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Resumen La perspectiva temporal es una variable psicológica que se ha asociado con múltiples comportamientos, entre ellos la conducta sustentable (CS). Son escasos los estudios sobre la relación entre la orientación temporal denominada futuro trascendental y la CS. Objetivo: estimar las relaciones entre dos perspectivas temporales (orientación al futuro y orientación al futuro trascendental) y la conducta sustentable; y su asociación, con el autocuidado y la felicidad. Metodología: estudio correlacional, con un diseño no experimental, transeccional. Participaron 209 personas de una ciudad al noroeste de México, con una edad promedio de 30.33 años, quienes respondieron a un instrumento que constó de ocho escalas Likert que evaluaron perspectiva de futuro, perspectiva temporal de futuro trascendental, conducta proecológica, altruismo, frugalidad, equidad, comportamientos de autocuidado y felicidad subjetiva. Las interrelaciones entre las variables se estimaron mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: las orientaciones temporales al futuro y al futuro trascendental influyen en las conductas sustentables (conducta proecológica, altruismo, frugalidad, equidad), que, a su vez, impactan en la felicidad y el autocuidado de las personas. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos aportan información valiosa que ayuda a elucidar las características que posee un individuo que orienta su conducta a los ideales de la sostenibilidad. Abstract Time perspective is a psychological variable that has been associated it with multiple behaviors, including sustainable behaviors. Research on transcendental future perspective is scarce, among the studies on temporal perspective and sustainable behavior, none were found on the relationship between transcendental future and SC. Objective: this research was aimed at assessing the relationship between two-time perspectives (future orientation, transcendent future orientation) and sustainable behavior, and its association with self-care and happiness. Method: a correlational study was developed, with a non-experimental, transactional design. Two hundred nine people from a northwestern city in Mexico participated, with an average age of 30.33 years, who responded to an instrument that consisted of eight Likert scales that evaluated future perspective, transcendental future temporal perspective, pro-ecological behavior, altruism, frugality, equity, self-care behaviors, and subjective happiness. Results: the results were processed within a structural equation model, where it is emphasized that temporal orientations to the future and to the transcendental future influence sustainable behaviors (pro-ecological behavior, altruism, frugality, equity), which, in turn, impact on the happiness and self-care of people. Conclusion: these findings provide valuable information that helps elucidate the characteristics of an individual who guides his behavior to sustainability ideals.

The concept of nature frequently appears in the literature, and yet it has rarely been explained. One way of understanding it makes reference to the degree of human intervention, creating a classif...

This study examines the relationship between connectedness to nature, spirituality, wellbeing and sustainable behaviour in two different cultural contexts: the cities of Nantes, France, and Hermosi...

Specific classes of cyberspaces emphasize different types of digital transactions given the user’s context, thus making it essential to take into account what these environments can afford. In this way, we can portray the niches of technological use as ecologies of particular possibilities and compare how they differ between distinct spheres of human life. The present research is focused on describing the conceptual integration of a taxonomic crossover between Virtual Learning Environments and Educational Affordances of Technology, while also performing empirical testing and determining the psychometric properties in a scale regarding the aforementioned taxonomy. The study sample consisted of 320 students in the departments of foreign languages from three different universities in Sonora (northwestern region of Mexico). Students were given a questionnaire of 21 items organized into four subscales with a Likert-type response option to measure the notions concerning their usage of Virtual Learning Environments. Internal consistency procedures and confirmatory factor analysis by means of Cronbach’s alpha and Structural modeling support the derived factorial structure, which contains Cyber-Communications, Virtual Behavior Settings, Virtual Communities, and Availability and Access to Connectivity. This structure traces the environmental properties perceived by learners in a virtual environment. Results sustain the initial conceptual construction regarding the proposed taxonomy, conclude that the ‘Virtual Learning Environments Questionnaire’ demonstrates adequate psychometric properties, and validate it as a fitting measure to assess the perceived psychological experience of students in a digital educational setting.

Despite the notion that characterizes criminals as lacking virtues or character strengths, evidence shows that people who engage in antisocial and delinquent behavior are not dissimilar in ...

