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This article discusses the various definitions that have been given to English for Special Purposes (ESP) and concludes that ESP should refer to programs designed for groups of learners who are homogeneous with respect to aims and whose specific learning objectives have been quantified and stated in communicative terms. (Author/CFM)

Abstract: High-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption cross sections of CO2 are required for accurate modeling of airglow emissions from the Martian and Venusian atmospheres and for photochemical models of those and Earth''s atmospheres. We report cross section measurements between 91,000 and 115,000cm−1 (87–110nm) at spectral resolutions of 1.15cm−1 (91,000–102,000cm−1) and 0.58cm−1 (102,000–115,000cm−1). These high-resolution cross sections show significant deviations from the results of previous lower-resolution measurements, particularly in regions with sharp spectral structure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To describe changes in the comprehensiveness of services delivered by family physicians across service settings and service areas in 4 Canadian provinces, to identify which settings and areas have changed the most, and to compare the magnitude of changes by physician characteristics., Design: Descriptive analysis of province-wide, population-based billing data linked to population and physician registries., Setting: British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Nova Scotia., Participants: Family physicians registered to practise in the 1999-2000 and 2017-2018 fiscal years., Main Outcome Measures: Comprehensiveness was measured across 7 service settings (home care, long-term care, emergency departments, hospitals, obstetric care, surgical assistance, anesthesiology) and in 7 service areas consistent with office-based practice (prenatal and postnatal care, Papanicolaou testing, mental health, substance use, cancer care, minor surgery, palliative home visits). The proportion of physicians with activity in each setting and area are reported and the average number of service settings and areas by physician characteristics is described (years in practice, sex, urban or rural practice setting, and location of medical degree training)., Results: Declines in comprehensiveness were observed across all provinces studied. Declines were greater for comprehensiveness of settings than for areas consistent with office-based practice. Changes were observed across all physician characteristics. On average across provinces, declines in the number of service settings and service areas were highest among physicians in practice 20 years or longer, male physicians, and physicians practising in urban areas., Conclusion: Declining comprehensiveness was observed across all physician characteristics, pointing to changes in the practice and policy contexts in which all family physicians work., (Copyright © 2023 the College of Family Physicians of Canada.)

We describe changes in the comprehensiveness of services delivered by family physicians in 4 Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia) during the periods 1999-2000 and 2017-2018 and explore if changes differ by years in practice. We measured comprehensiveness using province-wide billing data across 7 settings (home, long-term care, emergency department, hospital, obstetrics, surgical assistance, anesthesiology) and 7 service areas (pre/postnatal care, Papanicolaou [Pap] testing, mental health, substance use, cancer care, minor surgery, palliative home visits). Comprehensiveness declined in all provinces, with greater changes in number of service settings than service areas. Decreases were no greater among new-to-practice physicians., (© 2023 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.)

