100 results on '"Blázquez-Fernández, Carla"'
Search Results
2. Does Social Isolation Affect Medical Doctor Visits? New Evidence Among European Older Adults
- Author
-
Cantarero-Prieto, David, Pascual-Sáez, Marta, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Partner's depression and quality of life among older Europeans
- Author
-
Pascual-Sáez, Marta, Cantarero-Prieto, David, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. What is Happening with Quality of Life Among the Oldest People in Southern European Countries? An Empirical Approach Based on the SHARE Data
- Author
-
Cantarero-Prieto, David, Pascual-Sáez, Marta, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla
- Published
- 2018
5. On the nexus of air pollution and health expenditures: new empirical evidence
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, Cantarero-Prieto, David, and Pascual-Sáez, Marta
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The associations between suicides, economic conditions and social isolation: Insights from Spain
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary and Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. What Does It Drive the Relationship Between Suicides and Economic Conditions? New Evidence from Spain
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, Cantarero-Prieto, David, and Pascual-Sáez, Marta
- Published
- 2017
8. Do we get fat because of air pollution? A new socio-economic approach.
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla and Cantarero-Prieto, David
- Subjects
AIR pollution ,OVERWEIGHT persons ,URBAN pollution ,AIR pollutants ,AIR quality ,OLDER men ,OVERWEIGHT men - Abstract
Air pollution and obesity are two of the main challenges that need to be addressed in developed countries. This paper analyses the relationship between obesity/overweight rates and outdoor (ambient) air quality in Spain. The results confirm, through logistic regressions, that the typical profile of an obese/overweight person is that of an older man. Air pollution does not have a clear negative effect on obesity/overweight for our sample selection (OR: 0.99; N = 23,089, men and women aged 15 and over). Similarly, there does not appear to be an urban pollution/obesity pattern. However, we find a detrimental effect for the group of elderly people, perhaps linked to a negative exposure duration effect (OR: 1.11; for those aged ≥55 years, N = 10,932). In our study we argue that public policies should address lifestyles and at the same time reduce specific air pollutants to enhance population health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Coronavirus fear of contagion and compliance with social distancing measures: evidence for a sample of a Spanish university community
- Author
-
Cantarero Prieto, David, primary, Lanza-León, Paloma, additional, Moreno, Patricia, additional, Lera, Javier, additional, Gonzalez, Francisco, additional, González Rodríguez, Irene, additional, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Change in eating habits during the Spanish COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: evidence for a sample of university community
- Author
-
Cantarero Prieto, David, primary, Lanza-León, Paloma, additional, Moreno, Patricia, additional, Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, additional, Lera, Javier, additional, Gonzalez-Diego, Francisco-Jose, additional, and González Rodríguez, Irene, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A systematic review on suicide because of social isolation/and loneliness: does COVID-19 make a difference?
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, Lanza-León, Paloma, additional, and Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Socioeconomic status, health inequalities and non-communicable diseases: a systematic review
- Author
-
Lago, Santiago, Cantarero, David, Rivera, Berta, Pascual, Marta, Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, Casal, Bruno, and Reyes, Francisco
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Do the unemployed hit the bottle during economic downturns? An empirical approach for Spain
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, Cantarero-Prieto, David, and Perez, Patricio
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Do we get fat because of air pollution? A new socio-economic approach
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary and Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. On the relationship between GDP and health care expenditure: A new look
- Author
-
Lago-Peñas, Santiago, Cantarero-Prieto, David, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Coronavirus fear of contagion and compliance with social distancing measures: evidence for a sample of a Spanish university community.
- Author
-
Prieto, David Cantarero, Lanza-León, Paloma, Moreno, Patricia, Lera, Javier, Gonzalez, Francisco, Rodríguez, Irene González, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla
- Subjects
SOCIAL distancing ,CONTAGION (Social psychology) ,COMMUNITIES ,YOUNG adults ,CORONAVIRUSES ,CRITICALLY ill children - Abstract
Background. Social distancing measures have been one of the core pillars of the strategy against COVID-19 in all the countries. This study aims at understanding what motivates behaviours and compliance with social distancing measures among students and workers from a Spanish public university. Methods. We carry out two logistics models considering two different dependent variables: not maintaining social relation with non-cohabiting people and not to leave home except for emergencies (n = 507, sample is formed by students and workers from the University of Cantabria in the North of Spain). Results. Being very concerned about getting ill suggests higher risk of not maintaining social relation with non-cohabiting people. Getting older increase the probability of not leaving home except for emergencies as happens with those who are very concerned about getting ill. Young people often living with vulnerable older relatives may affect students’ behaviour. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that compliance with social distancing measures depends on several factors related to age, the number or kind of cohabiting people and level of concern about getting ill. Policies should address all these factors through a multidisciplinary perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. ¿Influye la movilidad social en el estado de salud? Una revisión sistemática
- Author
-
Reyes-Santias, Francisco, Casal Laraña, Bruno, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Figueiras, Adolfo, Pascual Sáez, Marta, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Movilidad social ,Factores socioeconómicos ,Clase social ,Salud ,Pobreza - Abstract
Fundamentos: En el debate sobre los determinantes de la variación de la clase social en la salud, se ha sugerido que la movilidad social y los factores asociados a ella desempeñan un papel importante en esta variación. La movilidad social describe los cambios o la estabilidad entre las posiciones de clase social. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar estudios sobre la asociación entre movilidad social y salud. Métodos: Las bases de datos consultadas fueron MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, CRD. Las palabras clave utilizadas (en inglés), a través de la metodología MeSH, fueron: Salud (MajorTerm), Movilidad de clase, Movilidad vertical, Posición social, Factores socioeconómicos, Clase social, Condiciones sociales, Entorno social, Pobreza y Marginación social (MeSHTerm). El periodo de búsqueda fue de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2019. La declaración de STROBE se ha utilizado para elaborar la lista de verificación. Finalmente, la evaluación de los estudios se ha realizado mediante una revisión sistemática cualitativa. Resultados: La búsqueda identificó 1.092 estudios potencialmente relevantes. Tras el análisis, se retuvieron 376 estudios y se revisaron sus textos completos en profundidad, resultando un conjunto final de 42 estudios. De ellos, se identificaron 2 estudios sobre Movilidad de clase y Salud; también se identificaron 5 estudios sobre Pobreza y Salud, mostrando evidencia del efecto sobre la Salud por la Movilidad Social; 9 estudios sobre Clase Social y Salud, mostrando el efecto de la Movilidad Social sobre la Salud y 8 estudios que mostraron efecto de la Posición Social sobre la Salud. Conclusiones: Las medidas de movilidad social transmiten información adicional a la de los índices de pobreza. Utilizar los índices de posición social y su impacto en las desigualdades en salud podría ser empíricamente útil. Se necesitan más estudios sobre esta cuestión. Financiación: H2020 Science with and for Society, Award Number: 643576
