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1. Measuring Mastery Behaviours at Scale: The Persistence, Effort, Resilience, and Challenge-Seeking (PERC) Task

Author

Porter, Tenelle, Molina, Diego Catalán, Blackwell, Lisa, Roberts, Sylvia, Quirk, Abigail, Duckworth, Angela L., and Trzesniewski, Kali

Abstract

Mastery behaviours -- seeking out challenging tasks and continuing to work on them despite difficulties -- are integral to achievement but difficult to measure with precision. The current study reports on the development and validation of the computer-based persistence, effort, resilience, and challenge-seeking (PERC) task in two demographically diverse samples of adolescents (total N = 3,188). We present evidence for convergent validity with self-reported mastery behaviours and learning mindsets, discriminant validity from theoretically unrelated constructs, and incremental predictive validity for grade point average (GPA). Results suggest that the PERC task may be a useful tool for assessing mastery behaviours at scale.

Published
2020

2. Effects of statin therapy on diagnoses of new-onset diabetes and worsening glycaemia in large-scale randomised blinded statin trials: an individual participant data meta-analysis

Author

Reith, Christina, Preiss, David, Blackwell, Lisa, Emberson, Jonathan, Spata, Enti, Davies, Kelly, Halls, Heather, Harper, Charlie, Holland, Lisa, Wilson, Kate, Roddick, Alistair J, Cannon, Christopher P, Clarke, Robert, Colhoun, Helen M, Durrington, Paul N, Goto, Shinya, Hitman, Graham A, Hovingh, G Kees, Jukema, J Wouter, Koenig, Wolfgang, Marschner, Ian, Mihaylova, Borislava, Newman, Connie, Probsfield, Jeffrey L, Ridker, Paul M, Sabatine, Marc S, Sattar, Naveed, Schwartz, Gregory G, Tavazzi, Luigi, Tonkin, Andrew, Trompet, Stella, White, Harvey, Yusuf, Salim, Armitage, Jane, Keech, Anthony, Simes, John, Collins, Rory, Baigent, Colin, Barnes, Elizabeth, Fulcher, Jordan, Herrington, William G, Kirby, Adrienne, O'Connell, Rachel, Amarenco, Pierre, Arashi, Hiroyuki, Barter, Philip, Betteridge, D John, Blazing, Michael, Blauw, Gerard J, Bosch, Jackie, Bowman, Louise, Braunwald, Eugene, Bulbulia, Richard, Byington, Robert, Clearfield, Michael, Cobbe, Stuart, Dahlöf, Björn, Davis, Barry, de Lemos, James, Downs, John R, Fellström, Bengt, Flather, Marcus, Ford, Ian, Franzosi, Maria Grazia, Fuller, John, Furberg, Curt, Glynn, Robert, Goldbourt, Uri, Gordon, David, Gotto, Jr, Antonio, Grimm, Richard, Gupta, Ajay, Hawkins, C Morton, Haynes, Richard, Holdaas, Hallvard, Hopewell, Jemma, Jardine, Alan, Kastelein, John JP, Kean, Sharon, Kearney, Patricia, Kitas, George, Kjekshus, John, Knatterud, Genell, Knopp, Robert H, Koren, Michael, Krane, Vera, Landray, Martin, LaRosa, John, Latini, Roberto, Lonn, Eva, Lucci, Donata, MacFadyen, Jean, Macfarlane, Peter, MacMahon, Stephen, Maggioni, Aldo, Marchioli, Roberto, Moyé, Lemuel, Murphy, Sabina, Neil, Andrew, Nicolis, Enrico B, Packard, Chris, Parish, Sarah, Pedersen, Terje R, Peto, Richard, Pfeffer, Marc, Poulter, Neil, Pressel, Sara, Probstfield, Jeffrey, Rahman, Mahboob, Robertson, Michele, Sacks, Frank, Schmieder, Roland, Serruys, Patrick, Sever, Peter, Shaw, John, Shepherd, James, Simpson, Lara, Sleight, Peter, Smeeth, Liam, Tobert, Jonathan, Tognoni, Gianni, Varigos, John, Wanner, Christoph, Wedel, Hans, Weis, Stephen, Welch, K Michael, Wikstrand, John, Wilhelmsen, Lars, Wiviott, Stephen, Yamaguchi, Junichi, Young, Robin, and Zannad, Faiez

Published
2024
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3. How to Measure Quality of Delivery: Focus on Teaching Practices That Help Students to Develop Proximal Outcomes

Author

Catalán Molina, Diego, Porter, Tenelle, Oberle, Catherine, Haghighat, Misha, Fredericks, Afiya, Budd, Kristen, Roberts, Sylvia, Blackwell, Lisa, and Trzesniewski, Kali H.

Abstract

Recent studies have suggested that quality of delivery matters to achieve better student outcomes in the context of school interventions. However, studies rarely measure quality of delivery and test its association with students' outcomes, perhaps due to lack of clarity regarding how to measure it. Here, we offer recommendations on how to select or design measures of quality of delivery. These recommendations focus on identifying teaching practices that help students to develop proximal outcomes during the delivery of an intervention. Additionally, we illustrate an application of these recommendations to the study of quality of delivery in a cluster-randomized efficacy study of Brainology, a program that promotes students' motivation and learning. We found that, although teachers fluctuated in their quality of delivery across lessons, students who received the intervention with higher quality of delivery on average increased more in targeted proximal outcomes (effort beliefs and learning goals) than students exposed to low quality. We discuss these results in terms of their implications for measuring quality of delivery, supporting teachers, and studying the conditions that make school interventions successful.

Published
2022
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4. Growth-Mindset Intervention Delivered by Teachers Boosts Achievement in Early Adolescence

Author

Porter, Tenelle, Catalán Molina, Diego, Cimpian, Andrei, Roberts, Sylvia, Fredericks, Afiya, Blackwell, Lisa S., and Trzesniewski, Kali

Abstract

School underachievement is a persistent problem in the United States. Direct-to-student, computer-delivered growth-mindset interventions have shown promise as a way to improve achievement for students at risk of failing in school; however, these interventions benefit only students who happen to be in classrooms that support growth-mindset beliefs. Here, we tested a teacher-delivered growth-mindset intervention for U.S. adolescents in Grades 6 and 7 that was designed to both impart growth-mindset beliefs and create a supportive classroom environment where those beliefs could flourish (N = 1,996 students, N = 50 teachers). The intervention improved the grades of struggling students in the target class by 0.27 standard deviations, or 2.81 grade percentage points. The effects were largest for students whose teachers endorsed fixed mindsets before the intervention. This large-scale, randomized controlled trial demonstrates that growth-mindset interventions can produce gains when delivered by teachers.

Published
2022
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5. Effect of statin therapy on muscle symptoms: an individual participant data meta-analysis of large-scale, randomised, double-blind trials

Author

Reith, Christina, Baigent, Colin, Blackwell, Lisa, Emberson, Jonathan, Spata, Enti, Davies, Kelly, Halls, Heather, Holland, Lisa, Wilson, Kate, Armitage, Jane, Harper, Charlie, Preiss, David, Roddick, Alistair, Keech, Anthony, Simes, John, Collins, Rory, Barnes, Elizabeth, Fulcher, Jordan, Herrington, William G, Kirby, Adrienne, Mihaylova, Borislava, O'Connell, Rachel, Amarenco, Pierre, Barter, Philip, Betteridge (deceased), D John, Blazing, Michael, Bosch, Jackie, Bowman, Louise, Braunwald, Eugene, Cannon, Christopher P, Clearfield, Michael, Cobbe, Stuart, Colhoun, Helen M, Dahlöf, Björn, Davis, Barry, de Lemos, James, Downs, John R, Durrington, Paul N, Fellström, Bengt, Ford, Ian, Franzosi, Maria Grazia, Fuller (deceased), John, Furberg, Curt, Glynn, Robert, Gordon, David, Gotto Jr, Antonio, Grimm, Richard, Gupta, Ajay, Hawkins, C Morton, Hitman, Graham A, Holdaas (deceased), Hallvard, Jardine, Alan, Jukema, J Wouter, Kastelein, John JP, Kean, Sharon, Kjekshus, John, Knatterud (deceased), Genell, Knopp (deceased), Robert H, Koenig, Wolfgang, Koren, Michael, Krane, Vera, Landray, Martin, LaRosa, John, Latini, Roberto, Lonn, Eva, Lucci, Donata, MacFadyen, Jean, Macfarlane, Peter, MacMahon, Stephen, Maggioni, Aldo, Marchioli, Roberto, Marschner, Ian, Moyé, Lemuel, Murphy, Sabina, Neil, Andrew, Nicolis, Enrico B, Packard, Chris, Parish, Sarah, Pedersen, Terje R, Peto, Richard, Pfeffer, Marc, Poulter, Neil, Pressel, Sara, Probstfield, Jeffrey, Rahman, Mahboob, Ridker, Paul M, Robertson, Michele, Sacks, Frank, Sattar, Naveed, Schmieder, Roland, Serruys, Patrick W, Sever, Peter, Shaw (deceased), John, Shepherd (deceased), James, Simpson, Lara, Sleight (deceased), Peter, Tavazzi, Luigi, Tognoni, Gianni, Tonkin, Andrew, Trompet, Stella, Wanner, Christoph, Wedel, Hans, Weis, Stephen, Welch, K Michael, White, Harvey, Wikstrand, John, Wilhelmsen, Lars, Wiviott, Stephen, Young, Robin, Yusuf, Salim, Zannad, Faiez, Arashi, Hiroyuki, Byington, Robert, Clarke, Robert, Flather, Marcus, Goldbourt, Uri, Goto, Shinya, Hopewell, Jemma, Hovingh, Kees, Kearney, Patricia, Kitas, George, Newman, Connie, Sabatine, Marc S, Schwartz, Greg, Smeeth, Liam, Tobert, Jonathan, Varigos, John, and Yamaguchi, Junichi

Published
2022
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8. Long-term cardiovascular risks and the impact of statin treatment on socioeconomic inequalities: a microsimulation model.

