and spallation reactions of nuclei, especially downstream of the shock. We show that for a reasonable choice of the mean gas density in the cavity excavated by the cluster wind, dominated by the presence of dense clouds, the spectrum of He nuclei escaping the bubble is systematically harder than the spectrum of hydrogen, in a manner that appears to be qualitatively consistent with the observed and yet unexplained phenomenon of discrepant hardening. We also find that, in this scenario, the spallation reactions of heavier nuclei are likely to be so severe that their spectra become very hard and with a low normalization, meaning that it is unlikely that heavy nuclei escaping star clusters can provide a sizeable contribution to the spectrum of cosmic rays at the Earth. Limitations and implications of this scenario are discussed., Comment: Version accepted for publication in MNRAS

The theory of transport of charged particles in cosmic magnetic fields is at the very center of the investigation of non-thermal phenomena in the universe, ranging from our local neighborhood to supernovae, clusters of galaxies or distant active galaxies. It is crucial to understand how particles get energized to non-thermal energies as well as to describe their motion from the sources to an observer or to another location in the universe. Here I summarize some essential, basic aspects of the theory and discuss some topics in the theoretical framework that are currently being developed. I will also discuss some simple applications of the theory of transport to particle acceleration and propagation in the Galaxy., Comment: 51 Pages, to appear in "Foundations of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics", Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", Course 208, Varenna, 24-29 June 2022, edited by F. Aharonian, E. Amato, and P. Blasi

The recent results from the Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations show the first evidence for the detection of a stochastic background of gravitational waves at the nHz frequencies. This discovery has profound implications for the physics of both the late and the early Universe. In fact, together with the possible interpretation in terms of super massive black hole binaries, many sources in the early Universe can provide viable explanations as well. In this paper, we study the gravitational wave background sourced by a network of axion-like-particle (ALP) domain walls at temperatures around the QCD crossover, where the QCD-induced potential provides the necessary bias to annihilate the network. Remarkably, this implies a peak amplitude at frequencies around the sensitivity range of PTAs. We extend previous analysis by taking into account the unavoidable friction on the network stemming from the topological coupling of the ALP to QCD in terms of gluon and pion reflection off the domain walls at high and low temperatures, respectively. We identify the regions of parameter space where the network annihilates in the scaling regime ensuring compatibility with the PTA results, as well as those where friction can be important and a more detailed study around the QCD crossover is required., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures

We investigate the acceleration of cosmic rays at the termination shock that results from the interaction of the collective wind of star clusters with the surrounding interstellar medium. The solution of the transport equation of accelerated particles in the wind-excavated cavity, including energy losses due to CR interactions with neutral gas in the bubble, shows several interesting properties that are discussed in detail. The issue of the maximum energy of the accelerated particles is discussed with special care, because of its implications for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays. Gamma ray emission is produced in the cavity due to inelastic pp scattering, while accelerated particles are advected downstream of the termination shock and diffuse at the same time. Both the spectrum and the morphology of such emission are discussed, with a comparison of our results with the observations of gamma ray emission from the Cygnus OB2 region., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS