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The primary objective of this study is to determine how surfable waves form around jetties. This study has identified the mechanisms that transform ordinary waves into surfing waves around jetties. Each mechanism has a varying degree of influence on wave transformation at different locations. Case studies of four types of surfing breaks are presented to show how these mechanisms can create good surfing waves. The classification types can be used to better understand the impact of jetty construction or modification on neighboring surfing breaks. Previously the specific physical processes that create surfing conditions around jetties had not been articulated in scientific literature. This report is written for coastal scientists and engineers who may or may not have knowledge about surfing and surfing terminology. Providing scientific information about surfing waves and breaks will allow these coastal scientists and engineers to incorporate the effects on surfing into their project’s design. An improved understanding of surfing science will allow the concerns of surfing communities to be better satisfied.

Context. Extreme values of nitrogen isotope ratios ^I5N) in biota identify areas influenced by sewage discharges and nitrogen fixation. Aims. To measure the ecological footprint of the Western (sewage) Treatment Plant (WTP) by using δ1^ measurements and an NPZ model, and to identify regions where nitrogen is fixed in Port Phillip Bay, in south-eastern Australia. Methods. δ1^ was measured in situ for four intertidal species at 27 sites around the perimeter of the bay and simultaneously in an alga and a mussel deployed at 42 sites throughout the bay. The intertidal species were also transplanted from an area of low I5N to areas of high I5N. Key results. δ1^ was elevated for all species adjacent to the WTP and along the north-western shoreline of Port Phillip Bay and for ~I0-15 km offshore. Transplanted algae adopted the δ1^ of their new environment in 6-12 weeks, whereas the half-life of tissue turnover of I5N in intertidal filter-feeders was 90-234 days. Nitrogen fixation contributed to N available in two geographically isolated seagrass-dominated bays. Conclusions. Spatial patterns of δ1^ of deployed alga and phytoplankton-consuming mussels were similartothe modelled distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen andthe modelled distribution of flagellates, respectively. Implications. Preferred species for on-going N monitoring are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes a process of collaboration between an elementary school teacher and a researcher during a case study of teacher planning. Explores the separate and mutual courses of meaning construction in both planning and collaboration. Demonstrates how educational research definitions and, hence, research options can be broadened and diversified in the collaboration. (SV)