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Aerobic endurance (AE) is considered as one of the physical abilities that determines success on job-related physical tests for police officers. Therefore, AE is one of the criteria in selection process, during the education and through working career. At the University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies (UCIPS) the development of the level of AE takes place within the course of Specialized Physical Education (SPE). In the school year 2020/2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic measures, SPE classes were organized in two models: regular (the firstyear students) and online (the second, third- and fourth-year students). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of these different modules of SPE studying on AE of the UCIPS students. The sample of the respondents included 46 students of the first year (19 women and 27 men) and 45 students of the third year (21 women and 24 men). AE was estimated by using Cooper’s running test at the start and at the end of the observed studying year. The difference between initial and final testing was defined by using a pair sample t-test. It was determined that AE increased by 5.5% (t = -3.353, p = 0.004) with women and for 4% (t = -3.139, p = 0.004) with men for the first-year students. In contrast, the third-year students had the reduction of AE by 3.6% (t = 2.415, p = 0.025) with women and by 6.2% (t = 3.354, p = 0.003) with men.

The aim of this work is to define basic descriptive model characteristics considering descriptive, functional and sexual dimorphism of basic explosive isometric hand grip force characteristics in healthy and well-trained students of the Academy for Criminalistic and Police studies (ACPS) in the Republic of Serbia. For the purpose of this research, 239 examinees were tested, among whom 143 were men and 96 were women, aged 18 to 24. In order to assess the RFDBASICHG different contractile characteristics we used standardized equipment, i.e., a sliding device that measures isometric finger flexor force, with a tensiometric probe fixed inside the device. Our results showed that the tested male sample had a significantly greater explosive hand grip force in both hands (dominant and non-dominant) than the tested female sample, with regard to both absolute and relative indicators. A statistically significant difference was established for the whole measurement range (the total of variable samples in the function of gender) between men and women, as parameters of sexual dimorphism, at the level of Wilks' Lambda - 0.519, F = 30.567, p = 0.000. In the function of gender, statistically significant functional dimorphism was found in women, i.e., the dominant hand was found to be stronger than the non-dominant one with a statistical significance of t = 2.389, p = 0.019. Considering the defined model parameters for the population of the given age, the results obtained can be used as criterion values for various testing purposes, such as the assessment of explosive hand grip force in athletes and non-athletes of both genders, or the evaluation of gender-related and functional dimorphism of the same. Cilj rada je definisanje modela karakteristika deskriptivnog, funkcionalnog i polnog dimorfizma eksplozivne izometrijske sile stiska šake obe ruke kod zdravih i dobro treniranih studenata Kriminalističko policijske akademije (KPA) u Republici Srbiji. Testirano je 239 studenata, 143 muškog i 96 ženskog pola, starosti od 18 do 24 godine. Za procenu eksplozivne izometrijske sile stiska šake RFDBASICHG korišćena je standardizovana oprema, klizni instrument za merenje izometrijske sile pregibača prstiju sa tenziometrijskom sondom unutar nje. Rezultatiti dobijeni ovim istraživanjem pokazuju da testirani ispitanici muškog pola imaju značajno veće vrednosti eksplozivne sile stiska šake obe ruke (dominantne i nedominantne) u odnosu na ispitanike ženskog pola, sa aspekta kako apsolutnih tako i relativnih vrednosti. Statistička analiza je utvrdila da između posmatranih sub uzoraka između muškaraca i žena postoji generalna statistički značajna razlika svih ispitivanih kontraktilnih karakteristika na nivou Wilks Lambda 0.519, F = 30.567, p = 0.000. U funkciji pola, statistički značajne razlike funkcionalnog dimorfizma izmerene su kod žena, dominantna ruka je snažnija od nedominantne na nivou statističke značajnosti t = 2.389, p = 0.019. Na osnovu definisanog modela karakteristika, dobijeni rezultati se mogu koristiti kao kritetirijumi u različite svrhe testiranja, za procenu eksplozivne sile stiska šake kod trenirane i netrenirane populacije oba pola ili u svrhu procene polnog i funkcionalnog dimorfizma.