The relevance of preschool children’s understanding of nature, its elements, how it affects the behavior of human beings, and how human beings influence it, is a two-purpose task. First, it helps to identify the necessary elements for the design of programs that have a significant impact in the development of environmental identity. Second, it also assists in the implementation of environmental education in the school curriculum in Mexico, in order to develop attitudes to preserve the environment from an early age. Based on this logic, the objective of this study was to identify the components of the concept of nature and its relationship with environmental identity, from drawings made by preschool children in a desert environment through a visual discursive analysis. The sample consisted of 118 preschool students whose ages ranged between 5 and 6 years. Participants were selected from four different schools in Hermosillo, Mexico: three located in the urban area and one on the coastal area of the State of Sonora. Participants were asked to draw the first thing that came to their minds when they heard the word nature. As a result, all the drawings presented categories such as plants, animals, waterbodies, celestial bodies, abiotic factors, natural locations, locations made by man, and others. Finally, the analysis showed that a general idea of what nature represents to children includes elements of known flora and fauna; however, they did not capture elements of the desert region in which they live. In addition, most participants’ self-definition contained environmental identity.

School environment refers to the set of relationships that occur among members of a school community that are determined by structural, personal, and functional factors of the educational institution, which provide distinctiveness to schools. The school environment is an important factor when evaluating student well-being. Previous findings have shown that variables such as physical, academic, and social dimensions influence school environments. This research seeks to explain the relationship between school environment and the well-being of primary education students. To carry out this research, a total of 405 students from four public elementary schools in northwestern Mexico were selected to participate. The instrument used to measure the variables and the relationship of school environment and well-being is based on the three dimensions of school environment proposed by Kutsyuruba et al. (2015): Physical, social, and academic. Statistical analyses were carried out to determine the reliability and validity of the measurement scales using SPSS V20 and EQS software. Confirmatory factor analysis models were tested to determine the construct validity of each scale; then, an analysis via structural equation modeling was made to form an explanatory model obtaining acceptable practical and statistical indicators. Among the relationships in this study, our research identified the variable of school environments as an outcome determined by physical, academic, and social factors. School environment and student well-being variables were also found to be correlated.

The personalization of space is constructed through the items that the resident distributes around the space they inhabit, and they can be considered part of the resident’s self. Three studies were conducted with the goal of establishing the categories into which the objects contained in bedrooms can be organized and to evaluate to what extent these categories are related to the extended self and attachment. In the first study, with 77 students, we obtained a list of the most representative objects in their bedrooms. In the next study, a group of 56 students classified these objects freely using their own criteria; a subsequent cluster analysis showed four categories: Functional, Personal Grooming, Symbolic and Free Time. In the last study, 144 students evaluated the relationship between the categories of the objects and the extended self and attachment. The results showed that the residents’ representative objects were part of their extended self more than the level of attachment attributed to th...

Environmental psychology is a particular area or subfield of psychology, especially involved in the delimitation of the causes and solutions of environmental problems. This area deals with the study of the interactions between human behavior and the socio-physical components of the environment. The emphasis on the interrelationship of environment and behavior is important, not only physical settings affect people&rsquo, s behavior, individuals actively influence the environment. Thus, several studies have proposed the existence of a series of predispositions which allow the appreciation of diversity and the interdependence of person&ndash, environment relationships, making it possible to adopt lifestyles that can guarantee the sustainability of socio-ecological systems for present and future generations. Therefore, in order to work towards the goals of sustainability, it is necessary to know which are the inclinations or dispositions that people present when caring for the environment. The objective of this research was to identify the association between the variables of psychosocial predispositions towards sustainability with environmental identity in a sample of higher education students from southern Sonora. Nine different scales to measure these predispositions were applied to 417 students, considering emotions towards the environment, environmental and socio-environmental actions, as well as a scale to measure environmental identity. Results revealed, on the one hand, that first-order factors emerged consistently, indicating the presence of a higher-order factor (psychosocial predispositions towards sustainability). On the other hand, we found this construct is related in a bidirectional way with environmental identity, that is, that both the emotions and actions carried out by the students in favor of the environment are related to the degree of identification they have with it, and vice versa, thereby demonstrating an interdependence relationship between these two variables. These findings suggest that the presence of certain psychological characteristics in people would promote a closer relationship with nature, which could encourage participation in caring for the environment.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue describir la concepción de la palabra naturaleza desde la perspectiva de niños que estudian educación básica, así como analizar las similitudes y diferencias según el grado escolar. Participaron 272 alumnos de educación básica (172 mujeres y 94 hombres). Como resultado general, se obtuvo tamaño de red (TR) de 203 palabras definidoras de Naturaleza y se incluyeron en el núcleo de red 21 palabras. Aquellas con mayor peso semántico fueron: árboles, plantas, cuidar, sol, agua, flores, tierra, entre otras. Por otra parte, se analizaron redes por grado escolar, donde destacan las palabras que se presentan en todos los núcleos (conjunto SAM) de las redes semánticas: árboles, animales, agua y sol. Asimismo, se observó un aumento en el tamaño de las redes semánticas en función del grado escolar, excluyendo la red de primero grado de primaria que incluía palabras no pertinentes al estímulo. Abstract The goal of this study was to describe the conception of “nature” in 272 primary school children, and to analyze similarities and differences according to grade. (172 women and 94 men). As a general result, 203 was the network size of words defining “nature”, and 21 words were included in the network core; those with greater semantic weight were: trees, plants, caring, sun, water, flowers, land, among others. On the other hand, networks were analyzed by grade, and words common to all nuclei (SAM set) of the semantic networks were trees, animals, water and sun. Also, an increase in the size of semantic networks was observed according to grade, excluding the network of the first grade of Elementary School that included words not pertinent to the stimulus.