- Published
- 2021
18. Quality of Life, Health and the Great Recession in Spain: Why Older People Matter?
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional, and Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. A systematic review on the suicide's consequences of social isolation/and loneliness: a first approach to measure indirect effects of COVID-19
- Author
-
Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Lanza León, Paloma, Cantarero Prieto, David, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Social isolation ,Suicides ,Loneliness ,Systematic review - Abstract
Background: The present COVID-19 pandemic will negatively affect population public health. A huge economic and emotional impact can be expected because of this situation, contributing to mental health disorders or less healthy lifestyles, among others. The aim of this paper was to identify the relationship between "isolation" and suicides. Methods: In this regard, we had made a systematic review of the most recent papers, published from January 2016 to April 2020, thought the most acknowledged databases. This issue is very important due to the indirect relationship between COVID-19 and suicides. Results: Our analysis demonstrates that suicide and -social isolation and loneliness- have a positive and direct relationship although these findings varied slightly by region or areas. Moreover, the attention is focus on the youth during the most recent period and this is a real problem because economies cannot afford losing (young) population. Conclusions: In order to prevent suicides, public policies should prevent suicidal thoughts that it could induce to terminate the lives of individuals in their most productive years and harmful outcomes to their families and friends.
- Published
- 2020
20. A literature review of cost-of-illness studies on the economic burden of multiple sclerosis.
- Author
-
Paz-Zulueta, Maria, primary, Parás-Bravo, Paula, additional, Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional, Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, additional, and Oterino-Durán, Agustín, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Pharmaceutical Expenditure as a Determinant of Health Outcomes in EU Countries
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, González-Prieto, Noelia, additional, and Moreno-Mencía, Patricia, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Experiencia comparada europea y el reto de la descentralización sanitaria
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional, and Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Does Social Isolation Affect Medical Doctor Visits? New Evidence Among European Older Adults
- Author
-
Cantarero-Prieto, David, primary, Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Does social isolation affect medical doctor visits? New evidence among European older adults
- Author
-
Cantarero Prieto, David, Pascual Sáez, Marta, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Europe ,Aging ,Social isolation ,Health care utilization ,SHARE ,Count data models - Abstract
We have used panel data (2004-2015) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to examine the impact of social isolation on general practitioner health care use. Socio-demographic, health and social isolation measures are analysed. Differences by welfare regimes have been also considered. Using two definitions of social isolation (Alone and Help), we have found that a sizeable proportion of those aged 50 years and older in Europe reported social isolation. Differences by welfare regimes are highlighted. Our findings provide several implications in current debates on the sustainability of welfare states.
- Published
- 2018
25. Unmet health care needs among the working-age population. Evidence from the great recession in Spain
- Author
-
Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Cantarero Prieto, David, Pérez González, Patricio, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Employment ,Spain ,Discrete choice models ,Health care ,Unmet needs - Abstract
In this paper we tested the hypothesis that unmet health care needs can be interpreted in terms of employment status of individuals. The latest cross-sectional health surveys for Spain (2006 and 2011-2012) were used. The econometric approach is based on a Probit model estimation. When controlling for differences in other socioeconomic characteristics, our results for Spain supported stronger association for health status than for employment status. Moreover, empirical evidence was found that working-age people reported less unmet needs in the Great Recession than previously. Findings should be considered first in light of the Spanish National Health Service, completely decentralized to regions, which provides universal coverage for all residents. Second in terms of the likely worsening health-care-attendance experienced throughout the crisis.
- Published
- 2018
26. ¿CÓMO HAN VARIADO LAS ESTIMACIONES REGIONALES DE ECONOMÍA SUMERGIDA TRAS LA CRISIS? EL CASO DE CANTABRIA (2012-2016)
- Author
-
Cantarero-Prieto, David, Gómez, Natividad Fernández, Poncela, Ana Carrera, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Social isolation and multiple chronic diseases after age 50: A European macro-regional analysis
- Author
-
Cantarero-Prieto, David, primary, Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Understanding the direct and indirect costs of a first episode of psychosis program: Insights from PAFIP of Cantabria, Spain, during the first year of intervention
- Author
-
Mayoral‐van Son, Jacqueline, primary, Juncal‐Ruiz, María, additional, Ortiz‐García de la Foz, Víctor, additional, Cantarero‐Prieto, David, additional, Blázquez‐Fernández, Carla, additional, Paz‐Zulueta, María, additional, Paras‐Bravo, Paula, additional, Ayuso‐Mateos, José L., additional, and Crespo‐Facorro, Benedicto, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Understanding the direct and indirect costs of a first episode of psychosis program: Insights from PAFIP of Cantabria, Spain, during the first year of intervention.