By applying transversal method of research on a sample of 267 male and 88 female students of the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade determination of basic anthropometrical characteristics in the function of the year of study was conducted. Basic anthropometrical characteristics were expressed in following variables: body weight - BW, expressed in kg; body height - BH, expressed in cm; body mass index - BMI, expressed in kg/m2. The obtained results showed statistically significant tendency of change in students of the ACPS during the course of studies, namely in increase of BM as basic measure for estimation of body voluminosity (1.2 kg per a study year, F ratio 4287, p = 0.039), as well as in BMI, as a measure for the assessment of the body status, that is, the state of nourishment (0.42 kg/m2 per a study year, F ratio 7.191, p = 0.008). As for female students, the obtained results showed statistically significant tendency of change, namely in decrease of BMI, as a measure for the assessment of the body status, that is, the state of nourishment (- 0.56 kg/m2 per a study year, F ratio 8.290, p = 0.005). At this point, based on the research results, we can not say for sure what could be the cause of the determined trend of increase of voluminosity and body nourishment in male students, and decrease of body nourishment in female students, which should be determined in future researches. Na uzorku od 267 ispitanika muškog pola i 88 ispitanika ženskog pola studenata Kriminalističko-policijske akademije (KPA) iz Beograda primenom transverzalne metode istraživanja izvršeno je dijagnostikovanje osnovnih antropometrijskih karakteristika u funkciji godine studija. Osnovne antropometrijske karakteristike ispitanika su bile predstavljene sledećim varijablama: telesna masa - TM, izražena u kg; telesna visina - TV, izražena u cm; i telesno-maseni indeks (BMI), izražen u kg/m2. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je kod studenata KPA u toku studija došlo do statistički značajnog trenda promene, i to povećanja kod TM, kao osnovne mere za procenu voluminoznosti tela (1.20 kg po godini studija, F odnos 4.287, p = 0.039) kao i kod BMI, kao mere za procenu telesnog statusa, tj. stanja uhranjenosti (0.42 kg/m2 po godini studija, F odnos 7.191, p = 0.008). U odnosu nastudentkinje, dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je u toku studija KPA došlo do statistički značajnog trenda promene, i to smanjenja kod BMI, kao mere za procenu telesnog statusa, tj. stanja uhranjenosti (- 0.56 kg/m2 po godini studija, F odnos 8.290, p = 0.005). U ovom trenutku se na osnovu rezultata istraživanja ne može sa sigurnošću tvrditi šta je posledica utvrđenog trenda povećanja voluminoznosti i telesne uhranjenosti kod studenata odnosno smanjenja telesne uhranjenosti kod studentkinja, što treba utvrditi u narednim istraživanjima.

Skiing is among a number of skills taught in Serbia's Interior Affairs' institutions of high education. The system of Special Physical Education ( SFO I) at the Police Academy envisage the basic skiing instruction to be carried out through tuition over 12 days; each day comprising six lessons (six mentor's hour per day). Students who have gone trough this intensive course then take an exam where the level of the skills they have acquired is being tested. The goal of the paper is to validate three different expert methods for assessment of Police Academy students' basic skiing knowledge. The applied methods were: A) marks given by the related tutor; B) marks given by a panel of experts and C) combined average marks obtained by joining the previous two methods. Two hundred and seven students of the Police Academy have taken part in the research. The findings show that all three methods are generally acceptable from the pedagogical point of view with the level of the informative value of the marks ranging from 84.62 to 96.59%. However, pedagogically the most acceptable proved to be the C) method reaching the informative level of 94.93 to 96.59% as well as the lowest level of error margin of 3.41 to 5.03%. The obtained results allow the conclusion that the C) method should be suggested as the one to adopt when testing the Police Academy students' actual level of skiing skills acquisition. Skijanje pripada skupu veština koje se u okviru sistema obuke izučava na visoko obrazovnim institucijama MUP RS. Planom i programom SFO I na Policijskoj akademiji (PA) predviđeno je da se osnovna obuka u skijanju realizuje mentorskim radom u toku dvanaest nastavnih dana, obimom od šest nastavnih časova dnevno. Nakon tako intenzivne obuke, poslednjeg dana studenti polažu kolokvijum, tj. imaju proveru nivoa obučenosti svakog pojedinca nakon koje studenti dobijaju odgovarajuću ocenu. Cilj rada je bio da izvrši validaciju tri različita ekspertska metoda za procenu osnovnog znanja skijanja kod studenata PA. Korišćeni metodi su: 1 - metod mentorskog ocenjivanja, 2 - metod ocenjivanja od strane ekspertske komisije, 3 - metod koji je sublimirao prva dva metoda tj. sumarna prosečna ocena mentora i ekspertske komisije kao integralna mera procene. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 207 studenata PA. Rezultati su pokazali da su sva tri metoda na generalnom nivou pedagoški prihvatljiva sa nivoom informativnosti ocene u rasponu od 84.62 do 96.59%. U odnosu na ispitivane metode, pedagoški najprihvatljivija je treća metoda, sa apsolutno najinformativnijom ocenom na nivou od 94.93 do 96.59%, i sa najmanjim nivoom greške procene od 3.41 do 5.03%. Dobijeni rezultati dozvoljavaju zaključak da se dati, treći, metod predloži kao pedagoški metod izbora za upotrebu u praksi u svrhu provere usvojenosti aktuelnog nivoa osnovne obučenosti studenata PA u skijanju.

