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Summary. A total of 231 individual mouse-like rodents (striped field mice Apodemus agrarius, yellow-necked mice A. flavicollis and common voles Microtus arvalis) from five localities in Serbia were subjected to parasitological research. Seven helminth species were identified based on morphological and morphometric criteria: two trematodes (Brachylaimus recurvus and B. apodemi) and five cestodes (Hymenolepis fraterna, H. diminuta, H. straminea, Paranoplocephala omphalodes and Skrjabinotaenia lobata). Total sample prevalence was 15.1% (14.9% in female and 15.4% in male hosts) with a significantly higher number of infected A. agrarius specimens than infected A. flavicollis specimens. Furthermore, the studied Apodemus host species differed in parasite species richness. Yellow-necked mice served as hosts for five flatworm species, while in striped field mice only three species were found. The species that infected the highest number of hosts was H. fraterna. The trematodes B. recurvus and B. apodemi are reported in Serbia for the first time. We highlight the presence of two species with zoonotic potential, H. fraterna and H. diminuta, in the sample of Apodemus hosts, pointing to a need for future monitoring.

Additional file 3. Table S3 Procrustes ANOVAs of shape. % total—percentage of the total shape variation. Age categories: A1—first age category, A2—second age category, A3—third age category

Additional file 1. Table S1 Anatomical definitions of landmarks recorded on the labial view of the mandible and the ventral surface of the cranium of the yellow-necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis)

Additional file 2. Table S2 ANOVAs of centroid size (CS). % total—percentage of the total size variation. Age categories: A1—first age category, A2—second age category, A3—third age category

Additional file 4. Table S4 ANOVAs of centroid size (CS). % total—percentage of the total size variation. Categories regarding parasitism: P0—non-parasitized animals, P1—animals parasitized by one nematode species, P2—animals parasitized by two nematode species, P3—animals parasitized by three to five nematode species

Summary. The quantity and extent of municipal solid waste is rising as urbanization, mass consumption, and consumer lifestyles have become more prevalent worldwide. Many cities cannot effectively manage their own waste, which leads to the creation of illegal waste sites. We investigated the potential effects of illegal waste dumping on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of rodent-parasite communities in semi-natural habitats. In particular, we studied spatial host-parasite turnover rates as a function of urbanization and the presence of illegal waste sites for four species of the family Muridae: house mouse (Mus musculus), wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), striped field mouse (A. agrarius), and yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis). Eleven species of intestinal nematodes were found, with varying levels of prevalence, mean infection intensity and mean abundance in different habitat types. We found that the composition of parasite communities did not depend on the level of habitat degradation, although it did depend on the host community structure. Generalized Linear Model analysis showed that there was no relationship between negative anthropogenic disturbances of natural habitat and parasite abundance. However, the prevalence of Syphacia stroma, S. frederici, S. obvelata, Heterakis spumosa and Rictularia proni was significantly different between different types of habitat disturbance. These results suggest that human disturbances affect the presence and species composition of intestinal nematodes of mice at specific sites, although further and more systematic research on a larger scale is necessary.

The quantitative and qualitative composition of the helminth fauna of 588 bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from the territory of Fruska Gora Mountain (Serbia) were analysed with the aim to determine if the species is a natural reservoir of any zoonotic infection. The presence of nine nematode and five cestodes species was detected. The following roundworm species were revealed: Capillaria murissylvatici (Dieseng, 1851, Nematoda: Capillariidae), Trichocephalus muris (Schrank, 1788, Nematoda: Trichuriidae), Heligmosomoides glareoli (Baylis, 1928, Nematoda: Heligmosomidae), H. polygirus (Dujardin, 1845), Heligmosomum mixtum (Schulz, 1954, Nematoda: Heligmosomidae), Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nitzsch, 1821, Nematoda: Oxyuridae), Syphacia petrusewiczi (Bernard, 1996, Nematoda: Oxyuridae), S. stroma (Linstow, 1884, Nematoda: Oxyuridae) and Rictularia proni (Seurat, 1915, Nematoda: Rictulariidae). Two species of adult tapeworms parasitized the bank vole: Catenotaenia henttoneni (Kirschenblatt, 1949, Cestoda: Catenotaeniidae) and Hymenolepis asymmetrica (Janicki, 1904, Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), and three in the larval stage: Taenia martes (Zeder, 1803, Cestoda: Taeniidae), Taenia polyacantha(Leuckart, 1856, Cestoda: Taeniidae) and Mesocestoides lineatus (Goeze, 1782, Cestoda: Mesocestoididae). The largest number of hosts was infected with Heligmosomoides glareoli and Catenotaenia henttoneni. In addition, three larval tapeworms important for veterinary science and medicine were recovered: Taenia martes, Tatratirotaeina polyacantha and Mesocestoides lineatus. For these, the bank vole is an important intermediate host. Given the fact that, up until now, the bank vole has not been researched for parasite fauna, it is a new host for all determined helminth species. The results obtained contribute to the knowledge on helminth fauna of rodents in Serbia, which was not thoroughly studied so far.

Ishrana je jedan od osnovnih životnih procesa koji životinjama obezbeđuje energiju i hranljive materije za rast i normalno funkcionisanje organizma. Optimalnost ishrane umnogome zavisi od dostupnosti hranidbenih resursa. Ovo je naročito važno za hibernatore, kojima preživljavanje perioda hibernacije i reproduktivni uspeh direktno zavise od masnih naslaga nakupljenih tokom skraćene sezone aktivnosti. Tekunica, ugroženi predstavnik faune travnatih ekositema centralne i južne Evrope, nije izuzetak. Zbog gubitka velikih površina travnatih staništa usled razvoja poljoprivrede i napuštanja tradicionalnih oblika stočarstva, ova vrsta je izgubila najveći deo svog nekadašnjeg areala. Smatra se da je najveći broj staništa tekunice suboptimalnog karaktera. U studiji je, u cilju procene pogodnosti naseljenih staništa u Srbiji, izvedena analiza ishrane vrste na slatinskim i stepskim pašnjacima u Vojvodini te na visokoplaninskim livadama jugoistočne Srbije. U cilju procene dostupnih hranidbenih resursa, određen je diverzitet vegetacijskog pokrivača na istraživanim tipovima staništa. U proceni ishrane korištena je neinvazivna metoda mikrohistološke analize izmeta. Diverzitet vegetacije (hranidbene baze za tekunicu) značajno se razlikuje između stanišnih tipova. U ishrani tekunice učestvuje veliki broj kategorija hrane biljnog i, značajno manje, životinjskog porekla. Ipak, kao najznačajnije izdvajaju se: Achillea millefolium, mahunarke i trave. Dokazano je sezonsko variranje ishrane, kao i razlike u ishrani na različitim staništima. U studiji su, takođe, prikazane razlike u ishrani na nivou jedinki, čime se stiče uvid u različite strategije ishrane na različitim staništima. Rezultati ove studije nedvosmisleno ukazuju na postojanje selekcije ka određenom broju taksona u ishrani tekunice i naročito su značajni za izradu planova upravljanja vrstom i njenim staništima., Feeding is among the basic life history processes enabling animals to obtain energy and nutrients for the growth and normal functioning of their organisms. The optimality of diet depends a great deal upon the availability of feeding resources. This is especially important for hibernators, whose survival of the hibernation period and subsequent reproductive success depend directly on the fat reserves accumulated during the shortened active period. The European ground squirrel, an endangered representative of Central- and South-European grasslands, is no exception. Due to a loss of vast areas of grasslands following agriculture development and the abandonment of traditional grazing practices, the specieslost the majority of its historical distribution. Most European ground squirrel habitats are considered suboptimal. In this study, to evaluate the suitability of the occupied species’ habitats in Serbia, the diet analysis of the species was performed on steppe and saline pastures in Vojvodina and alpine meadows in southeastern Serbia. To gauge the availability of dietary resources, the diversity of the studied habitat types was assess. For diet estimation, the non-invasive method of microhistological analysis of feces was employed. The diversity of vegetation (the trophic base for the ground squirrel) differs among the habitat types. A number of diet categories are present in the species’ diet. However, Achillea millefolium, legumes, and grasses were proven to be the most important ones. The study showed a seasonal variability of diet and variation among different habitats. Furthermore, a difference in diet among individuals is shown, giving insight into different feeding strategies on different habitats. Results of this study unequivocally show a selection of few taxa in the diet of the European ground squirrel and are especially important when developing species-and habitat management plans.