Author

Wu, Runguo, Williams, Claire, Zhou, Junwen, Schlackow, Iryna, Emberson, Jonathan, Reith, Christina, Keech, Anthony, Robson, John, Armitage, Jane, Gray, Alastair, Simes, John, Baigent, Colin, Mihaylova, Borislava, Barnes, Elizabeth, Blackwell, Lisa, Collins, Rory, Davies, Kelly, Fulcher, Jordan, Halls, Heather, and Herrington, William G

Subjects
STATINS (Cardiovascular agents), CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors, QUALITY-adjusted life years, LIFE expectancy, MYOCARDIAL infarction
Abstract

Background: UK cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality have declined in recent decades but socioeconomic inequalities persist. Aim: To present a new CVD model, and project health outcomes and the impact of guideline-recommended statin treatment across quintiles of socioeconomic deprivation in the UK. Design and setting: A lifetime microsimulation model was developed using 117 896 participants in 16 statin trials, 501 854 UK Biobank (UKB) participants, and quality-of-life data from national health surveys. Method: A CVD microsimulation model was developed using risk equations for myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularisation, cancer, and vascular and non-vascular death, estimated using trial data. The authors calibrated and further developed this model in the UKB cohort, including further characteristics and a diabetes risk equation, and validated the model in UKB and Whitehall II cohorts. The model was used to predict CVD incidence, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and the impact of UK guideline-recommended statin treatment across socioeconomic deprivation quintiles. Results: Age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular events were key CVD risk determinants. Model-predicted event rates corresponded well to observed rates across participant categories. The model projected strong gradients in remaining life expectancy, with 4–5-year (5–8 QALYs) gaps between the least and most socioeconomically deprived quintiles. Guideline-recommended statin treatment was projected to increase QALYs, with larger gains in quintiles of higher deprivation. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the potential of guideline-recommended statin treatment to reduce socioeconomic inequalities. This CVD model is a novel resource for individualised long-term projections of health outcomes of CVD treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Sporopollenin exines as a novel drug delivery system

Author

Blackwell, Lisa Jane

Subjects
615.19, Chemistry
Abstract

Microcapsules are fast becoming the most successful delivery systems for the oral delivery of drugs and food additives. Since many drugs are proteins and are destroyed in acidic conditions, microcapsules offer protection against the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Although the use of microcapsules achieves controlled release of the inner material, many synthetically designed microcapsules lack consistency in their size and morphology. The outer coat (exine) of plant pollen grains and spores is composed of the material sporopollenin. Sporopollenin exines (25µm diameter) were extracted from Lycopodium clavatum and were investigated as a novel drug delivery system that was inexpensive, non-toxic, from a renewable source, and exhibited a large internal cavity for loading of hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. They showed many advantages over conventional microcapsules, including their constant chemical structure and size within a species, and their ability to offer UV and air-oxidation protection. Previous studies have shown that particles such as pollen, spores and starch migrate into the bloodstream following ingestion by a process termed 'Persorption'. Such findings intrigued many researchers but the phenomenon has not been unanimously accepted. This research is a body of evidence giving unequivocal confirmation that spores of Lycopodium clavatum and their emptied exines were absorbed into the bloodstream of man to the same extent following oral ingestion, with a maximum of 10% (± 2%) of the dose recovered just 15-30 minutes after ingestion. These findings resolve the debate between researchers in support of persorption and those against, whom doubted the transport of particles of micron size into the bloodstream, but did not disprove such a phenomenon. An extensive study was undertaken to investigate the effect of factors such as gender, age, quantity and the method of ingestion on the rate and extent of exine absorption into the bloodstream. In a preliminary in vivo experiment the successful delivery of fish oil into the bloodstream via sporopollenin exines was illustrated. A major breakthrough has formed the foundations of this research. Although sporopollenin exhibits incredible stability to organIc and inorganic solvents, in contrast, this research has shown that exines degrade very rapidly in blood plasma both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments were conducted in an attempt to characterise the specific mechanism responsible for exine degradation. Progression of work has provided much evidence that the conversion of plasminogen to the enzyme plasmin is either partially or wholly responsible for the characteristic degradation of sporopollenin in the blood. Further investigations showed that it was possible to load a sufficient quantity of substances into sporopollenin exines, such as human growth hormone (hGH) , Enfurvitide (an antiretroviral agent used in the treatment of AIDS) and Cyclosporine (an antifungal agent). Their successful release from exines into different media in vitro and in vivo (carried out in Beagle dogs) was shown. These in vivo experiments highlighted the need for extra protection of the drug from the GI tract and additional coatings were applied to sporopollenin exines, including a soluble form of sporopollenin. Exines with coatings were assessed to ensure they were still able to degrade in blood and release the encapsulated substance. Current results are highly indicative that sporopollenin could become a practicable oral delivery system for molecules that are otherwise problematic to administer, such as protein drugs that degrade rapidly in acidic conditions.

Published
2007

12. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy

Author

Collins, Rory, Reith, Christina, Emberson, Jonathan, Armitage, Jane, Baigent, Colin, Blackwell, Lisa, Blumenthal, Roger, Danesh, John, Smith, George Davey, DeMets, David, Evans, Stephen, Law, Malcolm, MacMahon, Stephen, Martin, Seth, Neal, Bruce, Poulter, Neil, Preiss, David, Ridker, Paul, Roberts, Ian, Rodgers, Anthony, Sandercock, Peter, Schulz, Kenneth, Sever, Peter, Simes, John, Smeeth, Liam, Wald, Nicholas, Yusuf, Salim, and Peto, Richard

Published
2016
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13. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials

Author

Emberson, Jonathan, Lees, Kennedy R, Lyden, Patrick, Blackwell, Lisa, Albers, Gregory, Bluhmki, Erich, Brott, Thomas, Cohen, Geoff, Davis, Stephen, Donnan, Geoffrey, Grotta, James, Howard, George, Kaste, Markku, Koga, Masatoshi, von Kummer, Ruediger, Lansberg, Maarten, Lindley, Richard I, Murray, Gordon, Olivot, Jean Marc, Parsons, Mark, Tilley, Barbara, Toni, Danilo, Toyoda, Kazunori, Wahlgren, Nils, Wardlaw, Joanna, Whiteley, William, del Zoppo, Gregory J, Baigent, Colin, Sandercock, Peter, and Hacke, Werner

Published
2014
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14. Efficacy of a Growth Mindset Intervention to Increase Student Success

Author

Porter, Tenelle, Trzesniewski, Kali, Catalán Molina, Diego, Blackwell, Lisa, Budd, Kristen, Fredericks, Afiya, and Cimpian, Andrei

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Education
Abstract

This cluster-level randomized controlled trial (RCT) tested the efficacy of a teacher-delivered growth mindset intervention for US adolescents in grades 6 and 7 that sought to both impart growth mindset beliefs and create a supportive classroom environment where those beliefs could flourish (N = 1,996 students, N = 50 teachers).

Published
2022
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18. Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention

Author

Blackwell, Lisa S., Trzesniewski, Kali H., and Dweck, Carol Sorich

Abstract

Two studies explored the role of implicit theories of intelligence in adolescents' mathematics achievement. In Study 1 with 373 7th graders, the belief that intelligence is malleable (incremental theory) predicted an upward trajectory in grades over the two years of junior high school, while a belief that intelligence is fixed (entity theory) predicted a flat trajectory. A mediational model including learning goals, positive beliefs about effort, and causal attributions and strategies was tested. In Study 2, an intervention teaching an incremental theory to 7th graders (N=48) promoted positive change in classroom motivation, compared with a control group (N=43). Simultaneously, students in the control group displayed a continuing downward trajectory in grades, while this decline was reversed for students in the experimental group.

Published
2007
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20. sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976211061109 – Supplemental material for Growth-Mindset Intervention Delivered by Teachers Boosts Achievement in Early Adolescence

Author

Porter, Tenelle, Catalán Molina, Diego, Cimpian, Andrei, Roberts, Sylvia, Fredericks, Afiya, Blackwell, Lisa S., and Trzesniewski, Kali

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Clinical medicine, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy), 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Neuroscience
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976211061109 for Growth-Mindset Intervention Delivered by Teachers Boosts Achievement in Early Adolescence by Tenelle Porter, Diego Catalán Molina, Andrei Cimpian, Sylvia Roberts, Afiya Fredericks, Lisa S. Blackwell and Kali Trzesniewski in Psychological Science

Published
2022
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21. Effects of Alteplase for Acute Stroke on the Distribution of Functional Outcomes: A Pooled Analysis of 9 Trials

Author

Lees, Kennedy R., Emberson, Jonathan, Blackwell, Lisa, Bluhmki, Erich, Davis, Stephen M., Donnan, Geoffrey A., Grotta, James C., Kaste, Markku, von Kummer, Rüdiger, Lansberg, Maarten G., Lindley, Richard I., Lyden, Patrick, Murray, Gordon D., Sandercock, Peter A.G., Toni, Danilo, Toyoda, Kazunori, Wardlaw, Joanna M., Whiteley, William N., Baigent, Colin, Hacke, Werner, and Howard, George

Published
2016
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22. Alteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Outcomes by Clinically Important Subgroups in the Third International Stroke Trial

Author

Lindley, Richard I., Wardlaw, Joanna M., Whiteley, William N., Cohen, Geoff, Blackwell, Lisa, Murray, Gordon D., Sandercock, Peter A.G., Baigent, Colin, Professor, Chadwick, David, Professor, Tyrrell, Pippa, Dr, Lowe, Gordon, Professor, Dennis, Martin, Professor, Innes, Karen, Ms, Goodare, Heather, Farrall, Andrew, von Kummer, Rüdiger, Cala, Lesley, von Heijne, Anders, Morris, Zoe, Adami, Alessandro, Peeters, Andre, Potter, Gillian, Brady, Nick, Collins, Rory, Professor, Bath, Philip, Professor, van Gijn, Jan, Professor, Gray, Richard, Professor, Hart, Robert, Professor, Yusuf, Salim, Professor, Muir, Keith, Hankey, Graeme J., Matz, Karl, Brainin, Michael, Peters, Andre, Gubitz, Gord, Phillips, Stephen, Ricci, Stefano, Arauz, Antonio, Berge, Eivind, Bruins Slot, Karsten, Czlonkowska, Anna, Kobayashi, Adam, Correia, Manuel, Lyrer, Phillippe, Engelter, Stefan, Murray, Veronica, Norrving, Bo, Terént, Andreas, Wester, Per, Venables, Graham, Innes, Karen, Clark, Alison, Perry, David, Soosay, Vera, Buchanan, David, Grant, Sheila, Sakka, Eleni, Drever, Jonathan, Walker, Pauli, Herath, Indee, Brown, Ann Leigh, Chmielnik, Paul, Armit, Christopher, Walton, Andrea, Hautvast, Mischa, Lewis, Steff, Heron, Graeme, Odusanya, Sylvia, Linksted, Pam, Kane, Ingrid, Sellar, Robin, White, Philip, Keston, Peter, Farrell, Andrew, Morris, Zoe, Miranda, Hector, Celani, Maria Grazia, Righetti, Enrico, Cenciarelli, Silvia, Mazzoli, Tatiana, Cantisani, Teresa Anna, Bembenek, Jan, and Isaakson, Eva