The aim of the research was to define the relationship between success in teaching basic skiing skills to students of Police Academy and the dimensions of isometric knee extensor muscle force. The sample consisted of 183 students of Police Academy (Age = 20.100.50 years, VH = 1.8140.005 cm, BM = 78.427.29 kg) who had no previous experience in skiing. The mark that the students got at the final skiing test was used as the criterion variable, where the system of 29 predictor variables was represented by the characteristics of isometric knee extensor muscle force, which were used to assess the level of maximal isometric force at 10% from 10 to 100% of Fmax (NogeF10% - NogeF100%), absolute rate of force development (explosibility index) at 10% from 10 to 100% of Fmax (NogeRFD10% -NogeRFD100%), and muscle unit involvement velocity assessment index at every 10% of the force realised (NogeC10%-NogeC90%). The predictors gave a statistically significant description of the criterion with 10.30% describing common variance (R2=0.103, Fratio=3.114, pvalue=0.0037). As for the individual variables, the criterion was significantly described by two variables that were used to assess the level of maximal force at 20 and 30% of Fmax (NogeF20% and NogeF20%), muscle unit involvement velocity at 50 and 60% of Fmax (NogeC50% and NogeC60%), and rate of force development at 60 and 70% of Fmax (NogeRFD60% and NogeRFD70%). The results were used to define the equation of criterion prediction (success in skiing instruction) with the assessment error of  0.82 of the mark. The formula we obtained for the equation of model prediction has the following form: Mark = 8.03238 - 0.301976*NogeF20% + 0.198425*NogeF30% + 0.161689*NogeC50% - 0.564403*NogeC60% + 0.00319422*NogeRFD60% - 0.00232235*NogeRFD70%. Predmet istraživanja je definisanje povezanosti između uspešnosti savladavanja osnovne obuke u skijanju kod studenata Policijske akademije i dimenzija izometrijske mišićne sile mišića opružača nogu. Uzorak ispitanika se sastojao od 183 studenta Policijske akademije (Uzrast = 20.100.50 godina, TV = 1.8140.005 cm, TM = 78.427.29 kg) bez prethodnog znanja skijanja. Kriterijsku varijablu je predstavljala ocena studenta dobijena na završnom ispitu iz skijanja, dok su sistem od 29 prediktorskih varijabli predstavljale karakteristike izometrijske sile mišića opružača nogu kojima je procenjivan nivo maksimalne sile na 10% od 10 do 100% od Fmax (NogeF10% - NogeF100%), intenzitet ispoljavanja sile na 10% od 10 do 100% od Fmax (NogeRFD10% - NogeRFD100%) i indeks procene brzine uključenja motornih jedinica na svakih 10% realizovane sile (NogeC10% - NogeC90%). Prediktori su statistički značajno opisali kriterijum sa 10.30% objašnjenja zajedničke varijanse (R2=0.103, Fratio=3.114, pvalue=0.0037). Od pojedinačnih varijabli kriterijum su statistički značajno opisale po dve varijable kojima je procenjivan nivo maksimalne sile na 20 i 30% od Fmax (NogeF20% i NogeF20%), brzina uključenja motornih jedinica na 50 i 60% od Fmax (NogeC50% i NogeC60%) i intenzitet ispoljavanja sile na 60 i 70% od Fmax (NogeRFD60% i NogeRFD70%). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata definisana je jednačina predikcije kriterija (uspešnost obuke skijanja) sa greškom procene od  0.82 ocene. Dobijena formula jednačine predikcije modela ima sledeći oblik: Ocena = 8.03238 - 0.301976*NogeF20% + 0.198425*NogeF30% + 0.161689*NogeC50% - 0.564403*NogeC60% + 0.00319422*NogeRFD60% - 0.00232235*NogeRFD70%.