U periodu od 2015. do 2018. godine ispitane su 223 lisice i 64 šakala sa područja Vojvodine Parazitološkim pregledom konstatovano je prisustvo 9 vrsta crevnih helminata, od toga jedna vrsta metilja (Alaria alata), četiri vrste pantljičara (Mesocestoides spp., Ecinococcus multilocularis, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia hydatigena) i četiri vrste nematoda (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Uncinaria stenocephala, Pterygodermatites affinis). Nematoda Pterygodermatites affinis je prvi put zabeležena u Vojvodini. Izolovane su 4483 jedinke parazita, od toga 3826 kod lisica i 657 kod šakala. Zabeležena je veća zaraženost lisica (79.8%) u odnosu na šakale (57.8%) (p=0.0003). Najveći procenat obe vrste domaćina (Vulpes vulpes - 49.3%; Canis aureus - 42.2%) bio je zaražen pantljičarama roda Mesocestoides. Kod obe vrste domaćina, vrednosti Berger-Parkerovog indeksa ukazale su na relativno ujednačenu respodelu parazita po vrstama u ukupnom uzorku, dok su sva tri indeksa (Šenonov, Simpsonov i Berger-Parkerov) pokazala su da je područje Bačke sa najvišim biodiverzitetom zajednica helminata. Za vrste Echinococcus multilocularis i Alaria alata utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u procentu inficiranih lisica u zavisnosti od područja Vojvodine. Prema taksonomskoj strukturi helmintofaune kod lisica je dokazana najveća procentualna zastupljenost mešovite infekcije (61%), dok se broj vrsta po domaćinu kretao od 1 do 5. Registrovane su 42 različite kombinacije vrsta parazita. Kod šakala se takođe najčešće javljala mešovita infekcija (59%), dok se broj vrsta po domaćinu kretao od 1 do 4. Registrovano je 11 kombinacija crevnih parazita. Koprološki test se u ovom istraživanju pokazao kao nisko osetljiv i manje specifičan za identifikaciju parazita u odnosu na direktan pregled intestinuma nakon autopsije životinje. Prevalenca infestiranih lisica (56.3%) i šakala (48%) dokazana koprološkom metodom manja je u odnosu na prevalencu prema patološkom nalazu. Kod obe vrste domaćina nije registrovan statistički značajan uticaj pola na prevalencu infekcije. Od identifikovanih vrsta helminata lisica i šakala, više od polovine njih ima zoonotski ili potencijalni zoonotski značaj: Alaria alata, Mesocestoides spp., Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxocara canis i Uncinaria stenocephala. Najvažnija među njima je pantljičara E. multilocularis, uzročnik ehinokokoze, bolesti svrstane na listu zoonoza od prioriteta na području Srbije. Na području Srema dokazana je pojava žarišta multilokularne ehinokokoze, zbog čega je neophodna optimizacija strategije za kontrolu širenja date vrste parazita., During the period from 2015. to 2018. year, 223 red foxes and 64 jackals from the area of Vojvodina were examined. Parasitological examination revealed 9 species of intestinal helminths, thereof one species of fluke (Alaria alata), four species of tapeworms (Mesocestoides spp., Ecinococcus multilocularis, Taeniapisiformis, Taenia hydatigena) and four species of nematodes (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Uncinaria stenocephala, Pterygodermatites affinis). The nematode Pterygodermatites affinis was recorded in Vojvodina for the first time. There were isolated 4483 individuals of the parasite, thereof 3826 at red foxes and 657 at jackals. The higher infestation of foxes (79.8%) compared to jackales (57.8%) (p=0.0003) was recorded. The highest percentage of both hostspecies (Vulpes vulpes- 49.3%; Canis aureus- 42.2%) was infected with tapeworms of the genus Mesocestoides. In both host species, the value of the Berger-Parker index indicated a relatively uniform distribution of parasites by species in the total sample, while all three indices (Shannon, Simpson and BergerParker) showed that the area of Bačka had the highest biodiversity of helminth community. For the species Echinococcus multilocularis and Alaria alata was confirmed a statistically significant difference in the percentage of infected foxes depending on the area of Vojvodina. According to the taxonomic structure of helminth fauna, in foxes was proven the highest percentage of mixed infection (61%), while the number of species per host ranged from 1 to 5. There were registered 12 different combinations of parasite species. In jackals, the mixed infection was also the most common (59%), while the number of species per host ranged from 1 to 4. There were also registered 11 combinations of intestinal parasites. The coprologic test in this study proved to be low sensitiv and less specific for identification of parasites compared to direct examination of the intestine after autopsy of the animal. The prevalence of infested foxes (56.3%) and jackals (48%) proven by the coprological method was lower compered to the prevalence of patological finding. The statistically significant influence of sex on the prevalence of infection was not registered in neither one of the host species. Of the identified species of helminths, at foxes and jackals, more than half of them have zoonotic or potential zoonotic significance: Alaria alata, Mesocestoides spp., Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxocara canis i Uncinaria stenocephala. The most important among them is the tapeworm E. multilocularis, the cause of echinococcosis, a disease classified as a zoonosis of priorities in Serbia. In the area of Srem, the occurence of foci of multilocular ecinococcosis was proved, which is why it is necessary to optimize the strategy to control the spread of parasites.