- Author
-
Mayoral‐van Son, Jacqueline, Juncal‐Ruiz, María, Ortiz‐García de la Foz, Víctor, Cantarero‐Prieto, David, Blázquez‐Fernández, Carla, Paz‐Zulueta, María, Paras‐Bravo, Paula, Ayuso‐Mateos, José L., and Crespo‐Facorro, Benedicto
- Subjects
OVERHEAD costs ,DIRECT costing ,MENTAL health services ,PSYCHOSES ,MEDICAL records - Abstract
Aim: Early intervention psychiatric services for patients with psychosis aim to limit the most damaging outcomes and reduce the patient's risk of social drift, decreasing illness severity and thus containing healthcare costs. There is a scarcity of studies that focus on first‐episode psychosis (FEP), and those few that have been published only looked at direct health costs, but not at indirect costs, which make up the bulk of the budget. Our study aims to explore the short‐term (1‐year follow‐up) economic cost of a FEP Program, including both direct and indirect costs. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from the clinical records of 157 patients included in the Programa Atención Fases Iniciales de Psicosis, from Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander. Our data collection sheet collated data from direct and indirect costs associated with the illness. Data were also extracted from the Cantabria Health Service Records. STATA 15.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: On average, the total costs during the first year were €48 353.51 per patient, with direct healthcare costs being €13 729.47 (28.39%), direct non‐medical costs €108.6 (0.22%), and indirect costs €34 515.44 (71.39%). We found that hospitalization costs were higher in males (p = 0.081) and in cannabis users (p = 0.032). The number of relapses increased both, hospitalization and treatment costs (r = 0.40 p = 0.000; r = 0.24 p = 0.067, respectively). Conclusions: Intensive Early Intervention in Psychosis Services may result in cost savings by decreasing hospitalization, premature mortality, disability, unemployment, and legal problems; however, the first year after diagnosis would represent the one with the highest costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Does Rising Income Inequality Reduce Life Expectancy? New Evidence for 26 European Countries (1995–2014)
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional, and Pascual-Saez, Marta, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Okun’s Law in Selected European Countries (2005-2017): An Age and Gender Analysis
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional, and Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. What is Happening with Quality of Life Among the Oldest People in Southern European Countries? An Empirical Approach Based on the SHARE Data
- Author
-
Cantarero-Prieto, David, primary, Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional, and Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Evaluación continua y entornos grupales: el caso de las asignaturas 'Economía Pública' y 'Economía del Gasto Social'
- Author
-
Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Cantarero Prieto, David, Pascual Sáez, Marta, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Group settings ,Continuous assessment ,EEES ,Opinión alumnado ,Students’ opinion ,EHEA ,Evaluación continua ,Entornos grupales - Abstract
RESUMEN. Tras la introducción e implementación de nuevas metodologías de aprendizaje cooperativo en sus correspondientes Guías Docentes, a fin de dar respuesta a las exigencias del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES), en este trabajo se analizan las asignaturas de “Economía Pública” y “Economía del Gasto Social” de la Universidad de Cantabria. El principal objetivo es explicar cómo, gracias a la relación profesor-alumno y a las nuevas metodologías de aprendizaje basadas en la evaluación continua, es posible mejorar el aprendizaje y rendimiento académico. En concreto, se evalúa si el rendimiento académico de los alumnos que cursan esas asignaturas mejora con la aplicación de dichas nuevas metodologías. Así, los resultados obtenidos indican que los alumnos que participan en los nuevos sistemas de aprendizaje, consiguen mejores resultados académicos. Adicionalmente, se analiza la percepción que los alumnos tienen de estas nuevas metodologías de aprendizaje y de sus sistemas de evaluación correspondientes. ABSTRACT. In this study the courses “Public Economics” and “Economics of Social Expenditure” of the University of Cantabria are analysed after the introduction and implementation of new methods of cooperative learning in their corresponding Educational Guides in order to respond to the demands of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). The main objective is to explain how, due to the new teacher-student relationship and continuous assessment, learning and academic performance could advance. For this purpose, it is judged whether the academic performance of students studying these subjects improved. So, the results indicate that those students participating in new learning systems of continuous evaluation, can improve academic results. Finally, it is analysed what the students’ opinion is in these new methods of learning and assessment.
- Published
- 2016
34. Patient Cross-Border Mobility: New Findings and Implications in Spanish Regions
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional, and Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Implications of health expenditure on health and the economy
- Author
-
Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Pérez González, Patricio, Cantarero Prieto, David, Universidad de Cantabria, and Universidad de Cantabria. Departamento de Economía
- Subjects
Demanda y utilización sanitaria ,Capital salud ,Lifestyles ,Economía Aplicada ,Estilos de vida ,Health capital ,Gasto sanitario ,Demand and utilization of health care ,Health expenditure - Abstract
El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es analizar los efectos macro y micro económicos del gasto sanitario tanto sobre los resultados en salud como en los estilos de vida. La tesis se desarrolla en cuatro capítulos. Estos capítulos aunque independientes, están relacionados entre sí. Cada uno de ellos aborda el estudio de diferentes aspectos de la economía de la salud utilizando diversas metodologías y haciendo uso a su vez de los datos disponibles en cada caso. Se analizan cuestiones relacionadas con la financiación y el gasto sanitario en un marco internacional. Asimismo, se presta especial interés a los efectos del capital salud sobre el crecimiento económico para el caso español, tanto desde una perspectiva directa como indirecta. Igualmente, se estudia la demanda sanitaria y los estilos de vida de la población. A su vez, conscientes de los cambios que la crisis económica ha podido producir, los últimos capítulos muestran un análisis empírico comparado de los efectos en salud antes y después de la “Gran Recesión”. Cuestiones y resultados todos ellos vitales para el diseño y evaluación de estrategias de salud pública, tanto relativas a la promoción y prevención de la salud como a su financiación., The aim of this thesis is to analyse the macro and micro economic effects of health expenditure on both health outcomes and lifestyles. The thesis is divided into four chapters. These chapters although independent, are interrelated. Each one studies several aspects of health economics using different methodologies and the newest available data. Issues related to financing and health expenditure in an international framework are discussed. Also, special attention to health capital effects on economic growth for the Spanish case is provided, both in a directly and indirectly perspective. Similarly, demand for health care and lifestyles are studied. Furthermore, aware of the changes that the economic crisis has produced, the latest chapters are focused on an empirical comparative analysis of its health effects before and after the “Great Recession”. Issues and outcomes all of them vital to the design and evaluation of public health strategies, both concerning the promotion and health prevention and its financing.
- Published
- 2015
36. Equalization in the model of regional financing
- Author
-
Cantarero Prieto, David, Álvarez García, Santiago, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Pascual Sáez, Marta, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Necesidades de gasto ,Expenditure needs ,Financiación autonómica ,Regional financing ,Fiscal equalisation ,Nivelación fiscal - Abstract
RESUMEN. Entre los aspectos más controvertidos de los sucesivos sistemas de financiación de las Comunidades de régimen común es la nivelación. El modelo actual introdujo un criterio de nivelación parcial, con el objetivo de garantizar la igualdad en la prestación de determinados servicios públicos fundamentales. De cara a la próxima reforma, este trabajo revisa los avances recientemente producidos. Puede señalarse que en el modelo actual pese a que garantiza el statu quo del sistema anterior, algunas regiones ganan más. Adicionalmente, si bien en términos de equidad, disminuye la dispersión interregional de recursos, sigue manteniéndose el problema de la ordinalidad. ABSTRACT. After a long process of negotiation between central and regional Governments, almost six years ago, the Council of Fiscal and Financial Policy approved the current funding system for the regions of the common system. In it, several technical issues such as the increase in tax rates transfers or the concept of partial equalization, based on the essential public services (health, education and essential social services), were collected. One of the most controversial aspects of the successive financing systems of the Autonomous Communities is the equalisation mechanisms. Thus, the current regional financing system introduced partial equalisation criteria, limited to 75 % of tax revenues in order to ensure equality in the provision of basic public services. In short, it may be noted that the reform carried out in 2009 had two main objectives: ensuring sufficient funding and equal resources to finance basic public services.