El presente estudio probó un modelo estructural para evaluar el efecto de las orientaciones de hedonia y eudaimonia, así como la edad de los participantes sobre un factor de segundo orden al que se denominó Conducta de Ahorro de Energía Eléctrica. Tal factor quedó integrado por dos categorías de acciones: monitoreo y apagado del consumo de electricidad. Se analizaron las respuestas de una muestra intencional de 460 participantes, habitantes con viviendas en diversas colonias de Hermosillo, Sonora (113 varones y 127 mujeres) y de la Ciudad de México (108 varones y 112 mujeres), es decir, un total de 221 varones y 239 mujeres, con edades de entre 15 a 66 años (M = 34.5 años; DE = 13.40 años). El modelo exhibió bondad de ajuste y explicó 30% de la varianza en la conducta de ahorro de energía eléctrica. Entre los resultados principales se encontró que la edad del participante y la eudaimonia ejercen efectos directos y positivos sobre el factor de segundo orden de Conducta de Ahorro de Energía Eléctrica, mientras que la hedonia no impactó directamente sobre dicha conducta.

This study applies the “psychometric paradigm” of risk perception to the heavy mineral spill in the Sonora River (Mexico). A total of 241 inhabitants of the polluted area with a mean age of 46.3 years participated in the study, completing an interview questionnaire at the onset of the disaster. The results allow us to establish a profile of the 18 characteristics comprising the model and a multiple regression analysis shows that some characteristics of the dimensions of dread risk and unknown risk explain a percentage of the magnitude of the perceived risk. In addition, the behaviors recommended by the authorities were classified by the participants according to their estimated usefulness. Significant differences were observed. Avoiding contact with the water was considered the most effective, followed by recommendations on the use of the water, with actions related to the environment and how to avoid pollution being considered the least effective. In sum, the strategy deployed allows us to observe how the victims perceive the disaster and organize the behaviors proposed by the authorities.

La familia es el lugar donde los niños gozan de sus primeras interacciones con el mundo, los padres les proporcionan el soporte emocional y social, además de las actividades de aprendizaje. Las madres, especialmente, invierten grandes cantidades de recursos, tiempo y energía para que puedan sobrevivir y convertirse en adultos exitosos. Teóricamente, las madres y los padres buscan invertir en la crianza de sus hijos, para que éstos logren un proceso de adaptación y sobrevivencia al ambiente que les tocó vivir, por lo tanto, buscan las mejores técnicas para lograrlo. En este sentido, el presente estudio investiga cómo los padres y las madres se perciben a sí mismos en sus prácticas de crianza y en las formas de mostrar afecto a sus hijos e hijas. La muestra la conformaron 201 padres y madres de familia escogidos al azar en la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora. Las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo en sus hogares por psicólogas. Estadísticas descriptivas, t de student y chi cuadrada fueron utilizadas para el análisis de datos. Los resultados nos indican que los padres se aprecian a sí mismos como buenos, responsables y amorosos y no utilizaron el castigo físico. Se puede concluir que ellos tienen una percepción positiva de sus prácticas de crianza y de cómo educan a sus hijos.

