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Treball Final de Grau en Comunicació Audiovisual. Modalitat A. Codi: CA0932. Curs acadèmic 2020-2021 El cortometraje se presenta bajo el título de Letargo, cuyo tema central es la pulsión de muerte en jóvenes, con la finalidad de reflejar la depresión y la soledad a través de una historia romántica, para así poder detectar a personas que sufren estas situaciones e intentar ayudarlas. Este proyecto está sujeto a las bases teóricas aprendidas durante cuatro años en el grado de Comunicación Audiovisual, y posteriormente aplicadas a todo el proceso creativo y técnico que supone una producción audiovisual. Primeramente, presentamos la justificación del proyecto, la elección de un tema y una historia como esta. En el mismo apartado, presentamos los objetivos que fueron fijados en las primeras fases de creación del proyecto, que junto con el marco teórico completan los elementos que han sido relevantes para la versión final del producto audiovisual que se presenta. En segundo lugar, argumentamos las decisiones tomadas en el plano narrativo y discursivo del proyecto. Por último, exponemos toda la parte técnica, es decir, los pasos seguidos y las herramientas que han sido necesarias para llevar a cabo Letargo. Distinguimos dos objetivos perseguidos en la realización de este proyecto. A nivel académico, hemos querido demostrar en este trabajo las competencias aprendidas durante cuatro años de grado universitario, que culmina con una producción audiovisual en su totalidad. A nivel personal, hemos querido dejar reflejado en forma de pieza audiovisual las inquietudes y las experiencias propias con un formato nuevo para nosotros. Además, a nivel profesional hemos conseguido conocer algunas de las dificultades que conlleva la realización de un producto audiovisual de estas características, lo cual nos hace creer en este ámbito.

Este artículo analiza el proceso de creación del estudio biográfico de Diego Hurtado de Mendoza a través de la correspondencia epistolar mantenida por sus biógrafos. Eugenio Mele y Ángel González Palencia mantuvieron una intensa relación profesional marcada por la distancia entre los años 1931 y 1949. Su colaboración fue dependiente de un servicio postal supeditado a las crisis de entreguerras y los fascismos europeos. Por todo ello, se prestará atención a los procesos de colaboración como procesos sociales, destacando la importancia de las relaciones hispano‐italianas y los aspectos materiales de la cultura escrita.

Introduction: Spain is the non-endemic country with the highest burden of Chagas disease outside the Americas, and it represents a model for non-endemic countries concerning health policies to control the disease. This study generates high-resolution estimates of the burden of undetected and untreated T.cruzi infection cases in Spain and compare them with the actual number of cases reported by official sources. Methods: A study using aggregate data collected from the literature and official sources (Spanish National Statistics Institute; Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices) was undertaken, from 2010 to 2018, to estimate the number of Chagas disease cases and the underdiagnosis and undertreatment rates. Results: We estimated a total of 55,367 migrants living with Chagas disease in Spain in 2018, out of them 613 (1%) were children under 15 years of age. Bolivian migrants represented 54% of the total estimated cases. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment rates were heterogeneous among the different Spanish autonomous regions, being the estimated global underdiagnosis rate of around 71%. The global rate of undertreatment in Spain was estimated to be 82·5% among patients older than 14 years. Conclusion: The burden of Chagas disease in Spain remains high, with both considerable underdiagnosis and undertreatment rates, particularly notorious in childbearing age women despite being a priority group; but much improved in children, suggesting the efficacy of antenatal screening programmes implemented in the country. Funding: None to declare Declaration of Interest: All authors declare not competing interest

Chagas disease constitutes a public health problem, and Spain is the non-endemic country with the highest burden of disease outside the Americas. It represents a model for non-endemic countries regarding health policies to control the disease. This study is aimed to generate estimates of the T.cruzi prevalence and the number of undetected and untreated individuals with the infection in Spain and to compare them with the actual number of cases reported by official sources.Using aggregate data collected from the literature and official sources (Spanish National Statistics Institute; Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices) from 2010 to 2018, this study estimates the number of Chagas disease cases, plus the underdiagnosis and undertreatment rates.We estimated that 55,367 out of 2,602,285 migrants originally from endemic countries were living with Chagas disease in Spain in 2018, accounting for a prevalence of 2.1%. Only 1% of these cases(613/455,566) were children aged 14 years or less resulting in a prevalence of 0.1%. Bolivian migrants accounted for 53.9% of the total estimated cases. The index of underdiagnosis and undertreatment were heterogeneous across different Spanish autonomous regions, but the overall index of underdiagnosis was around 71%, and the overall index of undertreatment was 82.5% in patients aged 15 years or older, and 60% in children.The burden of Chagas disease in Spain is considerable. Index of underdiagnosis and undertreatment are high, particularly in women of childbearing age, but they have improved in children since the implementation of antenatal screening programmes.