U radu je analiziran odgovor lokalnih populacija tekunice u Vojvodini na promene uslova klime i korišćenja zemljišta. Odgovori populacija tekunice (tipičnog predstavnika otvorenih staništa i idealnog model organizma) na pomenute promene omogućiće razmatranje kako mere na regionalnom nivou: i) mogu unaprediti zaštitu i očuvanje tekunice ii) ublažiti efekti promene klime i korišćenja zemljišta iii) mogu usaglasiti razvoj poljoprivrede sa očuvanjem biodiverziteta travnatih ekosistema. Kako bi se odgovorilo na pitanja i postavljene hipoteze u radu sprovedeno je terensko istraživanje, korišćen standardni prostorni pristup i ekološko modelovanje. Sve primenjene tehnike su komplementarne jedna drugoj u dobijanju odgovora na postavljena pitanja gde rezultati jedne analize predstavljaju ulazne podatke za drugu analizu. U tezi su korišćeni podaci dobijeni na osnovu terenskog mapiranja lokalnih populacija i podaci iz eksperimenta modelovanja kao i serija podataka dobijena cenzusom kolonija tekunica i terenskim uzorkovanjem zemljišta i vegetacije. Rasprostranjenje populacija oblikuju klimatski uslovi ali pored abiotičkih faktora uslovljavaju ih i biotički faktori i kretanje jedinki. Promena klime direktno utiče na distribuciju optimalnih uslova. Istraženo je u kojoj meri će doći do promene u distribuciji optimalnih uslova sredine za tekunicu. Potencijalna promena analizirana je uzimajući u obzir klimatski scenario Max Plank Instituta sa tri rcp projekcije i tri generisana prostorna scenarijadistribucije otvorenih travnatih staništa u Vojvodini. Sagledavanje mogućih efekata promene sredinskih uslova dalo je mogućnost da se ukaže na zone koja će biti ključne za očuvanje populacija tekunica i travnatih ekosistema u Vojvodini. Sledeće, s obzirom da disperzija jedinki, dostupnost resursa kao i delovanje lokalnih faktora ugrožavanja (barijere, menadžment staništa, varijabilnost sredinskih uslova, predatorstvo, poljoprivredne aktivnosti) oblikuju distribuciju populacija u prostoru, u radu je analiziran i uticaj promene ovih faktora na distribuciju populacija. Na području lokalnog slatino-stepskog koridora srednjeg Banata istražene su kompozicija biljnih vrsta, upravljanje na staništu, promena u kompoziciji okolnih poljoprivrednih kultura i dinamika populacije. Dobijene su informacije o efektima lokalnih uslova na prisustvo kolonija, veličinu kolonija i kondiciono stanje jedinki. Informacije dobijene u ovim poglavljima su kasnije korišćeni za formiranju seta kriterijuma radi karakterizacije svih mapiranih staništa u Vojvodini. Dalje, veliku ulogu u poljoprivrednom predelu imaju tranziciona staništa koja povezuju lokalne populacije. Identifikovanje koja tranziciona staništa koriste jedinke tekunice je ključno za očuvanje populacija i ublažavanje trena opadanja brojnosti. Na terenu su mapirani distribucioni obrasci lokalnih kolonija tekunice i istraženo je da li postoje razlike na lokalnom i predeonom nivou u distribuciji nastanjenih i napuštenih staništa na području Vojvodine. U radu je dalje analizirana mapirana mreža staništa lokalnih populacija i pretpostavljano je da populacije funkcionišu i održavaju se u okviru metapopulacione strukture. Sa druge strane, veličina i površina koju zauzimaju potencijalne metapopulacione struktura mapirane mreže staništa koje se razlikuju u odnosu na okupiranost, kapacitet i povezanost nisu bile poznate. Kako bi se kvantifikovale potencijalne metapopulacione jedinice i utvrdila vijabilnost svake definisane pojedinačne metapopulacione mreže korišćen je metod ključnog fragmenta. Mapirane mreže evaluirane su iz perspektive samog taksona i testiran je potencijalni disperzioni kapacitet. Proverena je permeabilnost predeonog matriksa između mapiranih staništa i identifikovani su potencijalni koridori za jedinke. Ovakav pristup daje uvid u koji deo predela je značajno i neophodno ulagati ograničena sredstva za zaštitu prirode unutar regiona Vojvodine. U tezi je na kraju ocenjen doprinos trenutne regionalne konzervacione prakse zaštiti staništa tekunice, dat pregled slabih tačaka i predlog predeono adaptacionih mera koji će doprineti zaštiti i očuvanju populacije tekunice kao i mozaika otvorenih travnatih staništa. The study analyzes the European ground squirrel (EGS) population response to land use and climate change in Vojvodina. The response of the EGS population (typical species of open grassland habitats and the ideal model organism) to changes in environmental conditions in this region will enable consideration of following measures at the local and landscape level: i) effective protection and conservation of the EGS and habitat it relay on; ii) climate change and land use mitigation and adaptation iii) how can we harmonize the development of agriculture and preserve the biodiversity of grassland ecosystem in agricultural settings. In order to answer the questions of this study, the field research was conducted, standard spatial approach and ecological modeling were employed. All applied techniques are complementary to one another in obtaining responses to the questions asked. The results of one analysis represent the input data for the following one. The data for the study were obtained: from EGS local populations’ field mapping, from the modeling experiment, the census campaigned and the field sampling of soil and vegetation. Distribution of populations, which in addition to abiotic factors are conditioned by biotic factors and movement of individuals were evaluated in the context of climate change. Climate change directly affects the distribution of optimalconditions. The potential changes in distribution of optimal environmental conditions for EGS were assessed by considering changes in abiotic factors and the availability of grasslands. The climate scenario obtained using a dynamic vegetation map with three rcp projections and three spatial scenarios for the distribution of open grasslands were used. The extrapolation of a suitable area obtained by presence only model Maxent gives the possibility to point to the zones that will be crucial for preserving the populations and grassland ecosystems in future. Dispersion of individuals, availability of resources and the operation of local threats (e. g. barriers, habitat management, variability of the central conditions, predation, agricultural activities) shape the distribution of populations in space and time. In the area of the local saline steppe corridor of the central Banat in Vojvodina i) the composition of plant species, ii) open grassland habitat management iii) changes in the composition of surrounding crops and iv) population dynamics of EGS have been investigated. The effects of local conditions on the presence, size of colonies and condition of the individuals of EGS were assessed. The information obtained in these chapters was later used to form a set of criteria for the characterization of all mapped habitats in Vojvodina. In the agricultural area, transitional habitats connect local populations of many species. Identifying transitional habitats which potentially can be used by focal species is key to protect and mitigate population decline. For this purpose distribution patterns of the colonies were mapped in the field. The haracteristics and differences among mapped patches at the local and sub landscape scale were detected and evaluated. Later in the study the network of mapped habitats patches was evaluated. It was assumed that mapped populations in Vojvodina function within several metapopulations networks. However, the size and area of potential meta-population networks are likely to differ in relation to occupancy, capacity and habitat connectivity. The knowledge of potential population units was scarce. In order to quantify the potential population units, to determine the viability and conservation priority of each defined habitat network the key patch approach was used. Mapped networks were evaluated from the perspective of the taxon itself and potential dispersed capacity was tested. The ermeability of the matrix area, connectivity of the mapped habitats and the distribution of potential corridors was verified. This approach gives an opportunity to assess to which part of the area and population it is necessary to invest limited resources for nature protection in Vojvodina.The contribution of current regional conservation practice to protection of EGS was evaluated, a brief overview of the weak points and the proposal of preciseadaptation measures that should be taken in Vojvodina are presented in final chapter. The results of this study propose the development of spatial adaption measures and conservation design that will contribute not only in preserving EGS and habitats it relay on but also other wild plant and animal species in this intensively used agricultural settings.