- Published
- 2015
37. Economic costs related to coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A systematic literature review
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, Lanza-León, Paloma, Sanchez-Ruiz, Lidia, and Cantarero-Prieto, David
- Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the pressure on healthcare systems has been tremendous and it is having a huge economic impact. The objective of this paper is to carry out a systematic literature review of the publications that have analysed the costs derived from COVID-19 from the patient's perspective. Not only is this study aimed at measuring the impact of COVID-19 in economic terms, but also in qualitative terms, analysing, for instance, the types of costs (direct and indirect) and their variations depending on the geographical area under study. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus. The time frame for the analysis was from the start of the pandemic until 9th December 2021. A total of 322 papers were found. The number of articles assessed for eligibility was 32, and after applying the exclusion criteria, 13 papers were included in the qualitative synthesis. Most of the studies analysed only direct costs (69.23%) and were focused on Asia (61.54%), where the larger indirect costs, as well as the greater total costs, were found. However, the higher costs per patient and year were shown for the United States. This investigation showed the importance of COVID-19 in national, regional and local budgets. More studies are to be developed in Europe due to both the existing differences in the health care systems and financing by country and the difference in the incidence of COVID-19 by country and wave.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Políticas públicas de descentralización: ¿más gasto y mejores resultados salud?
- Author
-
Blázquez Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero Prieto, David, additional, and Pascual Sáez, Marta, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. What Does It Drive the Relationship Between Suicides and Economic Conditions? New Evidence from Spain
- Author
-
Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero-Prieto, David, additional, and Pascual-Sáez, Marta, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Socioeconomic status, health inequalities and non-communicable diseases: a systematic review.
- Author
-
Lago, Santiago, Cantarero, David, Rivera, Berta, Pascual, Marta, Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, Casal, Bruno, and Reyes, Francisco
- Subjects
DISEASES ,INCOME ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL databases ,MEDLINE ,ONLINE information services ,RESEARCH funding ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,HEALTH equity ,HEALTH & social status - Abstract
Aim: A comprehensive approach to health highlights its close relationship with the social and economic conditions, physical environment and individual lifestyles. However, this relationship is not exempt from methodological problems that may bias the establishment of direct effects between the variables studied. Thus, further research is necessary to investigate the role of socioeconomic variables, their composition and distribution according to health status, particularly on non-communicable diseases.Subjects and methods: To shed light on this field, here a systematic review is performed using PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science. A 7-year retrospective horizon was considered until 21 July 2017.Results: Twenty-six papers were obtained from the database search. Additionally, results from “hand searching” were also included, where a wider horizon was considered. Five of the 26 studies analyzed used aggregated data compared to 21 using individual data. Eleven considered income as a study variable, while 17 analyzed the effect of income inequality on health status (2 of the studies considered both the absolute level and distribution of income). The most used indicator of inequality in the literature was the Gini index.Conclusion: Although different types of analysis produce very different results concerning the role of health determinants, the general conclusion is that income distribution is related to health where it represents a measure of the differences in social class in the society. The effect of income inequality is to increase the gap between social classes or to widen differences in status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Promoting the use of health information and communication technologies in Spain: a new approach based on the ICT-H
- Author
-
Blázquez Fernández, Carla, primary, Cantarero Prieto, David, primary, and Pascual Sáez, Marta, primary
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Assessment of the impact of covid-19 disease on fertility rate and birth in Spain
- Author
-
Aparicio Urriola, Alicia, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Abstract
Resumen: Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado muestra un análisis detallado del impacto de la enfermedad de la COVID-19 sobre la natalidad y la tasa de fecundidad en España. Para ello, utilizamos principalmente los datos mostrados por el INE sobre una serie de variables, la edad media de la mujer para ser madre, el número de matrimonios y la tasa de empleo, que afectan tanto al número de nacimientos como al porcentaje de fecundidad, de las mujeres pertenecientes a las 17 Comunidades Autónomas del país. Hemos estimado tres modelos econométricos, el primero con los datos, sobre las variables, de los diez años previos a la pandemia del Coronavirus, el segundo con los datos obtenidos durante la pandemia y el tercero una breve predicción de los resultados que podrían darse al estar condicionados por el virus. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprobar si la COVID-19 ha afectado, de manera positiva o negativa, en la natalidad y la fecundidad del país, o, por otro lado, no ha tenido un efecto relevante sobre estas y por último predecir los efectos producidos fijando diferentes escenarios posiblemente reales, así como observar la variación en la demanda de servicios sanitarios. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un mantenimiento en la tendencia de ambas variables, anteriormente negativa, por tanto, la natalidad y a tasa de fecundidad seguirán disminuyendo. Dicha predicción nos hace suponer que se generará una disminución en la demanda de servicios sanitarios dentro del campo de la maternidad. Abstract: This Final Degree Project shows a detailed analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 disease on the birth and fertility rate in Spain. For this purpose, we mainly use the data shown by the INE on a series of variables, the average age of women to become mothers, the number of marriages and the employment rate, which affect both the number of births and the fertility rate, for women belonging to the 17 Autonomous Communities of the country. We have estimated three econometric models, the first with the data on the variables for the ten years prior to the Coronavirus pandemic, the second with the data obtained during the pandemic and the third a brief prediction of the results that could occur when conditioned by the virus. The main objective of this work is to check whether COVID-19 has affected, positively or negatively, the birth rate and fertility of the country, or, on the other hand, has not had a relevant effect on these and, finally, to predict the effects produced by setting different possible real scenarios, as well as to observe the variation in the demand for health services. The results obtained show a continuation of the previously negative trend in both variables, so that the birth rate and fertility rate will continue to fall. This prediction leads us to assume that there will be a decrease in the demand for health services in the field of maternity. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2021
43. Efectos económicos del coronavirus en España
- Author
-
Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Cantarero Prieto, David, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Abstract
RESUMEN: En este trabajo se llevará a cabo un análisis sobre el impacto económico que ha tenido la crisis sanitaria provocada por el nuevo coronavirus en la economía española. Se trata de un tema de actualidad al no haber terminado aún la pandemia, por lo que puede resultar interesante conocer algunas de las consecuencias que ya han ocurrido. Además, el hecho de que haya transcurrido algo más de un año desde el inicio de la crisis, nos permitirá evaluar algunos indicadores económicos objetivos que ya han ido proporcionando distintas autoridades. Durante el ensayo se realizará tanto una revisión de parte de la literatura ya existente, como un análisis propio de algunos indicadores económicos. Nos centraremos principalmente en dos, el Producto Interior Bruto y la tasa de empleo. En el estudio se detallarán los valores de ambos indicadores por ramas de actividad económica, con el objetivo de conocer con más detalle los efectos que se han ido sucediendo en la economía. Posteriormente calcularemos distintas tasas de crecimiento de estos indicadores para poder entender la evolución temporal que ha existido durante estos meses, así como la posible recuperación de los valores económicos. En el caso del PIB también lo desgranaremos por provincias para estudiar las diferencias existentes en los distintos puntos de nuestro territorio. Se tratará también de explicar la causa de estas diferencias conectándolo con los valores de cada rama de actividad económica ya que, lógicamente, no todas las provincias españolas se nutren de los mismos sectores. Por último, trataremos de dar una explicación al porqué España ha sido uno de los países más perjudicados a nivel económico durante la pandemia, concretamente el que peores datos registra de la OCDE. ABSTRACT: In this job, an analysis will be carried out on the economic impact that the health crisis caused by the new coronavirus has had on the Spanish economy. It is a current issue as the pandemic has not yet ended, so it may be interesting to know some of the consequences that have already occurred. Furthermore, the fact that a little over a year has passed since the beginning of the crisis will allow us to evaluate some objective economic indicators that have already been provided by different authorities. During the trial, both a review of part of the existing literature will be carried out, as well as an analysis of some economic indicators. We will focus mainly on two, the Gross Domestic Product and the employment rate. The study will detail the values of both indicators by branches of economic activity, with the aim of knowing in more detail the effects that have been occurring in the economy. We will also study different rates of variation of these indicators to understand the temporal evolution that has existed during these months, as well as the possible recovery of economic values. In the case of GDP, we will also break it down by province to study the differences existing in the different parts of our territory. An attempt will also be made to explain the cause of these differences by connecting it with the values of each branch of economic activity since, logically, not all Spanish provinces are fed by the same sectors. Finally, we will try to explain why Spain has been one of the countries most affected economically during the pandemic, specifically the one with the worst data from the OECD. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2021
44. Fiscal fraud review in Spain, sociological analysis and corporate tax
- Author
-
Cherkaoui Zekraoui, Youness, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Abstract
RESUMEN: Se podría definir fraude fiscal como la toma de una ventaja económica por parte de un contribuyente en perjuicio de la recaudación estatal, ya sea por impago, recepción inadecuada de prestaciones o cualquier otro incumplimiento. Dado el ámbito tan encubierto, no existen importantes investigaciones al respecto, ni estimaciones oficiales por parte de los gobiernos, lo que causa que combatirlo sea más complejo, además de que es un fenómeno muy heterogéneo, que puede presentarse de diferentes formas según las características conductuales del contribuyente y del contexto social. Por otra parte, es una manifestación dinámica, ya que se va adaptando a los paradigmas que van apareciendo, tales como la globalización o la aparición de monedas virtuales. Las consecuencias que se deslindan de esta práctica son tan evidentes como directas, ya que afecta al presupuesto estatal y, por lo tanto, a la oferta de servicios y bienes públicos, perjudicando el estado de bienestar y la confianza en el sistema público. La visión de los ciudadanos sobre el sistema tributaria y el incumplimiento fiscal es bastante desfavorable, evidenciando lo dañada que está la moral tributaria de los españoles, los cuales consideran que pagan impuestos en exceso y de forma injusta, que el fraude es muy elevado y que va en aumento. Asimismo, se considera que los protagonistas en el marco del incumplimiento tributario son las grandes empresas, profesionales liberales y políticos. En línea con esto, casi tres cuartas partes de la población española entienden que las contribuciones empresariales en concepto de impuestos no se corresponden con la facturación generada por estas. Esto se debe a que el impuesto sobre sociedades permite el acceso a numerosas ventajas fiscales, deducciones y exenciones, que hacen que sea uno de los más ineficientes del entorno, presentando un tipo nominal alto y un tipo efectivo reducido. Todos los factores mencionados previamente, de forma más o menos directa, suponen el planteamiento de retos o desafíos que deben afrontar las instituciones correspondientes, ya sea respondiendo con nuevas medidas y reformas a nivel estructural, o incluso de una forma más trivial suavizando las deficiencias constitutivas. El objetivo último del desarrollo de este trabajo es analizar las principales cualidades del fraude fiscal en España para una mayor amplitud de conocimiento, haciendo hincapié en las creencias sociales para conocer la motivación que podría impulsar a un contribuyente al incumplimiento, y así, traer algo de luz para determinar las potenciales líneas de actuación. ABSTRACT: Fiscal fraud could be defined as taking economic advantage of collecting government revenues, through non-payment, inadequate assistance, or other breaches. Given the deep scope, there is no important researches, neither official estimations by the governments, which makes the fight against it more complex. Furthermore, it is a heterogeneous phenomenon, which could appear in different ways according to the behavioural features of the taxpayers and the social context. On the other hand, it is a dynamic manifestation since it is constantly adapting to the change of paradigms, such as globalization or the emergence of virtual currencies. The consequences of this practice are as obvious as directs since it disrupts the state budget, consequently, affects the supply of public goods and services, damaging the welfare state and the confidence in the public system. The Spanish citizen’s vision about the taxation system and the fiscal infringement is so unfavourable, showing how harmed the fiscal awareness of Spanish people is, who contemplate the tax payment as excessive and unfair, the fiscal fraud as high and that it will remain increasing. In addition, they reckon large companies, liberal professionals, and politicians as the main characters in this field. In line with this, almost three-quarters parts of the population understand that the contribution from the corporations does not correspond to their profitability. This is due to the fact that the corporation tax allows the companies to access a large amount of tax advantages, deductions, and exemptions, which makes it one of the most inefficient corporate taxes of the environment, submitting a high nominal rate and a low effective rate. Every factor previously mentioned, more or less directly, could be presented as a challenge or defiance, which the correspondent institutions have to confront, responding with new structural measures and reforms, or even, in a more trivial way, smoothing the constitutive weaknesses. The ultimate aim of the development of this paper is to analyse the main properties of fiscal fraud in Spain for a large breadth of knowledge, emphasizing the review about the social convictions to know the motivation behind the impulse to defraud, and, in this way bring some light to determine the potential lines of action. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2020