espanolEl Card. Blazquez fue invitado a inaugurar, el 18 de noviembre de 2019, el XXX Curso de Actualizacion de Derecho Canonico, de la Facultad de Derecho Canonico de la Universidad de Navarra, acerca de la proteccion de los menores en la Iglesia. En su intervencion, recordo las lineas generales del encuentro vaticano, de febrero de ese mismo ano, sobre «La proteccion de los menores en la Iglesia» y las palabras del Papa que lo clausuraron. EnglishCardinal Ricardo Blazquez Perez (Valladolid, Spain) was invited to inaugurate, on 18 November 2019, the 30th Refresher Course on Canon Law, on the protection of minors in the Church, organized by the School of Canon Law at the University of Navarra. In his contribution, he recalled the general framework of the Vatican Meeting on the Protection of Minors in the Church, which took place in February 2019, and the Pope’s closing address on that occasion.

Cardinal Ricardo Blázquez Pérez (Valladolid, Spain) was invited to inaugurate, on 18 November 2019, the 30th Refresher Course on Canon Law, on the protection of minors in the Church, organized by the School of Canon Law at the University of Navarra. In his contribution, he recalled the general framework of the Vatican Meeting on the Protection of Minors in the Church, which took place in February 2019, and the Pope’s closing address on that occasion. El Card. Blázquez fue invitado a inaugurar, el 18 de noviembre de 2019, el XXX Curso de Actualización de Derecho Canónico, de la Facultad de Derecho Canónico de la Universidad de Navarra, acerca de la protección de los menores en la Iglesia. En su intervención, recordó las líneas generales del encuentro vaticano, de febrero de ese mismo año, sobre «La protección de los menores en la Iglesia» y las palabras del Papa que lo clausuraron.

Castanar cave is a subterranean site with an outstanding natural environmental radioactivity. The maintaining of high radon activity of cave air and the detection of spatially anomalies of this gas in some cave emplacements, suggests that some natural geochemical processes are involved on the mobilization of radioactivity sources to cave environment, other than a simple exhalation of radon from the host-rock. The host rocks are interlaid dolostone–metapelite beds with radioactive nuclides of the three actinium, thorium and uranium decay series. In situ measurements on the spatial distribution of radioactivity, uranyl group’s luminescence and radon gas concentrations inside cave were main focus of this work to model lixiviation and deposition mechanisms of radioactive elements from the host rock to the karstic system. In addition, collected micro-samples were also analyzed by a multi-approach suite of analytical techniques: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, environmental scanning electron microscopy with an attached X-ray energy dispersive system and spectral cathodoluminescence detector, thermoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential-thermal and thermogravimetry analysis, Alpha-spectrometry and Gamma-spectrometry techniques. The host metapelitic beds contain Zr(Hf)–Th(U)–Ti–P–REE phases such as zircon, xenotime-(Y), monazite-(Ce, La) and poly-metallic mineralization veins of hydrothermal origin. Carbonated host beds and speleothems show frequently chemical elements leaked from the upper host rock masses. The weathering leakage processes are favored by the existence of pyrite and limonite in the dolostone masses. The cave exhibits under UV lamps abundant hydrous silica–uranyl coatings covering carbonated speleothems with radionuclides of 238U natural decay series. The long-lived radio-nuclides of the radium radioactive decay chain are responsible of the continuous regeneration of radon gas inside cave. The experimental work was focused to identify origin and remobilization processes of radio-nuclides and their latte settlement into the cave environment associated to mineral phases of speleothems and cave deposits.

In the European Union multiple dose bioequivalence studies are required for the approval of generic prolonged-release products, but they are not required by the US-FDA. In order to investigate if the multiple dose bioequivalence studies are necessary, the bioequivalence studies assessed in the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Care Products in the last 10 years were searched to find all reasons for rejection and identify those cases where the multiple dose study had failed to show bioequivalence and the single dose study had shown bioequivalence. In these latter cases, the plasma concentration at the end of the dosing interval (C(τ)) in the single dose study was assessed to investigate its sensitivity to predict non-bioequivalence in the steady state. The search identified six cases where the non-equivalence in the multiple dose study was not detected by the corresponding single dose study. C(τ) was not able to detect the difference in five cases and in general it was more variable than conventional metrics. In conclusion, the multiple dose bioequivalence study is necessary to ensure therapeutic equivalence and the use of C(τ) would be counterproductive, increasing the sample size of the studies without enough sensitivity to detect differences in the steady state.