U radu je analizirana efektivnost zaštićenih područja Srbije u sadašnjosti i budućnosti na osnovu zastupljenosti povoljnih staništa i centara diverziteta 116 običnih vrsta ptica odabranih na osnovu 11 kriterijuma. Zasebno su evaluirana zaštićena prirodna dobara, međunarodno značajna područja za ptice (IBA) i mreža nastala preklapanjem dva tipa zaštićenih područja. Povoljna staništa istraživanih vrsta utvrđena su modelovanjem distribucije vrsta uz pomoć MaxEnt pristupa, a modeli distribucije projektovani su na četiri različita scenarija klimatskih promena u budućnosti (2050. godina). IBA mreža pokazala se kao značajnoefektivnija za zaštitu staništa istraživanih vrsta i centara njihvog diverziteta u odnosu na mrežu zaštićenih prirodnih dobara, a slična situacija predviđena je i u budućnosti. Oba tipa zaštićenih područja pokrivala su u proseku srazmerno mali procenat povoljnih staništa istraživanih vrsta (zaštićena prirodna dobra –10,4%; IBA – 21,9%) i dovela su do ostvarivanja konzervacionih ciljeva malog broja vrsta (zaštićena prirodna dobra – 11; IBA - 37), dok su centri diverziteta istraživanih vrstasrazmerno slabo zastupljeni unutar obe mreže (zaštićena prirodna dobra – 9,8%; IBA – 25,4%). Zaštićena područja nisu pokazaleznačajno veću efektivnost za konzervaciono prioritetnt vrste i njihov diverzitet. Zaštićena prirodna dobra i IBA mreža u Srbiji značajno bolje pokrivaju staništa i centre diverziteta šumskih vrsta i vrsta kamenjara, klisura i litica, dok su povoljna staništa i centri diverziteta gnezdarica poljoprivrednih staništa, naselja i vodenih staništa izrazito slabo zastupljena. Staništa gnezdarica nizijskih poljoprivrednihstaništa naročito su slabo zastupljena unutar zaštićenih prirodnih dobara i IBA mreže, koja za ovu grupu nisu dovela do postizanja konzervacionih ciljeva. Razlike u efektivnosti zaštićenih područja za gnezdarice različitih tipova staništa u budućnosti će se generalno povećavati, usled predviđenog smanjivanjaareala većine šumskih vrsta koje će se povlačiti u zaštitom bolje pokrivene planinske predele i širenja areala većine gnezdarica poljoprivrednih i vodenih staništa na nezaštićena nizijska područja. Za deo vrsta među kojima dominirajugnezdarice brdsko-planinskih šumskih i drugih prirodnih staništa glavna strategija zaštite podrazumeva precizno proširenje granica sadašnjih zaštićenih područja uz upravljanje orentisano ka očuvanju prirodnih staništa i smanjenju iskorišćavanja resursa. Sa druge strane, za većinu gnezdarica poljoprivrednih itravnih staništa, naročito u nizijskim predelima, efektivna strategija bila bi definisanje potpuno novih i prostranih zaštićenih područja orijentisanih ka održavanju povoljnog režima upravljanja i korišćenja prostora. Rad ukazujena velike mogućnosti korišćenja nesistematično prikupljenih podataka profesionalnih i amaterskih ornitologa uz primenu tehnika modelovanja distribucije vrsta, ali naglašava potrebu za pokretanjem širokih programasistematskog popisa, kartiranja i monitoringa običnih vrsta ptica., The study analyzes the effectiveness of protected areas in Serbia presently as well as in the future, based on the representation of suitable habitats and centers of diversity for 116 common species of birds, selected on the basis of 11 criteria. Nationally protected areas, Important Bird and Biodiversity areas (IBAs) and networks formed by overlapping these two types of protected areas have been evaluated separately. Suitable habitats of the species in the study were determined by species distribution modeling using the MaxEnt approach, and the distribution models were projected to four different climate change scenarios in future (year 2050). The IBA network proved to be significantly more effective for the protection of habitats of studied species and centers of their diversity, compared to the network of nationally protected areas, and a similar situation is projected for the future. Both types of protected areas on average covered a relatively small percentage of suitable habitats for most species (10.4% in nationaly protected areas, 21.9% in IBA) and meet conservation goals only for a small number of species (11 for nationaly protected areas, 37 for IBA). Diversity centers for species in the study are relatively poorlyrepresented within all three networks (9.8% for nationaly protected areas and 25.4% for IBA). Protected areas did not show significantly higher effectiveness for the conservation of priority species and their diversity. Nationaly protected areas and the IBA network in Serbia have a significantly better coverage of habitats and centers of diversity for forest species and species of rocky habitats, cliffs and gorges, while suitable habitats and centers of diversity for breeding birds of farmlands, settlements and aquatic habitats are very poorly represented. Habitats of breeding birds of lowland armlands are particularly poorly represented within protected natural assets and the IBA network, and this measure does not meet the conservation goals for this group of birds. Differences in the effectiveness of protected areas for breeding birds of various habitat types will generally increase in the future, due to the anticipated range decrease for most forest species that will withdraw to the better conserved mountainous areas, whereas range of the majority o f breeding birds of farmland and aquatic habitats will be expanded to unprotected lowland areas. For some of the species, mostly birds of hill and mountain forests and other natural habitats, the main conservation strategy implies precise boundaries extension of the current protected areas with management directed towards preserving natural habitats and reducing the utilization of resources. On the other hand, for most of the farmland and grassland species, especially in the lowlands, an effective strategy would be to define completely new and spacious protected areas oriented towards maintaining a favorable regime for management and landuse. The study demonstrates that there are great possibilities of using nonsystematically collected data from professiona l and amateur ornithologists, for application in species distribution modeling, but also emphasizes the need to launch extensive programs for systematic inventory, mapping and monitoring of common bird species.

Istraživanje je urađeno u cilju utvrđivanja obrazaca distribucije rodova MerodonMeigen, 1802 i Cheilosia Meigen, 1822 na području jugoistočne Evrope. RodoviCheilosia i Merodon su najbrojniji fitofagni rodovi osolikih muva, a jugoistočnaEvropa je izabrana kao posebno interesantno područje analiziranja distribucije vrstazbog specifične kombinacije istorijskih, abiotičkih i biotičkih faktora koji određujudistribuciju. Na području jugoistočne Evrope registrovano je ukupno 202 vrsteistraživanih rodova; 121 vrsta pripada rodu Merodon, a 81 vrsta pripada roduCheilosia. Broj od preko 200 vrsta pokazuje da je jugoistočna Evropa područje odizuzetnog bogatstva vrsta rodova Merodon i Cheilosia. Ovakav zaključak dopunjen jepostojanjem čak 79 (39%) endemskih vrsta za područje jugoistočne Evrope. Premagradijentu geografske širine, rodovi Merodon i Cheilosia pokazuju različit distributivniobrazac; uočava se da broj vrsta roda Merodon opada od juga ka severu, dok jedistributivni obrazac obrnut za rod Cheilosia.U cilju analiziranja uticaja koje predeona struktura i promene u načinu korišćenjazemljišta imaju na vrste rodova Merodon i Cheilosia, sprovedena je predeono -ekološka analiza, uz pomoć GIS i odgovarajućih ekoloških softvera. Istraživanjepokazuje da postoji specifičan odnos između predeonih parametara i kompozicije vrstaistraživanih rodova - sa različitom osetljivošću rodova Merodon i Cheilosia napovezanost staništa i promene u načinu korišćenja zemljišta. Vrste roda Cheilosia supozitivno korelisane sa poveznošću staništa a negativno korelisane sa svim ostalimpredeonim parametrima, dok najveći broj vrsta roda Merodon pokazuje veću otpornostpri antropogenim promenama u ekosistemima. Ovakvi rezultati upućuju nadiferenciraniji pristup pri upravljanju područjima, fokusiran na intenzitet korišćenjazemljišta (ispaše) i povezanost staništa.Istraživanje je obuhvatilo i evaluaciju staništa u okviru predela različitih karakteristika(prostorno i vremenski), primenom analize SyrphTheNet bazom podataka, kojauključuje vrste rodova Merodon i Cheilosia kao bioindikatore. Vrste rodova Merodon iCheilosia su se pokazale kao veoma dobri indikatori koji mogu da ukažu na trenutnikvalitet istraživanog područja, kao i promene tokom dužeg vremenskog perioda.Analizom korelacije utvrđeno je da postoji povezanost između promena predeonihparametra u periodu od 25 godina i gubitka vrsta i kvaliteta makrostaništa na 17istraživanih lokaliteta., The research has been carried out with the main aim to determine distributional patterns of two genera, Merodon Meigen 1802, and Cheilosia Meigen, 1822, in Southeast Europe region. Cheilosia and Merodon are the most numerous phytophagous hoverflies genera.Southeast Europe has been chosen as the specific region of interest to analyze species distribution due to its specific combinations of historical, abiotic and biotic factors that determine the species distribution.In the area of Southeast Europe, a total of 202 species of Merodon and Cheilosia have been recorded; 121 species belonging to the genus Merodon, and 81 species belonging to the genus Cheilosia, being a region exceptionally rich in species of the two genera. This conclusion has been supported by the fact that 79 (39%) endemic species has been found in the region. With regard to the gradient latitude, species of Merodon and Cheilosia genera show a different distribution pattern. More precisely, it has been shown that the number of Merodon species decreases from the south to the north, while the opposite pattern is true for the species of Cheilosia genus.In order to analyze the responses of hoverfly species to landscape structure, land cover analyses were performed using GIS tools and related ecological software. Merodon and Cheilosia species differ in their responses to land-use change and connectivity, with the latter genus being positively correlated with connectivity and negatively correlated with all other variables. Connectivity is the primary factor affecting Cheilosia, while most Merodon species demonstrated greater resistance to changes in human-modified ecosystems. These results suggest that different management efforts, focused on land-use intensity (grazing) or connectivity, seem to be appropriate when trying to conserve these taxa.In addition, the study examined the quality of habitats in landscapes of different characteristics (spatial and temporal), using SyrphTheNet database, in which species of the Merodon and Cheilosia genera were used as bioindicators. Species of the two genera proved to be very good indicators of the current quality of the study area, as well as changes over a longer period of time. Correlation analysis has found a significant relationship between the changes of landscape parameters for a period of 25 years and the loss of species and quality macrohabitats on 17 investigated study sites.