Published
2015
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24. The Second United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-II) Study: A Randomized Controlled Study of the Biochemical Safety and Efficacy of Adding Ezetimibe to Simvastatin as Initial Therapy Among Patients With CKD

Author

Landray, Martin, Baigent, Colin, Leaper, Craig, Adu, Dwomoa, Altmann, Paul, Armitage, Jane, Ball, Simon, Baxter, Alex, Blackwell, Lisa, Cairns, Hugh S., Carr, Sue, Collins, Rory, Kourellias, Karen, Rogerson, Mary, Scoble, John E., Tomson, Charles R.V., Warwick, Graham, and Wheeler, David C.

Published
2006
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25. The evaluation of a sexual assault risk reduction program: a multisite investigation

Author

Gidycz, Christine A., Lynn, Steven Jay, Rich, Cindy L., Marioni, Nichole L., Loh, Catherine, Blackwell, Lisa Marmelstein, Stafford, Jane, Fite, Rachel, and Pashdag, Joanna

Subjects
Sex crimes -- Case studies, Women college students -- Crimes against, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

This article summarizes the results of the Ohio University Sexual Assault Risk Reduction Project, which is a program designed to reduce college women's risk for sexual assault. The program was evaluated at 2 separate universities with 762 women. Participants were randomly assigned either to the program or to the no-treatment comparison group, and they completed measures that assessed sexual victimization, dating behaviors, sexual communication, and rape empathy at the pretest and at the 2-month and 6-month follow-ups. At the 2-month follow-up, there were no differences between the groups on any of the outcome measures. However, those women who were moderately victimized during the 2-month follow-up were significantly less likely to be revictimized during the 6-month follow-up period if they participated in the program.

Published
2001

29. MSFC Test Results for Selected Mirrors: Brush-Wellman/Goodrich 0.5 meter Joined-Beryllium Mirror; IABG 0.5 meter C/SiC Mirror; Xinetics 0.5 meter SiC Mirror; and Kodak 0.23 meter SiO2 Mirror

Author

Hadaway, James, Blackwell, Lisa, Matthews, Gary, Eng, Ron, Stahl, Phil, Hraba, John, and Thornton, Gary

Subjects
Optics
Abstract

The results of cryo tests performed at the XRCF on the above mirrors will be presented. Each mirror was tested from room-temperature to around 30 K. The first three were tested together on a 3-mirror stand in the large chamber using the PhaseCam interferometer, while the Kodak mirror was tested in the small chamber using the EPI interferometer.

Published
2002

30. AMSD Reaction Structure Cryo Deformation Test Plan

Author

Eng, Ron, Hraba, John, Thornton, Gary, Baker, Mark, Haight, Harlan, Hadaway, James, Blackwell, Lisa, and Stahl, Phil

Subjects
Structural Mechanics
Abstract

The method developed for measuring both in-plane & out-of-plane cryo deformations of AMSD reaction structures at the XRCF will be presented. For in-plane measurements, a theodolite is used to track the positions of several (up to ten) targets on the reaction structure. For out-of-plane measurements, the Leica ADM is used to measure the change in distance to several (up to ten) corner cubes attached to the reaction structure.

Published
2002

31. Effects of alteplase for acute stroke according to criteria defining the European Union and United States marketing authorizations: Individual-patient-data meta-analysis of randomized trials

Author

Hacke, Werner, Lyden, Patrick, Emberson, Jonathan, Baigent, Colin, Blackwell , Lisa, Albers, Gregory W., Bluhmki, Erich, Brott, Thomas G, Cohen, Geoffrey R., Davis, Stephen M., Donnan, Geoffrey A., Grotta, James C., Howard, George, Kaste, Markku, Koga, Masatoshi, von Kummer, Rüdiger, Lansberg, Maarten G., Lindley, Richard I, Olivot, Jean Marc, Parsons, Mark, Sandercock, Peter, Toni, Danilo, Toyoda , Kazunori, Wahlgren, Nils, Wardlaw, Joanna, Whiteley, William, del Zoppo, Gregory J., and Lees, Kennedy R.

Subjects
Marketing, acute ischemic stroke, thrombolysis, Age Factors, Alteplase, Survival Analysis, United States, Europe, Stroke, meta-analysis, Treatment Outcome, Clinical Protocols, Fibrinolytic Agents, Neurology, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Acute Disease, Humans, rt-PA, European Union, Precision Medicine, acute stroke therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Abstract