The object of this paper is to evalue the reliability of a number of test in measuring the contractile potential of elbow flexors and extensors in policemen during the anaerobic repetitive muscular exertion of maximum intensity. This has been done by testing two groups of 36 students of the Police Academy in Belgrade. One group was subjected to the pull-ups test in four variations: measuring the number of pull ups executed in 10 seconds on the one hand, and measuring the amount of time needed to make 5, 8 and 10 pull ups. The second group has been asked to perform push ups, in six variations: measuring the number of push up done in 10, 15 and 20 seconds, as well as measuring the time needed to do 10, 15 and 20 push ups. The results pointed out that the most reliable test to measure the contractle potential of elbow extensors during anaerobic (glikolitic-lactic) repetitive muscular exertion is the test measuring the time needed to do 15 push ups, while the best test for elbow flexors is the one measuring the time needed to perform 10 pull ups. Both tests showed a high degree of reliability reaching respectively 97.7 and 96.4% and are therefore recommended for practical use. Cilj rada je procena testa kojim se najpouzdanije meri kontraktilni potencijal mišića pregibača i opružača ruku kod policajaca ispoljen u anaerobnom režimu repetativnog mišićnog naprezanja maksimalnim intenzitetom. U tu svrhu izvršeno je testiranje koje je sprovedeno sa dve grupe od 36 studenata Policijske akademije u Beogradu. Jedna grupa je testirana primenom testa 'zgibovi' i to sa četiri varijante: broj urađenih zgibova za 10 sekundi, kao i vreme potrebno da se izvede 5, 8 i 10 zgibova. Druga grupa je testirana primenom testa sklekovi i to sa šest varijanti: broj urađenih sklekova za 10, 15 i 20 sekundi, kao i vreme potrebno da se izvede 10, 15 i 20 sklekova. Rezultati su pokazali da se kod testirane populacije policajaca kontrakt ili potencijal mišića opružača ruku, ispoljen u anaerobnom režimu (glikolitičko-laktatnom) repetativnog mišićnog naprezanja maksimalnim intenzitetom, najbolje procenjuje testom - vreme potrebno da se izvede 15 sklekova, dok se kod pregibača ruku najbolje procenjuje testom -vreme potrebno da se izvede 10 zgibova. Oba testa su pokazala visoku pouzdanost merenja na nivou od 97.7% i 96.4%, respektivno, pa se preporučuju za upotrebu u praksi.

The area of Special Physical Education (SPE) that covers the subsystem of General Fitness Level (GFL) in police officers also considers the issues of surmounting water obstacles, mainly aimed at mastering swimming skills. The subject of this research was to establish the metrological characteristics that assess basic swimming characteristics in policemen, while the aim was to define the indicators most informative to that purpose. The research was conducted on the randomly chosen sample of 51 students of the first year of Police Academy. They were tested four times, at the beginning and the end of both winter and summer terms, at the distances of 25 m, 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m - The data was fitted by the least square method in the linear function of the distance-time and velocity-distance dependence that yielded: critical velocity and energetic efficiency coefficient of swimming at 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m, as well as the coefficients of intensity, capacity and power of individual energetic systems realized while swimming. The results showed that the metro­logical values of the indicators used (reliability, adequacy, inter-correlation and validity) were significant at p lt 0.000. The highest percentage of the explained measurement variance was found in the indicators achieved in the second test, while the highest validity was observed in the indicators of critical velocity at the distance of 200 m (Vcrit200), the energetic efficiency coefficient of swimming (Eefik200), and the indicator that assesses the power of the energetic processes (abintegr). Therefore, these indicators bear the most information on basic swimming skills in policemen and are recommended for further research and practical use. Oblast izučavanja Specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja (SFO) u delu koji se bavi podsistemom Bazičnog motoričkog statusa (VMS) pripadnika službe, izučava i problematiku savlađivanja vodenog prostora, sa osnovom usmerenom na veštinu plivanja. Predmet istraživanja rada je utvrđivanje metroloških karakteristika a cilj definisanje najinformativnijih indikatora za procenu nivoa osnovnih plivačkih sposobnosti policajaca. U istraživanju su učestvovali studenti Policijske akademije (N = 51) koji su metodom slučajnog uzorka izabrani iz populacije prve godine studija. Studenti su testirani četiri puta, na početku i kraju zimskog i letnjeg semestra, na deonicama od 25 m, 50 m 100 m i 200 m. Postupkom fitovanja korišćenjem metode najmanjih kvadrata podaci su stavljeni u linearnu funkciju zavisnosti distanca-vreme i brzina-distanca iz kojih je izračunato: kritične brzine plivanja i koeficijenti energetske efikasnosti plivanja na 50 m, 100 m i 200 m, kao i koeficijenti intenziteta, kapaciteta i moći (snage) energetskih procesa pojedinca realizovanih plivanjem. Rezultati pokazuju da su metrološke vrednosti korišćenih indikatora (pouzdanost, adekvatnost, interkorelacija i valjanost) visoko statistički pouzdane na nivou p lt 0.000. NajveĆi procenat objašnjene varijanse merenja poseduju indikatori postignuta na drugom testiranju, a najveĆu valjanost imaju indikatori kritične brzine na deonici od 200 m (Vcrit200), koeficijent energetske efikasnosti plivanja na 200 m (Eefik200) i indikator za procenu moći (snage) energetskih procesa (abintegr), pa se oni i preporučuju kao najinformativniji za upotrebu u daljim istraživanjima i praksi.