Analizirana je helmintofauna 127 primeraka slepih miševa na teritoriji Srbije.Sakupljene jedinke su pripadnici 12 vrsta slepih miševa: veliki potkovičar (Rhinolophusferrumequinum Schreber, 1774); tamnoliki brkati večernjak (Myotis mystacinus Kuhl, 1817); mali brkati večernjak (M. alcathoe Helversen & Heller, 2001); šumski brkati večernjak (M. brandtii Eversmann, 1845); južni veliki večernjak (M. oxygnathus Monticelli, 1885); evropski veliki večernjak (M. myotis Borkhausen, 1797); dugodlaki slepi mišić(Hypsugo savii Bonaparte, 1837); obični slepi mišić(Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774); šumski slepi mišić (P. nathusii Keyserling & Blasius, 1839); evropski smeđi dugoušan (Plecotus auritus Linnaeus, 1758); evropski sivi dugoušan (P. austriacus Fischer, 1829) i obični noćnik (Nyctalus noctula Schreber, 1774). Jedinke slepih miševa su sakupljane sa 15 lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije: Deliblatska peščara, Zasavica, Valjevo, Beograd, Paraćin, Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, planina Tara i Ivanjica u periodu od 2001. do 2009 godine.Izolovano je ukupno 1642 jedinki parazita (787 jedinki metilja, 4 pantljičara i 851 nematoda), razvrstanih u 2 razdela, 1 podrazdel, 3 klase, 3 podklase, 1 nadred, 6 reda, 1 podred, 7 nadfamilija, 11 familija, 9 podfamilija, 12 rodova i 14 vrsta. Identifikovane vrste parazita su: Plagiorchis koreanus(Ogata, 1937),Mesotretes peregrinus (Braun, 1900),Lecithodendrium linstowi (Dollfus, 1931),Prosthodendrium longiforme (Bhalerao, 1926),P. chilostomum (Mehlis, 1831), P. parvouterus (Bhalerao, 1926), Milina grisea(van Beneden, 1873),Capillaria neopulchra (Babos, 1954), Molinostrongylus alatus(Ortlepp, 1932),Strongylacantha glycirrhiza (van Beneden, 1873),Physalopterasp.,Litomosa ottavianii(Lagrange & Bettini, 1948),Rictularia bovieri(Blanchard, 1886) iSeuratum mucronatum (Rudolphi, 1809). Kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza helmintofaune slepih miševa je prvi put rađena na području Srbije, te se date vrste domaćina mogu smatrati novim za sve konstatovane vrste parazita na teritoriji naše zemlje. U ukupnom uzorku 93 (73.23%) jedinki domaćina bilo je invadirano parazitima. Najbrojnije u ukupnom uzorkusu bile vrste P. koreanus,L. linstowii M. alatus, sa dominacijom poslednje. Konstatovano je da pol ne utiče na sastav helmintofaune domaćina. Međutim, konstatovane su promene u kvalitetu i kvantitetu helmintocenoze u pojedinim sezonama., The helminth fauna of 127 individuals of bats on the territory of Serbia was analyzed. The host samples consisted of 12 bat species: Greater Horseshoe Bat(Rhinolophus ferrumequinumSchreber, 1774); Whiskered Bat (Myotis mystacinusKuhl, 1817); Alcathoe Whiskered Bat (M. alcathoeHelversen & Heller, 2001); Brandt ’s Bat (M. brandtiiEversmann, 1845); Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (M. oxygnathusMonticelli, 1885); Greater Mouse-eared Bat (M. myotisBorkhausen, 1797); Savi ’ s Pipistrelle Bat (Hypsugo saviiBonaparte, 1837); Common Pipistrelle Bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774); Nathusius ’ Pipistrelle Bat (P. BathusiiKeyserling & Blasius, 1839); Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritusLinnaeus, 1758); Grey Long-eared Bat (P. austriacusFischer, 1829) and Noctule Bat (Nyctalus noctulaSchreber, 1774). Host semples were collected from fifteen localities throughout Serbia: Deliblato sands, Zasavica, Valjevo, Belgrade, Paraćin, Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, Tara mountain and Ivanjica in the period between2001 and 2009. A total of 1642 helminth individuals (787 individuals of digeneans, 4 cestodes and 851 nematodes) were collected from the hosts, classified into 2 phylas, 1 subphyla, 3 classes, 3 subclasses, 1 superorder, 6 orders, 1 suborder, 7 superfamilies, 11 families, 9 subfamilies, 12 generas and 14 species. Fourteen parasite species were identified: Plagiorchis koreanus(Ogata, 1937), Mesotretes peregrinus(Braun, 1900), Lecithodendrium linstowi(Dollfus, 1931), Prosthodendrium longiforme(Bhalerao, 1926), P. chilostomum(Mehlis, 1831), P. parvouterus(Bhalerao, 1926), Milina grisea (van Beneden, 1873), Capillaria neopulchra(Babos, 1954), Molinostrongylus alatus (Ortlepp, 1932), Strongylacantha glycirrhiza(van Beneden, 1873), Physalopterasp., Litomosa ottavianii(Lagrange & Bettini, 1948), Rictularia bovieri(Blanchard, 1886) and Seuratum mucronatum(Rudolphi, 1809). The qualitative and quantitativeanalysis of the helminth fauna of bats were conducted in Serbia for the first time. Therefore all bat species can be considered new hosts for all recorded helminth species on the area of the country. Ninety-three (73.23%) individuals werefound to be infected with helminth parasites. The most numerous helminth species in total sample were P. koreanus, L. linstowiand M. alatus, which is also the most dominant. There is no evidence that the composition of helminth fauna depends on the sex ofthe host. However, some seasonal changes in quality and quantity of helminth community of the host are obvious.&nbsp