Background:\ud \ud The recommended maximum age and time window for intravenous alteplase treatment of acute ischemic stroke differs between the Europe Union and United States.\ud Aims:\ud \ud We compared the effects of alteplase in cohorts defined by the current Europe Union or United States marketing approval labels, and by hypothetical revisions of the labels that would remove the Europe Union upper age limit or extend the United States treatment time window to 4.5 h.\ud Methods:\ud \ud We assessed outcomes in an individual-patient-data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials of intravenous alteplase (0.9 mg/kg) versus control for acute ischemic stroke. Outcomes included: excellent outcome (modified Rankin score 0–1) at 3–6 months, the distribution of modified Rankin score, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and 90-day mortality.\ud Results:\ud \ud Alteplase increased the odds of modified Rankin score 0–1 among 2449/6136 (40%) patients who met the current European Union label and 3491 (57%) patients who met the age-revised label (odds ratio 1.42, 95% CI 1.21−1.68 and 1.43, 1.23−1.65, respectively), but not in those outside the age-revised label (1.06, 0.90−1.26). By 90 days, there was no increased mortality in the current and age-revised cohorts (hazard ratios 0.98, 95% CI 0.76−1.25 and 1.01, 0.86–1.19, respectively) but mortality remained higher outside the age-revised label (1.19, 0.99–1.42). Similarly, alteplase increased the odds of modified Rankin score 0-1 among 1174/6136 (19%) patients who met the current US approval and 3326 (54%) who met a 4.5-h revised approval (odds ratio 1.55, 1.19−2.01 and 1.37, 1.17−1.59, respectively), but not for those outside the 4.5-h revised approval (1.14, 0.97−1.34). By 90 days, no increased mortality remained for the current and 4.5-h revised label cohorts (hazard ratios 0.99, 0.77−1.26 and 1.02, 0.87–1.20, respectively) but mortality remained higher outside the 4.5-h revised approval (1.17, 0.98–1.41).\ud Conclusions:\ud \ud An age-revised European Union label or 4.5-h-revised United States label would each increase the number of patients deriving net benefit from alteplase by 90 days after acute ischemic stroke, without excess mortality.

Published
2018

32. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials

Author

Armitage, Jane, primary, Baigent, Colin, additional, Barnes, Elizabeth, additional, Betteridge, D John, additional, Blackwell, Lisa, additional, Blazing, Michael, additional, Bowman, Louise, additional, Braunwald, Eugene, additional, Byington, Robert, additional, Cannon, Christopher, additional, Clearfield, Michael, additional, Colhoun, Helen, additional, Collins, Rory, additional, Dahlöf, Björn, additional, Davies, Kelly, additional, Davis, Barry, additional, de Lemos, James, additional, Downs, John R, additional, Durrington, Paul, additional, Emberson, Jonathan, additional, Fellström, Bengt, additional, Flather, Marcus, additional, Ford, Ian, additional, Franzosi, Maria Grazia, additional, Fulcher, Jordan, additional, Fuller, John, additional, Furberg, Curt, additional, Gordon, David, additional, Goto, Shinya, additional, Gotto, Antonio, additional, Halls, Heather, additional, Harper, Charlie, additional, Hawkins, C Morton, additional, Herrington, Will, additional, Hitman, Graham, additional, Holdaas, Hallvard, additional, Holland, Lisa, additional, Jardine, Alan, additional, Jukema, J Wouter, additional, Kastelein, John, additional, Kean, Sharon, additional, Keech, Anthony, additional, Kirby, Adrienne, additional, Kjekshus, John, additional, Knatterud (deceased), Genell, additional, Knopp (deceased), Robert, additional, Koenig, Wolfgang, additional, Koren, Michael, additional, Krane, Vera, additional, Landray, Martin J, additional, LaRosa, John, additional, Lonn, Eva, additional, MacFarlane, Peter, additional, MacMahon, Stephen, additional, Maggioni, Aldo, additional, Marchioli, Roberto, additional, Marschner, Ian, additional, Mihaylova, Borislava, additional, Moyé, Lemuel, additional, Murphy, Sabina, additional, Nakamura, Haruo, additional, Neil, Andrew, additional, Newman, Connie, additional, O'Connell, Rachel, additional, Packard, Chris, additional, Parish, Sarah, additional, Pedersen, Terje, additional, Peto, Richard, additional, Pfeffer, Marc, additional, Poulter, Neil, additional, Preiss, David, additional, Reith, Christina, additional, Ridker, Paul, additional, Robertson, Michele, additional, Sacks, Frank, additional, Sattar, Naveed, additional, Schmieder, Roland, additional, Serruys, Patrick, additional, Sever, Peter, additional, Shaw, John, additional, Shear, Charles, additional, Simes, John, additional, Sleight, Peter, additional, Spata, Enti, additional, Tavazzi, Luigi, additional, Tobert, Jonathan, additional, Tognoni, Gianni, additional, Tonkin, Andrew, additional, Trompet, Stella, additional, Varigos, John, additional, Wanner, Christoph, additional, Wedel, Hans, additional, White, Harvey, additional, Wikstrand, John, additional, Wilhelmsen, Lars, additional, Wilson, Kate, additional, Young, Robin, additional, Yusuf, Salim, additional, and Zannad, Faiez, additional

Published
2019
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34. Effects of alteplase for acute stroke on the distribution of functional outcomes: a pooled analysis of nine trials

Author

Lees, Kennedy R., Emberson, Jonathan, Blackwell , Lisa, Bluhmki, Erich, Davis, Stephen, Donnan, Geoffrey A, Grotta, James C., Kaste, M., von Kummer, Rüdiger, Lansberg, Maarten G., Lindley, R., Lyden, Patrick, Murray, Gordon, Sandercock, Peter, Toni, Danilo, Toyoda , Kazunori, Wardlaw, Joanna, Whiteley, William, Baigent, Colin, Hacke, Werner, and Howard, George