On the basis of experimental investigations of muscles work in isometrical regime the corresponding theory is formulated. The theory is based on changes of muscle density, the changes being determinated by internal friction forces. The theoretical results obtained on the basis of such relatively simple assumptions is in a good agreement with experiment especially in a long time range. Na osnovu obimnih eksperimentalnih istraživanja rada mišića u izometrijskom režimu formulisana je teorija izometrijske sile i njene promene u vremenu. Teorija se zasniva na modelu zgušnjavanja i razređivanja mišićne mase pri čemu je ponašanje mišićne gustine prevashodno regulisano silama unutrašnjeg trenja. Teorijski rezultati pomenutog prostog modela dobro se slažu sa eksperimentom, naročito u oblasti dužih vremena.

This research was carried out with an aim of determining the structure of endurance in swimming and defining the causes of variabilities in certain elements of the actual structure. The results obtained for the sample of 56 first-year Police Academy students by the application of 19 endurance indicators were processed by component factor analysis using Varimax and Oblimin criteria. All the applied methods produced the same structure of endurance in swimming with elements determined by 4 latent dimensions defined as: general endurance factor in swimming; factor of anaerobic energetic process intensity; factor of anaerobic process capacity; factor of energetic efficiency in swimming. The factorial validity of all indicators applied in this research, with respect to the communalities and the size of the variance explained, is satisfactory, and therefore can be recommended for future research in the field. Cilj istraživanja rada je određivanje strukture plivačke izdržljivosti i definisanje uzroka varijabiliteta pojedinih elemenata njene strukture kod studenata I godine Policijske akademije. Rezultati su dobijeni na uzorku od 56 studenata primenom 19 indikatora za procenu izdržljivosti u plivanju (vremena, brzine, rezerva vremena i brzina plivanja na deonicama od 25m, 50m i 100m, različiti indeksi za procenu brzinske i opšte izdržljivosti kao i različite ocene usvojenosti tehnike plivnja). Statistička analiza podataka izvršena je pomoću metode komponentne faktorske analize (Principal Component Analysis) primenom Varimaks (Varimax) i Oblimin (Oblimin) kriterijuma. Korišćene metode produkovale su istu strukturu plivačke izdržljivosti čiji su elementi određeni sa 4 latentne dimenzije koje su definisane kao: generalni faktor plivačke izdržljivosti, faktor intenziteta anaerobnih energetskih procesa, faktor kapaciteta anearobnih energetskih procesa i faktor energetske efikasnosti plivanja. Dobijene latentne dimenzije (faktori) ekstrahovale su 94.4% valjane varijanse primenjenog model indikatora izdržljivosti u plivanju. Faktorska valjanost svih indikatora koji su primenjeni u ovom istraživanju, obzirom na komunalitete i veličinu objašnjene varijanse, je zadovoljavajuća, pa ih stoga preporučujemo za buduća istraživanja ove problematike.

The object of this paper is to show the methodology of kinematic structure modeling in special Physical Education and to present the potentials of a hardware-software system designed at Police Academy for gathering, storage and analysis of kinematic and dynamic parameters of mobile structures in solving problems of this and similar classes. For that purpose the problem has been defined, the specification and calibration of the model have been done and, in the end, its simulation and validation on world and Olympic champion Isao Inokuma's Ipon Seoi Nage throwing have been done. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je da se prikaže metodologija modelovanja kinematičkih struktura u Specijalnom fizičkom obrazovanju, i da se prikažu mogućnosti hardversko-softverskog sistema koji je razvijen na Policijskoj akademiji, a služi za prikupljanje, skladištenje, analizu i simulaciju kinematičkih i dinamičkih parametara kretnih struktura u rešavanju problema ove klase i sličnih. U tu svrhu definisan je problem, zatim izvršena specifikacija i kalibracija modela i na kraju urađena njegova simulacija i validiranje na bacanju Ipon seoi nage, svetskog i olimpijskog prvaka Isao Inokuma.