Vršeno je istraživanje intestinalnih nematoda žutogrlog miša (Apodemus flavicollis Melchior, 1834) uzorkovanog sa 18 lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije, južno od Save i Dunava, sa ciljem proširenja i upotpunjavanja saznanja o ovoj komponenti parazitofaune glodara u ovom delu Evrope. Fauna nematoda crevnog trakta je analizirana sa više aspekata: kvantitativnog, aspekta zajednica, biološkog, aspekta biodiverziteta i aspekta polne strukture. Pored toga, ispitan je uticaj odabranihspoljašnjih i unutrašnjih faktora na prevalencu i abundancu parazitske infekcije.Zabeleženo je prisustvo devet vrsta intestinalnih nematoda, pri čemu je broj vrsta po lokalitetu varirao od 1 do 7. Ukupna prevalenca infekcije iznosila je 81,6%. Najčešće vrste u uzorku bile su Heligmosomoides polygyrus i Syphacia stroma, koje suse odlikovale najvišim prevalencama i intenzitetima infekcije. Distribucija nematoda unutar domaćina je bila agregirana. Broj vrsta po domaćinu varirao je od 1 do 5, ali su najzastupljenije bile infekcije jednom ili dvema vrstama. Najčešća kombinacijavrsta bila je H. polygyrus-S. stroma; međutim, odsustvo podataka iz ranijih istraživanja i adekvatnih polaznih modela sprečava donošenje zaključaka o mogućim interakcijama i asocijacijama između vrsta.Monoksene nematode su bile brojnije i imale veću prevalencu od heteroksenih nematoda, što oslikava razlike u njihovim životnim ciklusima. Među monoksenim nematodama, geohelminti u užem smislu su se odlikovali najvećim prevalencama, a ageohelminti najvećom abundancom, u skladu sa životnim strategijama koje teže ka disperziji ili akumulaciji.Šenonov indeks diverziteta cele uzoračke populacije iznosio je 1,44 što je visoka vrednost u odnosu na one iz drugih delova Evrope. Nije uočena značajna negativna korelacija između udaljenosti lokaliteta i vrednosti Sorensenovog indeksa,ukazujući da je prostorni faktor značajan u strukturiranju zajednica intestinalnih nematoda i na lokalnom nivou. Odnos polova je bio neravnomeran, uglavnom u korist ženki, u skladu sa podacima drugih autora. Ženke su ujedno bile krupnije od mužjaka, saglasno sa ranijim nalazima za parazitske nematode. Nadmorska visina nije uticala na abundancu intestinalnih nematoda. Pol domaćina je uticao na prevalencu dve vrste: prevalenca S. stroma je bila veća kod mužjaka, a prevalenca Trichuris muris kod ženki. Kao značajan faktor uticao je na abundancu samo kod vrste Aonchotheca annulosa; abundanca ove vrste bila je veća kod mužjaka. Rezultati sugerišu da je uticaj pola domaćina na nivo parazitske infekcije izuzetno kompleksan fenomen. Prevalenca i abundanca infekcije intestinalnim nematodama je bila veća kod domaćina sa B hromozomima. Lokalitet je bio značajan faktor u variranju abundance nematoda. Uzrast i prisustvo drugih vrsta nematoda su takođe ispoljavali značajan efekat. Povećanje abundance nematoda sa uzrastom se vezuje za dužu izloženost starijih jedinki parazitima. Iako je registrovan uticaj abundance jedne vrste na abundancu druge, on ne predstavlja čvrst dokaz za postojanje interakcija između vrsta., A study of intestinal nematode parasites was conducted on the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis Melchior, 1834) sampled from 18 sites from Serbia south of the Sava and Danube rivers. The aim of the study was to broaden and enrich the data on this category of rodent parasites in this part of Europe. The nematode fauna of the gastrointestinal tract was analysed from quantitative, community, biological, biodiversity and sex ratio aspects. In addition, selected extrinsic and intrinsic factors were tested for their influence on the prevalence and abundance of infection.Nine species of intestinal nematodes were noted, 1 to 7 per site. Total sample prevalence was 81.6%. Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Syphacia stroma were the most common species, with the highest prevalence and intensity values. Nematodes were aggregated within their hosts. Infracommunity richness varied from 1 to 5, but infections with one or two species were most common. The most frequentcombination of species was H. polygyrus-S. stroma, but in absence of prior research and adequate null models, conclusions of possible interactions and associations between species could not be drawn.Monoxenous nematodes were more abundant and prevalent than heteroxenous species, reflecting the differences in their life cycles. Of the monoxenous nematodes, geohelminths sensu stricto had the highest prevalence values, whereas ageohelminths were most abundant, with respect to their life strategies that favour either dispersal or accumulation. Shannon’s diversity index for the total sample was 1.44, a high value compared to those from other European based studies. A significant negative correlation between site distance and Sorensen index values was not found, implying that spatial factors have an important role in structuring intestinal nematode communities on a local scale. Sex ratio was generally female-biased, in agreement with data from other authors. In addition, females were larger than males, congruent with previous findings for parasitic nematodes.Elevation did not significantly influence intestinal nematode abundance. Host sex influenced the prevalence of two species: for S. stroma prevalence was higher in males, and for Trichuris muris in females. Influence of host sex on abundance was found only for Aonchotheca annulosa, with abundances of this parasite higher in male mice. The results suggest that the effectof host sex on parasite infection levels is a highly complex phenomenon. Infection prevalence and abundance was higher in hosts that carried B chromosomes. Site was a significant factor in explaining variations in nematode abundance. Hostage and presence of other nematode species also exibited effects. An increase in nematode abundance with host age is explained by prolonged exposure to parasites in older host individuals. Although results indicate that the abundance of one species influences the abundance of another, this is not firm evidence of the existence of species interactions.

Natrix tessellata predstavlja vrstu neotrovne zmije koja ima široko rasprostranjenje.Posebno interesantnu populaciju ribarica čine zmije koje naseljavaju izolovana ostrva kao što je to slučaj na ostrvu Golem grad koje se nalazi na Prespankom jezeru u Makedoniji. Imajući u vidu da je ova populacija na ovom lokalitetu izuzetno brojna i slabo istražena, cilj studije je bio da se ispita životna istorija date vrste zmija, njene osnovne morfološke karakteristike, seksualni polimorfizam, zastupljenost različitih kolor morfi, dnevnu i sezonsku aktivnost, predaciju kao i njihove reproduktivne karakteristike. Studija je sprovedena na ukupno 3850 jedinki ribarica na ostrvu Golem grad tokom prolećne i letnje sezone u periodu od 2008. do 2012. godine, a uključila je i određivanje kondicionog indeksa i njegovu vezu sa kolor morfama, polom i uzrasnim kategorijama. Rezultati ove studije su pokazali da je populacija ribarica koja naseljava ostrvo Golem grad, specifična iz nekoliko razloga. Najpre, na relativno malom prostoru stalno je naseljen veliki broj jedinki, sa podjednakom zastupljenošću sve tri kolor morfe (tačkasta, siva i melanična kolor morfa) što predstavlja specifičnost i različitost u odnosu na sve ostale lokalitete koje naseljava ova vrsta zmije. Takođe, prosečne vrednosti ispitivanih morfoloških karakteristika ženki su značajno veće u odnosu na mužjake u sve tri uzrasne kategorije (juvenilni, subadulti i adulti). Fertilitet i fekunditet, kao i kondicioni indeks je pokazao specifičnost u odnosu na ispitivane zone ostrva. Sumiranjem i analizom svih iznesenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je populacijaribarica Natrix tessellata na ostrvu Golem grad jako specifična zbog ujednačenog prisustva sve tri kolor morfe koje pokazuju svoju ekološku, reproduktivnu i morfološku specifičnost u odnosu na populacije ribarica koje su ispitivane na drugim lokalitetima njihovog rasprostranjenja. Kako bi se posebnost ove populacije u potpunosti objasnila sa različitih evolutivnih i ekoloških aspekata, neophodno je izvršiti dalja ispitivanja tokom sledećih aktivnih sezona., Natrix tessellata represents one specific type of non-toxic snake that have a wide distribution. Particularly this population of dice snake is interesting because it is consists of snakes that inhabit the isolated island Golem grad in Prespa lake in FYR Macedonia.Bearing in mind that this population at this particular site is extremely dense and poorly investigated, the goal of this study was to examine the life history of these species, its morphological characteristics, sexual polymorphism, presence of the different color morphs, duirnal and seasonal activity, predation and their reproductive characteristics. The study was conducted on a total of 3850 individuals of dice snake on the island Golem grad during the spring and summer season in the period from 2008. to 2012., and included the determination of the fitness index and its relationship with a color morph, sex and age categories.Results of this study showed that the population of dice snakes that inhabits the island Golem grad, are specific for several reasons. First, the relatively small area has been inhabited by large number of individuals, with equal representation of all three color morphs (dotted, gray and melanic morph) which represents the specificity and diversity in relation to all other localities inhabited by this species of snake. Also, the average value of measured morphological characteristics in females were significantly higher than in males in all three age categories (juvenile, subadult and adult). Fertility and fecundity, and fitness index have showed the specificity acording to specific zone of the island. By summarizing and analyzing of results it can be conclude that the population of Natrix tessellata which inhabits island Golem grad are very specific due to the uniform presence of all three color morphs that demonstrate their environmental, reproductive and morphological specificity in comparison of dice snakes populations that have been studied in other localities of their distribution range. In order to be fully explained unicity of this population from different evolutionary and ecological aspects, it is necessary to do further research during the next active seasons.