Published
2016

35. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials

Author

Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration, Fulcher, Jordan, O'Connell, Rachel, Voysey, Merryn, Emberson, Jonathan, Blackwell, Lisa, Mihaylova, Borislava, Simes, John, Collins, Rory, Kirby, Adrienne, Colhoun, Helen, Braunwald, Eugene, LaRosa, John, Pedersen, TR, Tonkin, Andrew, Davis, Barry, Slright, Peter, Franzosi, Maria Grazia, Baigent, Colin, and Keech, Anthony

Subjects
sex differences, meta-analysis, cardiovascular disease, LDL cholesterol, stain therapy, women
Abstract

Background Whether statin therapy is as effective in women as in men is debated, especially for primary prevention. We undertook a meta-analysis of statin trials in the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration database to compare the effects of statin therapy between women and men. Methods We performed meta-analyses on data from 22 trials of statin therapy versus control (n=134 537) and five trials of more-intensive versus less-intensive statin therapy (n=39 612). Effects on major vascular events, major coronary events, stroke, coronary revascularisation and mortality were weighted per 1·0 mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol and effects in men and women compared with a Cox model that adjusted for non-sex differences. For subgroup analyses, we used 99% CIs to make allowance for the multiplicity of comparisons. Findings 46 675 (27%) of 174 149 randomly assigned participants were women. Allocation to a statin had similar absolute effects on 1 year lipid concentrations in both men and women (LDL cholesterol reduced by about 1·1 mmol/L in statin vs control trials and roughly 0·5 mmol/L for more-intensive vs less-intensive therapy). Women were generally at lower cardiovascular risk than were men in these trials. The proportional reductions per 1·0 mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol in major vascular events were similar overall for women (rate ratio [RR] 0·84, 99% CI 0·78–0·91) and men (RR 0·78, 99% CI 0·75–0·81, adjusted p value for heterogeneity by sex=0·33) and also for those women and men at less than 10% predicted 5 year absolute cardiovascular risk (adjusted heterogeneity p=0·11). Likewise, the proportional reductions in major coronary events, coronary revascularisation, and stroke did not differ significantly by sex. No adverse effect on rates of cancer incidence or non-cardiovascular mortality was noted for either sex. These net benefits translated into all-cause mortality reductions with statin therapy for both women (RR 0·91, 99% CI 0·84–0·99) and men (RR 0·90, 99% CI 0·86–0·95; adjusted heterogeneity p=0·43). Interpretation In men and women at an equivalent risk of cardiovascular disease, statin therapy is of similar effectiveness for the prevention of major vascular events. UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, European Community Biomed Program.

Published
2015

37. Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens : a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials

Author

Herrington, William, Emberson, Jonathan, Mihaylova, Borislava, Blackwell, Lisa, Reith, Christina, Solbu, Marit, Mark, Patrick, Fellström, Bengt, Jardine, Alan, Wanner, Christoph, Holdaas, Hallvard, Fulcher, Jordan, Haynes, Richard, Landray, Martin, Keech, Anthony, Simes, John, Collins, Rory, Baigent, Colin, Herrington, William, Emberson, Jonathan, Mihaylova, Borislava, Blackwell, Lisa, Reith, Christina, Solbu, Marit, Mark, Patrick, Fellström, Bengt, Jardine, Alan, Wanner, Christoph, Holdaas, Hallvard, Fulcher, Jordan, Haynes, Richard, Landray, Martin, Keech, Anthony, Simes, John, Collins, Rory, and Baigent, Colin

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Statin therapy is effective for the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease, but its effects in individuals with more advanced disease, particularly those undergoing dialysis, are uncertain. METHODS: We did a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 trials (n=183 419), examining effects of statin-based therapy on major vascular events (major coronary event [non-fatal myocardial infarction or coronary death], stroke, or coronary revascularisation) and cause-specific mortality. Participants were subdivided into categories of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at baseline. Treatment effects were estimated with rate ratio (RR) per mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol. FINDINGS: Overall, statin-based therapy reduced the risk of a first major vascular event by 21% (RR 0·79, 95% CI 0·77-0·81; p<0·0001) per mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol. Smaller relative effects on major vascular events were observed as eGFR declined (p=0·008 for trend; RR 0·78, 99% CI 0·75-0·82 for eGFR ≥60 mL/min per 1·73 m(2); 0·76, 0·70-0·81 for eGFR 45 to <60 mL/min per 1·73 m(2); 0·85, 0·75-0·96 for eGFR 30 to <45 mL/min per 1·73 m(2); 0·85, 0·71-1·02 for eGFR <30 mL/min per 1·73 m(2) and not on dialysis; and 0·94, 0·79-1·11 for patients on dialysis). Analogous trends by baseline renal function were seen for major coronary events (p=0·01 for trend) and vascular mortality (p=0·03 for trend), but there was no significant trend for coronary revascularisation (p=0·90). Reducing LDL cholesterol with statin-based therapy had no effect on non-vascular mortality, irrespective of eGFR. INTERPRETATION: Even after allowing for the smaller reductions in LDL cholesterol achieved by patients with more advanced chronic kidney disease, and for differences in outcome definitions between dialysis trials, the relative reductions in major vascular events observed with statin-based treatment became smaller as