45. Revisión del fraude fiscal en España, análisis sociológico e impuesto sobre sociedades
- Author
-
Cherkaoui Zekraoui, Youness, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Abstract
RESUMEN: Se podría definir fraude fiscal como la toma de una ventaja económica por parte de un contribuyente en perjuicio de la recaudación estatal, ya sea por impago, recepción inadecuada de prestaciones o cualquier otro incumplimiento. Dado el ámbito tan encubierto, no existen importantes investigaciones al respecto, ni estimaciones oficiales por parte de los gobiernos, lo que causa que combatirlo sea más complejo, además de que es un fenómeno muy heterogéneo, que puede presentarse de diferentes formas según las características conductuales del contribuyente y del contexto social. Por otra parte, es una manifestación dinámica, ya que se va adaptando a los paradigmas que van apareciendo, tales como la globalización o la aparición de monedas virtuales. Las consecuencias que se deslindan de esta práctica son tan evidentes como directas, ya que afecta al presupuesto estatal y, por lo tanto, a la oferta de servicios y bienes públicos, perjudicando el estado de bienestar y la confianza en el sistema público. La visión de los ciudadanos sobre el sistema tributaria y el incumplimiento fiscal es bastante desfavorable, evidenciando lo dañada que está la moral tributaria de los españoles, los cuales consideran que pagan impuestos en exceso y de forma injusta, que el fraude es muy elevado y que va en aumento. Asimismo, se considera que los protagonistas en el marco del incumplimiento tributario son las grandes empresas, profesionales liberales y políticos. En línea con esto, casi tres cuartas partes de la población española entienden que las contribuciones empresariales en concepto de impuestos no se corresponden con la facturación generada por estas. Esto se debe a que el impuesto sobre sociedades permite el acceso a numerosas ventajas fiscales, deducciones y exenciones, que hacen que sea uno de los más ineficientes del entorno, presentando un tipo nominal alto y un tipo efectivo reducido. Todos los factores mencionados previamente, de forma más o menos directa, suponen el planteamiento de retos o desafíos que deben afrontar las instituciones correspondientes, ya sea respondiendo con nuevas medidas y reformas a nivel estructural, o incluso de una forma más trivial suavizando las deficiencias constitutivas. El objetivo último del desarrollo de este trabajo es analizar las principales cualidades del fraude fiscal en España para una mayor amplitud de conocimiento, haciendo hincapié en las creencias sociales para conocer la motivación que podría impulsar a un contribuyente al incumplimiento, y así, traer algo de luz para determinar las potenciales líneas de actuación. ABSTRACT: Fiscal fraud could be defined as taking economic advantage of collecting government revenues, through non-payment, inadequate assistance, or other breaches. Given the deep scope, there is no important researches, neither official estimations by the governments, which makes the fight against it more complex. Furthermore, it is a heterogeneous phenomenon, which could appear in different ways according to the behavioural features of the taxpayers and the social context. On the other hand, it is a dynamic manifestation since it is constantly adapting to the change of paradigms, such as globalization or the emergence of virtual currencies. The consequences of this practice are as obvious as directs since it disrupts the state budget, consequently, affects the supply of public goods and services, damaging the welfare state and the confidence in the public system. The Spanish citizen’s vision about the taxation system and the fiscal infringement is so unfavourable, showing how harmed the fiscal awareness of Spanish people is, who contemplate the tax payment as excessive and unfair, the fiscal fraud as high and that it will remain increasing. In addition, they reckon large companies, liberal professionals, and politicians as the main characters in this field. In line with this, almost three-quarters parts of the population understand that the contribution from the corporations does not correspond to their profitability. This is due to the fact that the corporation tax allows the companies to access a large amount of tax advantages, deductions, and exemptions, which makes it one of the most inefficient corporate taxes of the environment, submitting a high nominal rate and a low effective rate. Every factor previously mentioned, more or less directly, could be presented as a challenge or defiance, which the correspondent institutions have to confront, responding with new structural measures and reforms, or even, in a more trivial way, smoothing the constitutive weaknesses. The ultimate aim of the development of this paper is to analyse the main properties of fiscal fraud in Spain for a large breadth of knowledge, emphasizing the review about the social convictions to know the motivation behind the impulse to defraud, and, in this way bring some light to determine the potential lines of action. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2020
46. Access and use of healthcare services from immigrant population
- Author
-
Celis García, Lara, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Abstract
RESUMEN: El derecho a la salud es un derecho fundamental de los seres humanos. La población inmigrante en España ha ido en aumento desde la década de los noventa, lo que ha llevado a diferentes teorías alrededor de estos movimientos migratorios. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer un análisis del uso por parte de los inmigrantes en España de la asistencia sanitaria. Aunque los resultados son heterogéneos debido a la gran diversidad de nacionalidades en nuestro país, según los estudios previos analizados, la utilización de estos servicios por parte de colectivos de inmigrantes es similar a la utilización por parte de los nativos, aunque su frecuencia es menor en servicios de prevención y consultas de médicos especialistas. Esto puede ser debido a las diferentes barreras de acceso a nuestro sistema sanitario, a una menor incidencia de enfermedades crónicas o a su menor edad media (36,23 años frente a la media de nacionales 44,5 años). ABSTRACT: The right to health is a fundamental human right. The immigrant population in Spain has been increasing since the 1990s, which has led to different theories about these migratory movements. The objective of this paper is to make an analysis of the use of health care by immigrants in Spain. Although the results are heterogeneous due to the great diversity of nationalities in our country, according to the previous studies analyzed, the use of these services by immigrant groups is similar to that of the natives, although their frequency is lower in prevention services and consultations of medical specialists. This may be due to the different barriers of access to our health system, to a lower incidence of chronic diseases or to their lower average age (36.23 years versus the average of nationals 44.5 years). Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2020
47. ¿Qué determinantes afectan al gasto farmacéutico? Evidencia empírica para el período 1990-2016 en países de la OCDE
- Author
-
Gómez Sánchez, Miriam, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Datos de panel ,Resultados en salud ,Gasto farmacéutico ,Determinantes en salud - Abstract
RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente trabajo se basa en conocer qué factores afectan al gasto farmacéutico y de qué manera lo hacen, comparando 22 países de la OCDE durante el período temporal 1990-2016. Comenzamos con una introducción donde conoceremos la situación actual del gasto farmacéutico a nivel global, y cómo ha sido su evolución a lo largo de los últimos años. Definiremos nuestra variable principal, conociendo todos los aspectos que la conciernen y que orbitan a su alrededor, para partir sobre una sólida base. Continuando con una revisión de la literatura, recopilamos una serie de artículos de interés relacionados con la materia que nos concierne, con el fin de tener un conocimiento más amplio y profundo sobre la cuestión a estudiar; dividiremos los diferentes factores que puedan influir en nuestro análisis en diversos grupos según su naturaleza, para poder comprenderlos mejor. Seguidamente, pasamos a la explicación de la metodología, con la definición de las variables de interés y algunos datos estadísticos descriptivos elementales sobre las mismas, para poder conocerlas con mayor precisión: el gasto sanitario per cápita, el Producto Interior Bruto per cápita, la inflación, la población mayor de 65 años, la esperanza de vida al nacer, el consumo en alcohol y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. A partir de aquí, nos sumergimos en el análisis empírico, parte central de nuestro trabajo, a través de la realización de diferentes estimaciones sobre nuestro modelo econométrico principal, mediante diversos métodos estadísticos. Finalmente, discutimos los resultados obtenidos en el apartado anterior, e intentamos corroborar nuestras resoluciones con otros trabajos publicados que hayan llegado a un mismo desenlace. Todas las variables analizadas presentan una evolución positiva respecto al gasto farmacéutico per cápita, siendo los determinantes demográficos los más influyentes. Con estas conclusiones, pretendemos ofrecer una perspectiva más extensa sobre las tendencias y el funcionamiento del gasto farmacéutico en los últimos tiempos, para que pueda servir como base y dirección para futuras investigaciones y actuales mejoras en las políticas sanitarias de diversos países. Además, a lo largo del trabajo se incluyen tablas y gráficos de elaboración propia, con el objetivo de ordenar de manera clara y concisa los datos analizados, así como para materializar las ideas expuestas en el trabajo y alcanzar una mayor comprensión ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to study what factors affect pharmaceutical expenditure and the way they do it, comparing 22 OECD countries during the 1990-2016 time period. Starting off with an introduction where we will get to know the current situation of pharmaceutical spending globally, and how it has evolved over recent years. We define our main variable, understanding all the aspects that concern it and that surround it, to start off on a solid base. Continuing with a review of the literature, we collect a range of articles of keen interest related to the subject that concerns us, in order to have a wider and deeper knowledge about the studied matter; we will divide the different factors that can influence our analysis in different groups according to their nature, in order to understand them better. Next, turning to the explanation of the methodology, we can find the definition of the variables of interest and some elementary descriptive statistical data about them, in order to know them more precisely: health expenditure per capita, Gross Domestic Product per capita, inflation, population over 65, life expectancy at birth, alcohol consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Henceforth, we plunge ourselves in the empirical analysis, the central part of our study, through the completion of different estimations about our main econometric model, through various statistical methods. Finally, we discuss the results obtained in the previous section, and we try to verify our outcomes with other published works that have reached the same findings. All the variables analysed show a positive evolution with reference to pharmaceutical expenditure per capita, with the demographic determinants being the most influential ones. With these conclusions, we attempt to offer a more extensive perspective on the trends and performance of pharmaceutical expenditure in recent times, so that it can serve as a basis for future research and current improvements in health policies in various countries. In addition, throughout the paper, tables and graphs of own elaboration are included, with the aim of organizing in a clear and concise way the analysed data, as well as to materialize the ideas exposed in the study and reach a greater understanding. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2019
48. Contextualización de la economía sumergida en España: análisis de las diferencias en las estimaciones mediante intervalos de confianza
- Author
-
Secadas Velasco, Carolina, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Enfoque monetario ,Intervalo de confianza ,MIMIC approach ,Tasa de paro ,Confidence interval ,Enfoque MIMIC ,Shadow economy ,Unemployment rate ,Economía sumergida ,Monetary approach - Abstract
RESUMEN: La economía sumergida en España ha supuesto en los últimos años una media del 19,5% del PIB oficial, es decir, unos 210.000 millones de euros al año, coincidiendo generalmente en porcentaje con la media europea, por lo que resulta imprescindible, y más aún dada la desfavorable situación económica actual, aplicar medidas que intenten reducir este fenómeno si bien esta es una tarea complicada. Dado su carácter oculto, resulta difícil medir la economía encubierta existiendo además distintos métodos para ello. Igualmente, la economía oculta afecta a regiones con condiciones económicas, laborales y sociales distintas por lo que desarrollar políticas que sean efectivas para entornos tan diferentes también es una labor compleja. Más concretamente, en España conviven regiones con tasas de paro superiores al 30% que generalmente coinciden con aquellas que presentan mayores niveles de economía sumergida y regiones con tasas de paro inferiores al 20%, lo que hace interesante estudiar las diferencias en las estimaciones atendiendo a esta variable. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la economía sumergida desde, por un lado, un enfoque teórico centrado en su definición, métodos de estimación, causas y consecuencias y los principales resultados de la literatura para España y sus comunidades autónomas; y por otro lado, un enfoque analítico, estudiando las diferencias en las estimaciones a partir de distintos métodos de estimación, concretamente el enfoque monetario y el modelo MIMIC, así como las diferencias en los resultados de regiones con distintas circunstancias laborales, sociales o económicas, en este caso en función del nivel de desempleo. Una conclusión principal de este estudio es que a lo largo de los años existe una tendencia creciente de la economía sumergida tanto a nivel nacional como regional. Además, en los últimos años se ha detectado un claro patrón geográfico por el cual los porcentajes de economía sumergida son superiores en el suroeste español e inferiores en el noreste. Finalmente, a partir del análisis estadístico, se puede concluir que no existen diferencias significativas entre los resultados dependiendo del enfoque utilizado pero sí según la tasa de paro. ABSTRACT: Shadow economy in Spain has meant an average of 19.5% of the official GDP in recent years, that is, approximately 210 billion euros per year, generally coinciding in percentage with the European average, so it is indispensable, and even more given the current unfavorable economic situation, apply measures that try to reduce this phenomenon although this is a complicated task. Given its hidden nature, it is difficult to measure hidden economy, and there are also different measurement methods. Similarly, shadow economy affects regions with different