У докторској дисертацији је најпре анализирано теоријско утемељење корелације (интердисциплинарности) и њена заступљеност у настави природних наука, а затим заступљеност и реализација еколошких садржаја у средњим школама у Србији. На основу те анализе дошло се до сазнања да је због познавања еколошких појмова у животу савременог човека и њиховог бољег разумевања и усвајања од стране ученика неопходно применити ефикасније моделе њихове реализације у средњим школама. Сходно томе је обављено педагошко истраживање у коме је наставна тема Екологија, заштита и унапређивање животне средине у другом разреду гимназије друштвено-језичког смера, реализована током 13 часова применом различитих модела наставе у експерименталној (Е) и контролној (К) групи. Ова наставна тема је у Е групи обрађена интердисциплинарним приступом (корелацијом појмова из биологије, географије, хемије, физике и математике), а у К групи традиционалном наставом. Узорак истраживања чинило је 150 ученика из две гимназије у Београду. Истраживање је реализовано школске 2011/2012. и 2012/2013. године, након чега су анализирани његови резултати. Експериментална и контролна група ученика уједначене су на почетку истраживања на основу општег успеха ученика на полугодишту, оцена из биологије, географије, хемије, физике и математике и на основу резултата иницијалног теста знања из биологије. Након обраде наставне теме Екологија, заштита и унапређивање животне средине на различите начине у Е и К групи извршено је финално тестирање, а затим и ретестирање ученика обе групе. За утврђивање значајности разлика у постигнућу ученика Е и К групе на сва три теста примењен је t тест. За сва три теста израчунати су статистички параметри: број ученика (N), аритметичка средина (М), стандардна девијација (SD), стандардна грешка (SЕ) и граница значајности (p). За испитивање ефекта интеракције фактора тестирање и фактора група, коришћена је комбинована анализа варијансе (Mixed-design ANOVA). За поновљена мерења у циљу испитивања значајности разлика у постигнућу ученика током различитих тестирања, у оквиру сваке групе ученика (Е и К) спроведена је анализа варијансе за поновљена мерења (ANOVA). Поменута мерења односила су се на целину теста и когнитивне домене. Ученици Е групе су остварили знатно бољи успех на финалном тесту (просечно 70,60 поена) и на ретесту (просечно 57,60 поена) од ученика К групе (просечно 51,80 поена на финалном тесту и 40,60 поена на ретесту) од максимално остварљивих 100 поена. Резултати финалног теста и ретеста су показали да је применом модела интердисциплинарног учења садржаја из екологије у гимназији остварен већи ефекат на квантитет и квалитет знања ученика Е групе у односу на традиционални приступ њиховог учења у К групи. Они су такође показали да су знања ученика стечена повезивањем појмова из биологије, географије, хемије, физике и математике олакшала не само разумевање нових појмова из екологије, већ омогућила њихову интеграцију и формирање функционалних знања. Остварени резултати ученика Е групе на финалном тесту и ретесту у односу на ученике К групе указују на потребу веће заступљености интердисциплинарног модела у настави екологије, биологије и других природних наука у односу на традиционалну наставу. У прилог томе су и изражени поз итивни ставови ученика у Е групи према интердисциплинарном моделу учења биологије (екологије). U doktorskoj disertaciji je najpre analizirano teorijsko utemeljenje korelacije (interdisciplinarnosti) i njena zastupljenost u nastavi prirodnih nauka, a zatim zastupljenost i realizacija ekoloških sadržaja u srednjim školama u Srbiji. Na osnovu te analize došlo se do saznanja da je zbog poznavanja ekoloških pojmova u životu savremenog čoveka i njihovog boljeg razumevanja i usvajanja od strane učenika neophodno primeniti efikasnije modele njihove realizacije u srednjim školama. Shodno tome je obavljeno pedagoško istraživanje u kome je nastavna tema Ekologija, zaštita i unapređivanje životne sredine u drugom razredu gimnazije društveno-jezičkog smera, realizovana tokom 13 časova primenom različitih modela nastave u eksperimentalnoj (E) i kontrolnoj (K) grupi. Ova nastavna tema je u E grupi obrađena interdisciplinarnim pristupom (korelacijom pojmova iz biologije, geografije, hemije, fizike i matematike), a u K grupi tradicionalnom nastavom. Uzorak istraživanja činilo je 150 učenika iz dve gimnazije u Beogradu. Istraživanje je realizovano školske 2011/2012. i 2012/2013. godine, nakon čega su analizirani njegovi rezultati. Eksperimentalna i kontrolna grupa učenika ujednačene su na početku istraživanja na osnovu opšteg uspeha učenika na polugodištu, ocena iz biologije, geografije, hemije, fizike i matematike i na osnovu rezultata inicijalnog testa znanja iz biologije. Nakon obrade nastavne teme Ekologija, zaštita i unapređivanje životne sredine na različite načine u E i K grupi izvršeno je finalno testiranje, a zatim i retestiranje učenika obe grupe. Za utvrđivanje značajnosti razlika u postignuću učenika E i K grupe na sva tri testa primenjen je t test. Za sva tri testa izračunati su statistički parametri: broj učenika (N), aritmetička sredina (M), standardna devijacija (SD), standardna greška (SE) i granica značajnosti (p). Za ispitivanje efekta interakcije faktora testiranje i faktora grupa, korišćena je kombinovana analiza varijanse (Mixed-design ANOVA). Za ponovljena merenja u cilju ispitivanja značajnosti razlika u postignuću učenika tokom različitih testiranja, u okviru svake grupe učenika (E i K) sprovedena je analiza varijanse za ponovljena merenja (ANOVA). Pomenuta merenja odnosila su se na celinu testa i kognitivne domene. Učenici E grupe su ostvarili znatno bolji uspeh na finalnom testu (prosečno 70,60 poena) i na retestu (prosečno 57,60 poena) od učenika K grupe (prosečno 51,80 poena na finalnom testu i 40,60 poena na retestu) od maksimalno ostvarljivih 100 poena. Rezultati finalnog testa i retesta su pokazali da je primenom modela interdisciplinarnog učenja sadržaja iz ekologije u gimnaziji ostvaren veći efekat na kvantitet i kvalitet znanja učenika E grupe u odnosu na tradicionalni pristup njihovog učenja u K grupi. Oni su takođe pokazali da su znanja učenika stečena povezivanjem pojmova iz biologije, geografije, hemije, fizike i matematike olakšala ne samo razumevanje novih pojmova iz ekologije, već omogućila njihovu integraciju i formiranje funkcionalnih znanja. Ostvareni rezultati učenika E grupe na finalnom testu i retestu u odnosu na učenike K grupe ukazuju na potrebu veće zastupljenosti interdisciplinarnog modela u nastavi ekologije, biologije i drugih prirodnih nauka u odnosu na tradicionalnu nastavu. U prilog tome su i izraženi poz itivni stavovi učenika u E grupi prema interdisciplinarnom modelu učenja biologije (ekologije). The doctoral dissertation first analyses the theoretical foundation of correlation (interdisciplinarity) and its use in teaching natural sciences, then the use and implementation of environmental content in high schools in Serbia. Based on this analysis, it was discovered that due to the importance of environmental concepts in the life of modern man, it is necessary to implement more efficient learning models in high schools in order to facilitate better understanding and acquisition by students. Therefore, pedagogical research was conducted during which the unit Ecology and Environmental Protection and Enhancement was taught to the second-grade students of social sciences-languages stream in 13 lessons by applying different teaching models in the Experimental (E) and Control (C) groups. This unit was done in the E group through an interdisciplinary approach (correlating concepts from biology, geography, chemistry, physics and mathematics), and in the C group using a traditional approach. The study sample consisted of 150 students from two high schools in Belgrade. The survey was conducted in academic years 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, after which the results were analysed. At the beginning of the research the experimental and control groups were equal in terms of students general success at the end of the term, grades in biology, geography, chemistry, physics and mathematics and the results of the initial biology test. After the unit Ecology and Environmental Protection and Enh ancement was done in different ways in the E and C groups, students in both groups were given a final test and then retested. The t -test was used to determine the importance of differences in results in the E and C groups in all three tests. Statistical parameters were calculated for all three tests: number of students (N), arithmetic mean (M), standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE) and the limits of significance (p). To analyse the effect of the interaction between a testing factor and group factor, a combined variance analysis was used (Mixed-Design ANOVA). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted within each group of students (E and C) to analyse the importance of differences in results of the various tests. The above measures were related to the whole test and cognitive domains. Students from the E group achieved better results in the final test (70.60 points average) and retest (57.60 points average) than students from the C group (51.80 points average in the final test and 40.60 points in the retest) of maximum 100 points. Results of the final test and retest showed that the model of interdisciplinary learning of environmental content in high schools had a greater impact on the quantity and quality of knowledge in the E group compared to the traditional approach used in the C group. They also showed that the students' knowledge acquired by linking concepts from biology, geography, chemistry, physics and mathematics facilitated not only the understanding of new environmental concepts, but also their integration and formation of functional knowledge. The results achieved by the E group students in the final test and retest compared to the C group suggest that the interdisciplinary model should be used more in teaching ecology, biolo gy and other natural sciences than the traditional approach. This is supported by positive attitudes of E group students towards the interdisciplinary model of learning biology (ecology).