Measures of sustainable behavior (SB) usually include the self-report of activities aimed at the conservation of the natural environment. The sustainability notion explicitly incorporates both the satisfaction of human needs and the need of conserving the natural environment. Yet, the assessment of sustainable behaviors rarely considers the protection of the social environment as situation to investigate. I n this paper, we propose the use of an instrument assessing SB, which includes the report of pro-ecological and frugal actions in addition to altruistic and equitable behaviors. The responses provided by 807 Mexican undergraduates to a questionnaire investigating those four instances of SB were processed within a structural equation model. Emotional (indignation due to environmental destruction, affinity towards diversity, happiness) and rational (intention to act) factors assumedly linked to sustainable behavior were also investigated. Significant interrelations among pro-ecological, frugal, altruistic and equitable behaviors resulted, suggesting the presence of a higher-order-factor that we identified as SB. This factor, in turn, significantly correlated with the rest of the investigated pro-environmental factors.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la relación de los problemas de conducta que los niños presentan en la escuela y el maltrato infantil. La muestra la constituyeron 110 menores; 61 fueron identificados como maltratados y 50 fueron de la población general. Se aplicó la lista de chequeo de Achenbach (Achenbach, 1991; Achenbach & McConaughy, 1997) a los maestros, así como la Escala de Tácticas de Conflicto de Straus et al. (1998), la de Depresión de Hamilton (1959), obteniendo también variables demográficas de los niños. Se probó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en donde la variable dependiente fueron los problemas de conducta y las independientes la violencia familiar y la depresión. Los resultados indican que el maltrato tuvo un efecto significativo en los problemas de conducta de los menores, mediada por la depresión. Concluimos que los profesores deben ser entrenados en la detección y atención del maltrato infantil para prevenir problemas sociales graves como la delincuencia. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between conduct problems that children display at school and child abuse. The sample was constituted by 110 minors; 61 were identified as abused and 50 were from the general population. Achenbach's checklist (Achenbach, 1991; Achenbach & McConaughy, 1997) was administered to teachers, and Straus et al.'s (1998) Tactics of Conflict Scale and Hamilton's (1959) Depression Scale were administered to children. Demographic variables were also considered. A structural equations model was tested wherein the dependent variable was conduct problems, while family violence and depression were the independent variables. Results indicated that child abuse had an indirect effect on children's conduct problems, which was mediated by depression. We concluded that teachers should be trained in detecting and attending child abuse in order to prevent further serious social problems such as delinquency.

Observations of residential water consumption were conducted with 510 individuals living at two northern Mexican cities. In addition, they responded to a questionnaire investigating their general environmental beliefs and their specific (utilitarian–anthropocentric, and ecological) beliefs regarding the status of water as a natural resource. General environmental beliefs were modeled as having a tri-factorial structure, including beliefs regarding (1) the need of maintaining a “balance” with nature, (2) the need of imposing “limits” to human growth, and (3) a human exception paradigm (HEP). Two structural models of relations between general environmental beliefs, specific water beliefs and water consumption were specified and tested. The first model failed in producing direct effects of general environmental beliefs on water consumption. The second model revealed that general environmental beliefs differentially influenced the development of specific beliefs regarding water: Utilitarian water beliefs were positively affected by the HEP, while ecological water beliefs were positively influenced by “limits” beliefs and were negatively related to the HEP. Utilitarian water beliefs, in turn promoted water consumption, while the ecological water beliefs inhibited that behavior.

In this study, we tested, through a structural equation model the effects of Psychological Flow on environmentally-protective behaviors, as well as the influence of Gratitude toward water conservation actions, Future orientation, Hedonia and Eudaimonia on a self-reported measure of water conservation behavior. We analysed the responses of a purposive sample of 460 participants from two Mexican cities (221 men and 239 women), aged between 15 - 66 years (M = 34.5 years; SD = 13.40 years). The model showed goodness of fit, explaining 30% variance of water conservation behavior. Being future oriented and experiencing gratitude towards water conservation actions promote the protection of this resource, while Hedonia decreases this conservationist practice.