economic, labor and social conditions, so developing policies that are effective for such different environments is also a complex task. More specifically, in Spain there are regions with unemployment rates above 30%, which generally coincide with those with higher levels of shadow economy and regions with unemployment rates of less than 20%, which makes it interesting to study the differences in the estimates based on this variable. The aim of this paper is to analyze shadow economy from, on the one hand, a theoretical approach focused on its definition, estimation methods, causes and consequences and the main results of the literature for Spain and its regions; and on the other hand, an analytical approach, studying the differences in estimates from different estimation methods, specifically the monetary approach and the MIMIC model, as well as the differences in the results of regions with different labor, social or economic circumstances, in this case depending on the level of unemployment. A main conclusion of this study is that there is a growing trend of the shadow economy both nationally and regionally over the years. In addition, in recent years a clear geographic pattern has been detected by which the percentages of hidden economy are higher in the Spanish Southwest and lower in the Northeast. Finally, from the statistical analysis, it can be concluded that there are not significant differences between the results depending on the approach used but there are differences according to the unemployment rate. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2018
49. Economía sumergida: análisis desde una perspectiva regional, nacional y comunitaria
- Author
-
Quintanilla Ara, Mónica, Cantarero Prieto, David, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Abstract
RESUMEN: El volumen de la economía sumergida se ha visto incrementado en los últimos años a raíz de la crisis económica, provocando la urgente necesidad de las autoridades de obtener recursos. La evasión fiscal es una de las principales causas del déficit público, presente en el panorama nacional desde hace tiempo, siendo la región cántabra una de las pocas Comunidades Autónomas que no han logrado el objetivo del 0,7% de déficit en los últimos años. Esta región presenta un elevado porcentaje de economía sumergida si se compara con el dato de España, así como los de otros países pertenecientes a la Unión Europea. El objetivo, por tanto, del presente trabajo es estudiar el estado de la economía informal, tanto a nivel europeo como nacional, poniendo especial atención en el caso de Cantabria. Para ello, se realiza una descripción en profundidad de los aspectos más importantes de su concepto, como las causas de su origen, sus consecuencias, así como los diferentes métodos empleados en su estimación a lo largo de los últimos años. Mediante la comparativa a través del análisis gráfico de aquellas variables relacionadas con la economía sumergida, se pretende estudiar la relación empírica entre ambas, así como la comparativa entre territorios. Los resultados obtenidos permiten observar las diferencias presentes en éstos, así como presentar algunas propuestas acordes a la situación. ABSTRACT: The volumen of the shadow economy has increased in the last years because of the economic crisis, causing the urgent need of the authorities to obtain resources. Tax evasion has been one of the main causes of the public deficit in the national scene for many years, with the Cantabrian region being one of the few Autonomous Communities that has not achieved the 0.7% deficit target in recent years. This region presents a high percentage of shadow economy with regard to Spain, as well as other countries belonging to the European Union. The objective of the present work is to study the state of the informal economy, both at European level and national level with particular attention paid to the case of Cantabria. To that end, the concept of shadow economy and the most important aspects of it, such as the causes of its origin, its consequences, as well as the different methods used in its estimation over the last years, are described in-depth. By means of the graphical analysis of the variables related to the shadow economy, is intended to study the empirical relationship between both and to carry out a comparison between territories. The results obtained allow to identify the differences between them, as well as to present some proposals measures according to the situation. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2017
50. Modelo económico de la vacunación antineumocócica del adulto: el caso de Cantabria
- Author
-
Zamanillo Abascal, Carla, Blázquez Fernández, Carla, Cantarero Prieto, David, and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
Vacuna conjugada 13-valente ,Pneumococcal disease ,Enfermedad neumocócica ,Adult population ,Conjugate vaccine 13-valente ,Población adulta ,Cantabria - Abstract
RESUMEN: La enfermedad neumocócica genera infecciones que tienen importantes repercusiones en la salud de los más adultos. La vacunación resulta fundamental para conseguir un mayor bienestar social, ya que mejora la calidad de vida y además consigue un mejor desarrollo económico, por lo que desde el punto de vista financiero es necesario que las vacunas sean sostenibles y viables a lo largo del tiempo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es conocer si la vacunación a través de la vacuna conjugada 13-valente aplicada a las personas mayores de 65 años en la población de Cantabria resulta eficiente para el Sistema Nacional de la Salud. Para ello en el trabajo se hace una revisión detallada de los diferentes estudios llevados a cabo sobre dicha vacuna, con el fin de conocer si ha sido eficaz. Los datos que se han tenido en cuenta en el trabajo han sido: la incidencia de la enfermedad a nivel de España, la eficacia de la vacuna conjugada 13-valente, el porcentaje de cobertura de vacunación antigripal para las personas mayores de 65 años y la mortalidad como consecuencia de enfermedades relacionadas con el Streptococcus pneumoniae. Realizando un análisis económico a través de los costes de hospitalización de las distintas comunidades autónomas por grupos de edad y a los beneficios que genera la vacuna conjugada 13-valente, teniendo en cuenta la eficacia de la vacuna y los ahorros directos gracias a la vacunación, se llega a la conclusión de que la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada 13-valente sería efectiva para la población de Cantabria y para el SNS. ABSTRACT: The pneumococcal illness produces infections that have repercussions in the health of adults. The vaccination is fundamental to get a better social welfare, as it improves the quality of life and moreover it gets a better economic development, so that from a financial point of view it is necessary that vaccines are sustainable and viable over time. The main aim of this work is to know whether the vaccination through the conjugate vaccine 13-valente applied to people over 65 years old in the population of Cantabria is efficient for the Health National System. Thus in the work a detailed revision of the different studies carried out about this vaccine is made, in order to know it has been effective. The data taken into account in the work has been: the incidence of the illness in Spain, the effectiveness of the conjugate vaccine 13-valente, the percentage of anti-flu vaccination coverage for people over 65 years old and the mortality as a consequence of illnesses related to the Streptococcus pneumoniae. Carrying out an economic analysis through the costs of hospitalization of the different autonomous communities by age groups and to the benefits that produce the conjugate vaccine 13-valente, taking into account the effectiveness of the vaccine and the direct savings thanks to the vaccination it gets to the conclusion that the conjugate vaccine 13-valente would be effective for the population of Cantabria and for the HNS. Grado en Economía
- Published
- 2017
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.