Published
2016
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38. Risk of intracerebral haemorrhage with alteplase after acute ischaemic stroke: a secondary analysis of an individual patient data meta-analysis

Author

Whiteley, William N, primary, Emberson, Jonathan, additional, Lees, Kennedy R, additional, Blackwell, Lisa, additional, Albers, Gregory, additional, Bluhmki, Erich, additional, Brott, Thomas, additional, Cohen, Geoff, additional, Davis, Stephen, additional, Donnan, Geoffrey, additional, Grotta, James, additional, Howard, George, additional, Kaste, Markku, additional, Koga, Masatoshi, additional, von Kummer, Rüdiger, additional, Lansberg, Maarten G, additional, Lindley, Richard I, additional, Lyden, Patrick, additional, Olivot, Jean Marc, additional, Parsons, Mark, additional, Toni, Danilo, additional, Toyoda, Kazunori, additional, Wahlgren, Nils, additional, Wardlaw, Joanna, additional, del Zoppo, Gregory J, additional, Sandercock, Peter, additional, Hacke, Werner, additional, and Baigent, Colin, additional

Published
2016
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42. The effect of lowering LDL cholesterol on vascular access patency : post hoc analysis of the Study of Heart and Renal Protection

Author

Herrington, William, Emberson, Jonathan, Staplin, Natalie, Blackwell, Lisa, Fellström, Bengt, Walker, Robert, Levin, Adeera, Hooi, Lai Seong, Massy, Ziad A, Tesar, Vladimir, Reith, Christina, Haynes, Richard, Baigent, Colin, Landray, Martin J, Herrington, William, Emberson, Jonathan, Staplin, Natalie, Blackwell, Lisa, Fellström, Bengt, Walker, Robert, Levin, Adeera, Hooi, Lai Seong, Massy, Ziad A, Tesar, Vladimir, Reith, Christina, Haynes, Richard, Baigent, Colin, and Landray, Martin J

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Reducing LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) with statin-based therapy reduces the risk of major atherosclerotic events among patients with CKD, including dialysis patients, but the effect of lowering LDL-C on vascular access patency is unclear. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: The Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP) randomized patients with CKD to 20 mg simvastatin plus 10 mg ezetimibe daily versus matching placebo. This study aimed to explore the effects of treatment on vascular access occlusive events, defined as any access revision procedure, access thrombosis, removal of an old dialysis access, or formation of new permanent dialysis access. RESULTS: Among 2353 SHARP participants who had functioning vascular access at randomization, allocation to simvastatin plus ezetimibe resulted in a 13% proportional reduction in vascular access occlusive events (355 [29.7%] for simvastatin/ezetimibe versus 388 [33.5%] for placebo; risk ratio [RR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.75 to 1.00; P=0.05). There was no evidence that the effects of treatment differed for any of the separate components of this outcome. To test the hypothesis raised by SHARP, comparable analyses were performed using the AURORA (A Study to Evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in Subjects on Regular Hemodialysis: An Assessment of Survival and Cardiovascular Events) trial cohort. AURORA did not provide independent confirmation (vascular access occlusive events: 352 [28.9%] for rosuvastatin versus 337 [27.6%] for placebo; RR, 1.06, 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.23; P=0.44). After combining the two trials, the overall effect of reducing LDL-C with a statin-based regimen on vascular access occlusive events was not statistically significant (707 [29.3%] with any LDL-C-lowering therapy versus 725 [30.5%] with placebo; RR, 0.95, 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.05; P=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Exploratory analyses from SHARP suggest that lowering LDL-C with statin-based therapy may improve vascula

Published
2014
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43. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials

Author

Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration, Baigent, Colin, Blackwell, Lisa, Collins, Rory, Emberson, Jonathan, Godwin, Jon, Peto, Richard, Buring, Julie, Hennekens, Charles, Kearney, Patricia, Meade, Tom, Patrono, Carlo, Roncaglioni, Maria Carla, and Zanchetti, Alberto

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Low-dose aspirin is of definite and substantial net benefit for many people who already have occlusive vascular disease. We have assessed the benefits and risks in primary prevention. METHODS: We undertook meta-analyses of serious vascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or vascular death) and major bleeds in six primary prevention trials (95,000 individuals at low average risk, 660,000 person-years, 3554 serious vascular events) and 16 secondary prevention trials (17,000 individuals at high average risk, 43,000 person-years, 3306 serious vascular events) that compared long-term aspirin versus control. We report intention-to-treat analyses of first events during the scheduled treatment period. FINDINGS: In the primary prevention trials, aspirin allocation yielded a 12% proportional reduction in serious vascular events (0.51% aspirin vs 0.57% control per year, p=0.0001), due mainly to a reduction of about a fifth in non-fatal myocardial infarction (0.18%vs 0.23% per year, p

Published
2009

45. The Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol on Vascular Access Patency

Author

Herrington, William, primary, Emberson, Jonathan, additional, Staplin, Natalie, additional, Blackwell, Lisa, additional, Fellström, Bengt, additional, Walker, Robert, additional, Levin, Adeera, additional, Hooi, Lai Seong, additional, Massy, Ziad A., additional, Tesar, Vladimir, additional, Reith, Christina, additional, Haynes, Richard, additional, Baigent, Colin, additional, and Landray, Martin J., additional

Published
2014
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