The sum of external cultural infl uences (western worldviews), local traditions ( autochthonous systems of beliefs), and people’s exposure to the particularities of the physical environment has resulted in certain Latin American attitudes toward the environment. These infl uences can support either pro-or anti-environmental behaviors. Although the link between attitude and behavior is not salient enough to consider attitudes as major determinants of ecological action, there is no doubt that these predispositions are signifi cant predictors of such action (Scott and Willits, 1994 ; Corral-Verdugo and Armend a riz, 2000 ), and can be considered, at least, a platform upon which behavioral tendencies develop. Therefore, studying environmental attitudes, beliefs, and worldviews in this and other regions of the world is necessary to understanding what makes people behave in sustainable or anti-ecological ways.

Water is one of the most valuable natural resources for humankind and other forms of life on earth, and this chapter addresses the topic of its conservation. Environmental psychology (EP) investigates the dispositional and contextual factors that incite both water waste/contamination and conservation. It also studies the psychological positive consequences that result from engaging in water conservationist practices. The obtained information has let us know the individual characteristics that promote water conservation behaviors, the extrinsic and intrinsic consequences that maintain those behaviors, and the situations that make people use water in a sustainable way. EP also participates in the design of interventional strategies aimed at the instauration of conservationist uses of freshwater, including water conservation campaigns, environmental education programs, and experiments intended to shift wasteful and contaminating water uses toward more sustainable water-consuming behaviors. A model integrating the knowledge on freshwater conservation determinants and its consequences is presented and future directions for research and interventions are outlined.

This study was aimed at exploring one potential psychological benefit of sustainable behaviors: the perceived psychological restoration (PR) associated to engaging in pro-environmental activities at both the physical and social levels. PR involves the recovery of lost psychological resources (attention, positive mood states, psychological wellbeing) mostly caused by attentional fatigue and stress, while sustainable behavior constitutes a set of actions aimed at the protection of natural and social resources. One-hundred- and thirtyseven individuals living in a Northern Mexican city participated in a study assessing four instances of sustainable behavior: altruistic, proecological, frugal, and equitable actions. In addition, four dimensions of a construct related to the perceived psychological restorative effects of sustainable behaviors were measured: being away, fascination, extent and compatibility, assumedly resulting from pro-environmental and pro-socialactions. Using structural equation modeling, the first four constructs were aggregated into a higher-order factor (sustainable behavior), while the rest of the constructs constituted a second higher-order factor (perceived restoration). These two higher-order factors resulted highly and significantly associated, indicating that practicing actions of environmental and social conservation might likely result in the restoration of lost psychological functions. These results reinforce the idea that sustainable behavior produces positive psychological consequences.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue probar un modelo psicosocial explicativo del comportamiento suicida (estudiado como ideación suicida y conducta parasuicida) en adolescentes. Se utilizó una muestra de 102 adolescentes separados en dos grupos, un grupo con 51 adolescentes identificados con comportamiento suicida que recibían atención en un centro psicoterapéutico de adolescentes; y uno control del mismo número de participantes de la población de Hermosillo, Sonora. Se les aplicó una batería de pruebas para medir factores sociales y psicológicos, obteniendo también variables sociodemográficas. Se probó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales donde la variable dependiente fue el comportamiento suicida, y las independientes los factores sociales y psicológicos. En los resultados se identificaron 7 factores, 3 de ellos (el maltrato infantil, la comunicación familiar y el rechazo parental) afectaron de forma indirecta a la variable dependiente, a través de un agregado de variables psicológicas individuales que incluía depresión, ansiedad, baja autoestima y el déficit en habilidades de afrontamiento. Este agregado afectó a la variable dependiente sólo en su faceta de ideación suicida, la cual influyó en las conductas parasuicidas. Se concluye que el presente trabajo ofrece una aproximación a la búsqueda de explicaciones al fenómeno de la conducta suicida. Aunque las explicaciones por necesidad deben incluir factores multi-causales, en nuestro modelo los factores familiares e individuales se presentan como los más importantes. Se discuten las posibles implicaciones para el trabajo preventivo de este fenómeno en adolescentes.