A new, simple and sensitive method, based on photoinduced chemiluminescence, was developed for the determination of quinmerac. The photoproduct, obtained after UV irradiation in basic medium, was mixed with sodium sulfite (sensitizer), and Ce(IV) (oxidant) in acid medium. A wide linear dynamic range (2-600 ng mL-1) and a limit of detection of 0.6 ng mL-1 were obtained without any pretreatment (0.08 ng mL-1 after solid phase extraction). The determination was performed using a flow injection manifold, which allowed a high throughput (144 h-1). The inter-day reproducibility was 5.6% (n=5), and the intra-day repeatability was 3.9 and 2.9% for 20 and 200 ng mL-1 of quinmerac, respectively (n=21). Finally, the method was applied to surface and ground waters with recoveries ranging from 78.1 to 94.5%., The authors thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia from Spain and FEDER for financial support, Project CTM2006-11991.

Purpose - to determine and analyse the consumption of antituberculosis agents in Spain. Methods - Pharmacoepidemiological study on the use of antituberculosis agents during 1996 using data from prescriptions redeemed by the National Health Service. Results - During 1996 5 533 233 defined daily doses (DDD) were consumed. Of these 2 215 890 DDDs belonged to a combination commercialized as Rifinah (Rifampicin + Isoniazid). The use of daily doses per inhabitant in Spain was 0.37. Regarding the percentage of use this reflects a use of 40.05% of the Rifinah combination followed by Rifampicin 17.59%. Regarding estimation of tuberculosis the findings of the study revealed 11 202 cases implying a prevalence of 27.7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. The total cost of this group of drugs was 863 275 147 Pts (0.1% of the total amount met by the NHS). Expenditure in Pts per 1000 inhabitants was 21 326. Of total costs 40.26% was from Rifinah. Isoniazid was the drug with the lowest cost 0.17%. Conclusions - The most prescribed drug in Spain was the Rifampicin + Isoniazid combination. However differences exist in the different regions of the country and these should receive further study. The estimated prevalence of tuberculosis is higher than that expected for a developed country such as Spain. (authors)

To analyze current legislation referring to generic drugs and to update knowledge concerning these drugs.In this paper Spanish and European regulations have been reviewed in relation to the authorisation and procedures that guarantee the quality, safety and efficacy of generics.The countries belonging to the European Union have established, through the European Medicine Agency (EMEA), uniform criteria for authorisation and data exclusivity, regulated by Directive 2004/27 and Regulation 726/2004, which are being implemented in our country through Law 29/2006 of Guaranty and Rational Use of Medicines and Medical Devices.Although mechanisms of price regulation and financing policy are different throughout the member States, most countries have introduced measures to reduce the increase in expenditure on medicines, with generic products being an important aspect since they are less expensive than innovating medicines.

To determine and analyse the consumption of antituberculosis agents in Spain.Pharmacoepidemiological study on the use of antituberculosis agents during 1996 using data from prescriptions redeemed by the National Health Service.During 1996, 5 533 233 defined daily doses (DDD) were consumed. Of these, 2 215 890 DDDs belonged to a combination commercialized as Rifinah (Rifampicin+Isoniazid). The use of daily doses per inhabitant in Spain was 0.37. Regarding the percentage of use, this reflects a use of 40.05% of the Rifinah combination, followed by Rifampicin, 17.59%. Regarding estimation of tuberculosis, the findings of the study revealed 11,202 cases, implying a prevalence of 27.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The total cost of this group of drugs was 863 275 147 Pts (0.1% of the total amount met by the NHS). Expenditure in Pts per 1000 inhabitants was 21 326. Of total costs, 40.26% was from Rifinah. Isoniazid was the drug with the lowest cost, 0.17%.The most prescribed drug in Spain was the Rifampicin+Isoniazid combination. However, differences exist in the different regions of the country and these should receive further study. The estimated prevalence of tuberculosis is higher than that expected for a developed country such as Spain.

To quantify the consumption of tuberculosis medication prescribed through the National Health Service in Spain during 1996. To calculate the prevalence of tuberculosis from this consumption. To analyse possible inequalities between autonomous communities. To analyse the cost of these drugs.A crossover, retrospective and observational study.Primary care.5533233 DDDs were taken in 1996. 2215890 of these DDDs belonged to the rifinah association (rifampicin + isoniazid), followed by the active principle rifampicin with 973510 DDDs. Amikacin at 8,078 DDDs represented the lowest dose. DID (dose per inhabitant per day) in Spain was 0.37. Dosage was greater in Galicia (0.66) and Ceuta (0.52). The Canaries (0.19) and Balearics (0.27) were below the national average. Use was 40.05% for rifinah, followed by 17.59% for rifampicin. The least common active principles were amikacin (0.14%) and streptomycin (0.74%). The number of cases of tubercular disease in Spain calculated was 11,211; its prevalence was 27.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Total medication cost was 863275147 pesetas (0.1% of total pharmaceutical expenditure). The attributable cost was rifinah, 40.26%, the rifater association, 21.68%, and rifampicin, 18.34%.The most often prescribed drug is the rifampicin + ilsoniazid association. Use varies between autonomous communities. We think that the prevalence calculated is high for a developed country.