Background: Lack of patient access to family physicians in Canada is a concern. The role of recent physician graduates in this problem of supply of primary care services has not been established. We sought to establish whether career stage or graduation cohort were related to family physician practice volume and continuity of care over time., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of family physician practice from 1997/98 to 2017/18. We collected administrative health and physician claims data in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia. We included all physicians who registered with their respective provincial regulatory colleges as having a medical specialty of family practice or who had billed the provincial health insurance system for patient care as family physicians, or both. We used regression models to isolate the effects of 3-year categories of years in practice (at all career stages), time period and cohort on patient contacts and physician-level continuity of care., Results: Between 1997/98 and 2017/18, the median number of patient contacts per provider per year fell by between 515 and 1736 contacts in the 4 provinces examined. Median contacts peaked at 27-29 years in practice in all provinces, and median physician-level continuity of care increased until 30 or more years in practice. We found no association between graduation cohort and patient contacts or physician-level continuity of care., Interpretation: Recent cohorts of family physicians practise similarly to their predecessors in terms of practice volumes and continuity of care. Because family physicians of all career stages showed declining patient contacts, we suggest that system-wide solutions to recent challenges in the accessibility of primary care in Canada are needed., Competing Interests: Competing interests: David Rudoler reports receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) for this research, and support from CIHR to attend scientific meetings where the results of this research were presented. Alan Katz reports receiving grants from CIHR, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and Indigenous Health Research, as well as a Catalyst Grant in support of the present research (all funds held by institution). Dr. Katz is also the president of the Canadian Association for Health Services and Policy Research. Emily Marshall reports receiving CIHR grant funding in support of the present manuscript. Sabrina Wong reports receiving CIHR grant funding in support of the present manuscript. Fred Burge reports receiving CIHR grant funding in support of the present manuscript. Richard Glazier reports receiving CIHR grant funding in support of the present manuscript, paid to the principal investigator’s institution. Adrian MacKenzie reports being a current employee of Nova Scotia Health and former employee of Government of Nova Scotia. Dr. Mackenzie has also received travel support from Pan American Health Organization, and has served on the boards of Canadian Association for Health Services and Policy Research and Justice Emmett Hall Foundation since 2021. Rita McCracken and Ian Scott are employed by the University of British Columbia. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2022 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Primary care is the foundation of health care systems around the world. Physician autonomy means that governments rely on a limited selection of levers to implement reforms in primary care delivery, and these policies may impact the practice choices, intentions, and patterns of primary care physicians. Using a systematic search strategy to capture publicly available policy documents, we conducted a scan of such policies from 1998 to 2018 in three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. We reviewed 388 documents and extracted 170 policies from their texts, followed by analysis of the policies' instruments, actors, and topic areas. Policy reforms across the three provinces were primarily focused on physician payment, with governments relying on both targeted incentives and reformed payment models. Policies also employed various instruments to target priority areas of practice: 24/7 access to care, team-based primary care, unattached patients, eHealth, and rural/Northern recruitment of physicians. Across the three provinces and the 20-year timespan, reform priorities and instruments were largely uniform, with Ontario's policies tending to be the most diverse. Physicians helped shape reforms through the agreements negotiated between provincial governments and medical associations, influencing the topics and timing of reforms. Future research should evaluate impacts on the delivery of primary care and explore opportunities for policy innovation., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: Canadians report persistent problems accessing primary care despite an increasing per-capita supply of primary care physicians (PCPs). There is speculation that PCPs, especially those early in their careers, may now be working less and/or choosing to practice in focused clinical areas rather than comprehensive family medicine, but little evidence to support or refute this. The goal of this study is to inform primary care planning by: (1) identifying values and preferences shaping the practice intentions and choices of family medicine residents and early career PCPs, (2) comparing practice patterns of early-career and established PCPs to determine if changes over time reflect cohort effects (attributes unique to the most recent cohort of PCPs) or period effects (changes over time across all PCPs) and (3) integrating findings to understand the dynamics among practice intentions, practice choices and practice patterns and to identify policy implications., Methods and Analysis: We plan a mixed-methods study in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia. We will conduct semi-structured in-depth interviews with family medicine residents and early-career PCPs and analyse survey data collected by the College of Family Physicians of Canada. We will also analyse linked administrative health data within each province. Mixed methods integration both within the study and as an end-of-study step will inform how practice intentions, choices and patterns are interrelated and inform policy recommendations., Ethics and Dissemination: This study was approved by the Simon Fraser University Research Ethics Board with harmonised approval from partner institutions. This study will produce a framework to understand practice choices, new measures for comparing practice patterns across jurisdictions and information necessary for planners to ensure adequate provider supply and patient access to primary care., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Family medicine residents choose among a range of practice options as they enter the physician workforce. We describe the demographic and personal characteristics of Canadian family medicine residents and examine differences in the intentions of residents from Ontario, Quebec, Western Canada and Atlantic Canada at the completion of their training, in terms of practice comprehensiveness, organizational model, clinical domains, practice settings and populations served., Methods: We analyzed national survey data collected by the College of Family Physicians of Canada and 16 university-based family medicine residency programs. We tabulated bivariable descriptive results and used logistic regression to estimate odds of practice intentions across regions, adjusting for family medicine resident characteristics., Results: Of 1680 respondents (61.5% of 2731 family medicine residents invited to participate), 66.3% ( n = 1095) reported it was somewhat or highly likely they would commit to providing comprehensive care to the same group of patients within their first 3 years of practice. This percentage varied from 40.3% in Atlantic Canada to 85.1% in Ontario. In addition, 31.5% ( n = 522) reported it was somewhat or highly likely they would focus only on specific clinical areas. Most respondents reported it was somewhat or highly likely that they would practise in a group physician practice (93.8%) or interprofessional team-based practice (88.1%), and only 7.7% expected to have a solo practice., Interpretation: Intentions for comprehensive and focused practice varied, but over 80% of family medicine residents indicated they intended to practise in a team-based model in all regions. Policy-makers and workforce planners should consider the impact of family medicine residents' intentions on policy objectives., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (Copyright 2019, Joule Inc. or its licensors.)