El bienestar es un concepto que ha despertado un interés multidisciplinar y particularmente en la línea de estudios sobre cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores se ha registrado la necesidad de analizar dicho atributo ante el inminente aumento de familias cuidadoras. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el proceso de diseño, validación exploratoria y confirmatoria, así como la utilidad actual de la Escala de Bienestar Subjetivo para Cuidadores Familiares de Adultos Mayores - EBEMS/CFAM. Se presenta una secuencia de resultados de análisis cualitativos, análisis factoriales, de modelamiento Rasch y ecuaciones estructurales en cuatro muestras de estudio que, en conjunto, confirman la validez y confiabilidad de la escala. Well-being is a concept that has aroused multidisciplinary interest. Particularly in studies about family caregivers of older adults there has been the need to analyze this attribute facing the imminent increase of family caregivers. The goal of this paper is to describe the design process, the exploratory and confirmatory validation, as well as the usefulness of the current Scale of Subjective Well-Being of Family Caregivers for Older Adults - EBEMS/ CFAM. Results are shown in a sequence, from qualitative analysis, to factor analysis, Rasch modeling and structural equations in four samples of study that, taken together, confirm the validity and reliability of the scale.

An observational technique for measuring individual water consumption is presented, which assesses diverse domestic uses of water. The recording is conducted by previously trained housewives in an attempt to obtain a reliable, valid assessment that minimizes the inconveniences of classical observational techniques, such as the intrusion from observers and the subsequent reactivity of the observed people. The water consumption of 510 individuals was recorded, computing through three days in a week the time invested by the observer and two other persons at her household in washing dishes, taking a shower, watering plants, tooth- brushing, and watering the sidewalk in front of their households. Results of the recording indicated stability and internal consistency of the measures, revealing reliability of the instrument. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated evidence of convergent construct validity, which was reinforced by a significant correlation between the observations and the meter-recording of water consumption. Also, an evidence of concurrent validity was obtained when correlating these observations with scales assessing utilitarian and ecological beliefs regarding water.

The concept of affinity towards diversity (ATD) is introduced and illustrated with two studies on the psychological drivers of pro-sustainability orientation and environmentally friendly behaviors. In light of the importance that biological and social ecological sciences assign to diversity within socio-ecological systems, ATD was conceptualized as an individual predisposition to appreciate the dynamic variety of human–nature interactions in everyday life situations. ATD implies valuing and liking biological and socio-cultural diversity, more than simply being respectful before or accepting differences in the social and physical contexts. Two different samples of Mexicans responded to a series of scales, one of them assessing ATD. The scale exhibited an acceptable level of internal consistency and it also showed construct validity, according to the results of two structural equation models. A first study showed that ATD significantly and negatively covaries with a scale of intolerance, and positively covaries with a measure of environmentally friendly behavior. A second study revealed also that ATD, together with other psychological factors (future orientation, altruism, emotions towards nature), forms the basis for a pro-sustainability orientation which, in turn, predicts environmentally friendly behaviors.

Basado en la idea de que la conducta sustentable es un tipo de comportamiento virtuoso, el presente estudio explora la relacion entre tres virtudes universales - Humanidad, Justicia, Moderacion - y cuatro instancias de conducta sustentable - acciones altruistas, pro-ecologicas, frugales y equitativas - las cuales se consideran necesarias para alcanzar los ideales de un desarrollo sostenible. Se investigaron las respuestas que dieron cuatrocientas personas de la poblacion general, en una ciudad del noroeste mexicano, a reactivos del Inventario de Virtudes y Fortalezas Psicologicas (VIA Survey, Peterson & Seligman, 2004) y a un instrumento que investigaba conductas sustentables. Los resultados se procesaron dentro de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, el cual produjo factores de primer orden para las tres virtudes y los cuatro tipos de comportamiento sustentables. A su vez, el grupo de virtudes genero un factor de segundo orden (virtudes) y eso mismo ocurrio para el de conductas sustentables (CS). La covariacion entre el factor superior de virtudes y el de CS fue alta y significativa lo que parece indicar que las conductas prosociales y proambientales son de naturaleza virtuosa, por lo menos en lo concerniente a las tres virtudes aqui analizadas.