Analiza ishrane je urađena na uzorcima 16 populacija vrste Bufo bufo, sa ukupno 356 adultnih jedinki. Od toga 8 uzoraka pripada podvrsti B.b. bufo-populacija sa 158, a 8 uzoraka B.b spinosus populacija sa 198 jedinki. Za analizu ishrane je korišćen i uzorak od 150 primjeraka, tek metamorfoziranih jedinki. Uzorci populacija su prikupljeni sa teritorije Srbije i Crne Gore. Ishranu ispitivanih podvrsta roda Bufo, na svim lokalitetima čine jedinke plijena isključivo predstavnici Invertebrata. Kod obje podvrste dominantan plijen su pripadnici reda Coleoptera i Hymenoptera kod B.b. spinosus (70,05%,16,92%), kod B.b. bufo (59,69%, 22,61%). Multivarijantna analiza urađena na ukupnom uzorku pokazujeda postoji statistički značajna zavisnost ispitivanih morfoloških karaktera žaba i promjenljive morfologije plijena. Korespodentna analiza je pokazala da jedinke obje podvrste preferiraju sličan plijen samo što je učestalost tog plijena različita po podvrstama i polovima. Kod tek metamorfoziranih jedinki Anura na oba lokaliteta prisutan je isti plijen sa malim procentualnim razlikama. Prisustvo relativno visokog procenta Chironomidae ukazuje da ove jedinke nisu u potpunosti prešle na terestrični način života. Dok prisustvo visokog procenta familija Formicidae i Byrrhidae ukazuje na ishranu kojoj inače teže pripadnici vrste B. bufo, prelaskom na terestrični način života. Vrijednosti širina trofičkih niša (BA) po podvrstama pokazuju da je podvrsta B.b. spinosus (B1A=0,15) imala neznatno manju vrijednost u odnosu na podvrstu B.b. bufo (B1A=0,16) , što ukazuje na to da su pripadnici obje podvrste imale prilično ujednačenu ishranu. Na osnovu taksonomije plijena zabilježeno je veoma visoko preklapanje niša ishrane između podvrsta (95%). Veoma su oskudni literaturni podaci o ishrani ove dvije podvrste, što podatke i rezultate ovog rada čini posebno vrijednim. Diet analysis was conducted on the samples of 16 populations of species Bufo bufo, with total of 356 adult individuals. Among that, 8 samples belonged to sub-species B.b. bufo – population with 158 samples, and another 8 samples belonged to B.b. spinosus, with population of 198 individuals. For diet analysis we also used the sample of 150 individuals which have just finished metamorphosis. Population samples were collected from the territories of Serbia and Montenegro. The diet of investigated subspecies belonging to the genus Bufo from all localities, was composed of the Invertebrata exclusively. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were dominant prey items in both groups B.b. spinosus (70.05%, 16.92%), and B.b. bufo (59.69%, 22.61%). Multivariate statistical analysis which was performed on the entire sample, showed existence of statistically significant dependence of morphological traits of common toadand variable morphology of prey. Correspondent analysis showed that individuals of both subspecies prefer similar prey, but the frequency of the prey occurance at different subspecies and sexes is different. Recently metamorphosed Anuran individuals from both localities, take the same prey with a small differences inpercentage. The presence of a relatively high percentage of Chironomidae indicates that these individuals are not completely moved on to terrestrial life. While the presence of a high percentage of the families Formicidae and Byrrhidae indicates a diet which usually species B. bufo aspire during the transition to terrestrial life. Values (BA) of trophic niche width (BA) indicate that the subspecies B.b. spinosus (BA =15) had a slightly lower value compared to subspecies B.b. bufo (BA =15) which indicates that both subspecies had a fairly uniform diet. Based on the taxonomy of prey, very high dietary niche overlap between subspecies was recorded (95%). Since there are very scarce literature data about diet of the two subspecies, the data and results of this thesis are particularly valuable.

Imajući u vidu opasnost od zoonotske i antropozoonotske transmisije Capillaria aerophilapozdravlje životinja i ljudi, u ovom radu je ispitivana prevalencija kapilarijaze kod lisicaporeklom sa različitih lokaliteta područja Vojvodine. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 146leševa lisica. Uzorci lisica su prikupljani od decembra meseca 2009. do decembra meseca2012. godine. Sagledavanjem rezultata patološke sekcije traheja i bronhija pluća 146 lisica,dobijena je izuzetno visoka prevalencija kapilarijaze od 77%, na osnovu čega se možezaključiti, da je područje Vojvodine novo područje u svetu sa izuzetno visokom prevalencomC. aerophilakod crvene lisice. Primenom koprološkog metoda ispitivanja kapilarijaza jedokazana kod 55 (41%) od ukupno 133 ispitivane lisice. Najveći broj lisica pozitivnih naprisustvo C. aerophilaje bio iz Južnobačkog (24,7%) i Sremskog okruga (21,2%), a najmanjiiz Južnobanatskog okruga (1,4%). Lisice Vojvodine su visoko infestirane kapilaridama.Ukupno je izolovano 1249 jedinki respiratorne nematode C. aerophila. Srednji broj nađenihparazita u traheji je bio 11,0, sa varijacijama od 1 do 60 kod pojedinih lisica. Međukapilaridama dominirale su ženke (67%), visoko reproduktivno sposobne, u odnosu namužjake (33%). Korelativnom analizom između sezonskih količina padavina u Vojvodini isrednjeg broja nađenih adulta C. aerophilau traheji i bronhijama lisica utvrđeno je postojanjesrednje značajne povezanosti. Patohistološkom analizom sluzokože traheja i tkiva pluća kod14 lisica, nisu bile utvrđene značajne patološke promene. Ni u jednom slučaju nije biloutvrđeno prisustvo parazitskih elemenata u tkivu pluća, koji bi ukazali na postojanjeverminozne pneumonije kod lisica.&nbsp, Having in mind an animal or human health hazard from zoonotic and anthropozoonotic transmissions of Capillaria aerophila, this paper is investigating a prevalence of capillariasis in foxes from different sites in Vojvodina.Research included 146 fox corpses. Samples were gathered from December 2009 to December 2012. The resulting extremely high prevalence kapilarijaze of 77%, based on the results of pathologicalsections of the trachea and bronchi of the lung in 146 foxes, on the grounds thatit can be concluded that the area of Vojvodina new area in the world with an extremely high prevalence of C. aerophilain red foxes. Coprology proved capillariasis in 55 (41%) out of 133 examined foxes. The majority of positive foxes were from the South Bačka District (24,7%) and Syrmia (21,2%), and the smallest number of positive ones were from South Banat District (1,4%). Foxes in Vojvodina were highly infested with capillary worms. A total of 1249 C. aerophilanematode has been found. Average number of found parasites in trachea was 11,0 with variations from 1 to 60 in somefoxes. Among capillary worms, females prevailed (67%), very reproductivly capable, compared to males (33%). Correlative analysis showed the existence medium significance level of correlation between seasonal precipitation in Vojvodina, and the mean number found nematode C. aerophila in the trachea and bronchi fox. Pathohistology of tracheal mucosa and lung tissue in 14 foxes did not determine significant pathological changes. In neither one of the cases was determined the presence ofparasite elements in lung tissue, which would point to the existance of fox verminous pneumonia.