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GreenFlexJET is an EU funded project that is developing a pre-commercial demonstration plant to produce sustainable aviation fuel from waste vegetable oil and organic solid waste biomass. The plant will demonstrate the integration of the SABR-TCR technology i.e., transesterification (TRANS), hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydrocracking/isomerisation (HC) and Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR®) combined with hydrogen separation through pressure swing adsorption (PSA) to produce a fully equivalent jet fuel (compliant with ASTM D7566 Standards). The project plant installed close to waste sources and product off-takers at Gloucestershire Park of Science and Technology, Berkeley (UK) will produce 1,200 tonnes of jet fuel from around 3,600 tonnes of waste vegetable oil and 3,500 tonnes of dried organic waste per year. The demonstration plant will provide a real example of how sustainable aviation biofuels can be produced economically on a large scale, whilst simultaneously addressing social and environmental sustainability., Proceedings of the 30th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 9-12 May 2022, Online, pp. 902-905

This chapter addresses the "laws" that guide individuals' disgust responding and discusses how insight in these laws may contribute to our understanding of how disgust might contribute to the persistence of fearful preoccupations. It explains how disgust and fear may be related and why disgust-based concerns may sometimes give rise to extreme fear. The chapter highlights that disgust may not only be elicited by external but also by internal stimuli such as particular images or memories, and addresses how such "mental disgust" may relate to clinical anxiety. It describes instruments and measures that can be used to assess both trait and state disgust responding. The chapter evaluates explicit and implicit measures of state disgust that have (also) been used within the context of phobic fears and anxiety disorders. It discusses in more detail how disgust-based mechanisms may play a role in the development, expression, and persistence of specific concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

FlexJET project will build a pre-commercial demonstration plant for the production of advanced sustainable aviation biofuel (SAF) from waste vegetable oil and organic solid waste biomass, successfully demonstrating the “Sustainable Aviation through Biofuel Refining” (SABR) process for the refining biodiesel from organic waste oils combined with Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR®) combined with hydrogen separation through pressure swing adsorption (PSA)) to produce SAF, a fully equivalent jet fuel blend (in compliant with ASTM D7566 Standards). This project will deliver respective environmental and social sustainability mapping of SAF production and it will validate its a comprehensive exploitation. The consortium brings together some of the most renowned scientific departments, applied research institutions, key industrial companies in the renewable energy sector, particularly in terms of bioenergy studies and the development of relevant projects in Europe. Partners are from 5 different European countries. From 2018 until 2022, this conjoined effort will make use of the precious assistance of respected industry experts to advise and guide the project.

The intermolecular enantioselective C–H functionalization with acceptor-only metallocarbenes is reported using a new family of Ir(iii)-bis(imidazolinyl)phenyl catalysts., The intermolecular enantioselective C–H functionalization with acceptor-only metallocarbenes is reported using a new family of Ir(iii)-bis(imidazolinyl)phenyl catalysts, developed based on the interplay of experimental and computational insights. The reaction is tolerant of a variety of diazoacetate precursors and is found to be heavily influenced by the steric and electronic properties of the substrate. Phthalan and dihydrofuran derivatives are functionalized in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities.

This essay investigates the multisensorial encounter between people, things and place, through the analysis of a shared experience in a museum store room. In the to-and-fro of dialogue, its co-authors discuss the visceral bodily response both experienced in the simple act of unfolding a piece of cloth in the attic room of a house. Theories of emplacement, flow, resonance and intimacy are explored across the co-authors’ home disciplines of craft and making, material culture, history, pedagogy and museology, but are also followed into less familiar territory including biology and neuroscience. The essay makes the case for a particular quality of time and space, found by both authors in the maker’s workshop and the museum store; a quality they describe as ‘material time’. In ‘material time’, being slows down, the body takes over and boundaries between self and other begin to dissolve. As a maker-educator and curator-historian, both located within the art school, the co-authors consider the implications of these findings for learning and creative practice.

Sustainability of the conventional jet fuels and climate change has attracted the aviation sector to diversity to alternative fuels. However, fuel diversification requires an assessment of the long term impact to engine performance and engine emissions through the combustion process, as alternative fuels are not as well understood as conventional jet fuel. A detailed experimental study on alternative fuels emissions across the entire aircraft fleet is impractical. Therefore a plausible method of computer modelling combined Genetic Algorithm and Chemical Reactors network was developed to predict alternative fuels gaseous emissions, namely, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides and Unburned Hydrocarbons in aircraft engines. To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the technique, exhaust emission measurements were performed on a re-commissioned Artouste Mk113 Auxiliary Power Unit, located at the University of Sheffield's Low Carbon Combustion Centre. The simulation produced results with good agreements with the experimental data. The optimised model was used to extrapolate emissions data from different blends of alternative fuels that did not operate during the campaign. The proposed technique showed that it can develop a data base of alternative fuels emissions and also act as a guideline for alternative fuels development.

This paper summarises the findings from the SWAFEA preliminary state of the art study. It covers trends in aspects of future air transport, potential candidate fuels and associated feedstock along with sustainability and economical issues relevant for alternative fuels in aviation..

Currently, the aviation sector uses petroleum derived liquid fuels as the energy carrier of choice for flight. In light the present environmental, economical and political concerns as to the sustainability of this energy source, the question of which alternatives the aviation sector should pursue in the future has emerged. Among these concerns, the environmental impact of fossil fuel use on global warming and air quality is of major importance, while the impact of volatile oil prices and the need for a sustainable supply of fuel are strong drivers for the economies of fuel users. In this context, the European Commission’s Directorate General for Energy and Transport has initiated the SWAFEA study to investigate the feasibility and the impact of the use of alternative fuels in aviation. SWAFEA’s goal is to develop a comparative analysis of different energy/fuel options on the basis of an assessment of the available data. It also seeks to create a vision and possible roadmap for future deployments of alternative fuels and, in this regard, SWAFEA will provide policy makers with information and decision elements. This paper summarises the findings from the SWAFEA preliminary state of the art studyii. It covers trends in aspects of future air transport, potential candidate fuels and associated feedstock along with sustainability and economical issues relevant for alternative fuels in aviation.

Reference book for Engineering students.

The effects of natural convection with and without the interaction of surface radiation in square and rectangular enclosures have been studied, numerically and theoretically. The analyses were carried out over a wide range of enclosure aspect ratios ranging from 0.0625 to 16, including square enclosures in sizes from 40cm to 240cm, with cold wall temperatures ranging from 283 to 373 K, and hot to cold temperature ratios ranging from 1.02 to 2.61. The work was carried out using four different fluids whose properties are varying with temperature. FLUENT software was used to carry out the numerical study. Turbulence was modelled using the RNG k-ε model with a non-uniform grid. The Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM) was used for radiation simulation. A correlation equation for the new dimensionless group represented by the ratio of natural convection to radiation, as a function of Nusselt, Grashof, Prandtl numbers and temperature ratio also, the average Nusselt number without radiation as a function of Grashof and Prandtl numbers have been provided along with the constants needed to use them as a function of temperature ratio. This provides a generalised equation for heat transfer in square and rectangular enclosures both with and without radiation.