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Xenophon's Socrates, like Plato's, holds that wisdom comes with practical abilities. But influential interpretations of Xenophon's Socrates attribute to him a splintered view of wisdom, on which there is no wisdom simpliciter which is specially connected to all good actions. This article argues that a crucial text (Memorabilia 3.9.5) is significantly more problematic for the splintered view than hitherto appreciated, while the texts which are supposed to support the splintered view do not. Instead, this article argues that for Xenophon's Socrates the unwise lack self-knowledge, and so also lack a special prohairetic ability needed for doing fine and good actions.

Socrates’ official answer to Meno’s question about the value of knowledge, near the end of Plato’s Meno, is that knowledge is stable. I argue that both the answer and the question have been widely misunderstood. The question has been taken to be why knowing at a time is better than true belief at that time, and Socrates’ answer has been taken to point to the greater persistence of knowledge over time. I argue instead that, given the broader context of the question and answer in the Meno, together with what Plato has to say about stability elsewhere, Meno’s question is better understood as a more difficult question – and Socrates’ answer as a good solution to it. This also involves arguing that Socrates’ analogy to the statues of Daedalus is not intended as the simple illustration of Socrates’ official answer for which commentators have taken it.

Bernstein Conference 2022 abstract. http://bernstein-conference.de

The swamping problem is to explain why knowledge is epistemically better than true belief despite being no more true, if truth is the sole fundamental epistemic value. But Carter and Jarvis (2012) argue that the swamping thesis at the heart of the problem ‘is problematic whether or not one thinks that truth is the sole epistemic good’. I offer a counterexample to this claim, in the form of a theory of epistemic value for which the swamping thesis is not problematic: evidence monism. Then I argue that another kind of response to the swamping problem given by Sylvan 2018 does not escape the problem unscathed, because it is not only instrumentalism that gives rise to the swamping problem. The upshot is that, given a standard account of fundamental value, the swamping problem favours evidence monism over truth monism.

What role, if any, does dialectic play in Aristotle’s epistemology in the Topics? In this paper I argue that it does play a role, but a role that is independent of endoxa. In the first section, I sketch the case for thinking that dialectic plays a distinctively epistemological role—not just a methodological role, or a merely instrumental role in getting episteme. In the second section, I consider three ways it could play that role, on two of which endoxa play at least a co-starring role. But in the third section, I argue that endoxa don’t play that co-starring role, by arguing for a deflationary account of what endoxa are. For that reason, the third view emerges as the most plausible; but the third view is, I’ll suggest, Platonic.

Tema/problemstilling: Ukomplisert cystitt er en relativt hyppig kontaktårsak ved Allmennlegevakten i Oslo (ALV). Tilstanden er oftest selvbegrensende. Om ønskelig anbefales ikke-medikamentell behandling. Forbedringsprosjektets formål er å redusere antall UVI-relaterte kontakter og rekontakter ved ALV ved hjelp av skriftlig informasjon, som kan bidra til å redusere residiv og antibiotikabruk, og på sikt bedre folkeopplysning og kvinnehelse. Kunnskapsgrunnlag: En oversiktsartikkel gir godt evidensgrunnlag for effekt av vent-og-se- resept på reduksjon i antibiotikabruk. Skriftlig informasjon til pasienter har vist god effekt på antibiotikareduksjon og folkeopplysning, skjønt evidensgrunnlaget er noe svakere. Godt validerte råd for å forebygge UVI er rikelig væskeinntak, bruk av topikale østrogener hos postmenopausale kvinner, og å unngå spermicider. Når det gjelder mindre dokumenterte råd må nytten veies mot potensielle ulemper. Dette gjelder vannlating etter samleie, tørking bakover ved toalettbesøk, fullstendig blæretømming, og å unngå kalde ben. Tiltak/kvalitetsindikator: Relevante strukturindikatorer er tilgjengeligheten av en UVI-lapp til utdeling ved ALV, samt opplæring av helsepersonell i bruk av denne som en ressurs til forebygging og behandling. Utdeling av UVI-lappen og rekvirering av vent-og-se-resepter er aktuelle prosessindikatorer. Likeledes er effektivisering av UVI-relaterte pasientforløp en relevant og målbar prosessindikator. Av resultatindikatorer nevnes færre UVI-relaterte kontakter og rekontakter, redusert antibiotikabruk i et samfunnsperspektiv, økt folkeopplysning, og bedret kvinnehelse. Ledelse/organisering: Mikrosystemet i dette kvalitetsforbedringsprosjektet er ALV. Dessuten er Antibiotikasenteret for primærmedisin involvert for videre produksjon og oppdatering av UVI-lappen. Konklusjon: Det vurderes hensiktsmessig å innføre UVI-lappen ved ALV.

Zusammenfassung Der Gewinn eines großen Turniers, wie zum Beispiel der Fußballweltmeisterschaft, hängt nicht nur von dem eigenen Können, sondern auch von der Reihenfolge der Spiele und Gegner ab. Wie diese Reihenfolge „gut“ gewählt werden kann, kann mit Mechanismusdesign, einem Teilgebiet der Spieltheorie, modelliert werden. Die Fußballweltmeisterschaft berührt also nicht nur kombinatorische Fragen – „Wie viele mögliche Gruppenaufteilungen gibt es?“ –, sondern liefert uns auch den Einstieg in diesen Artikel. Neben einem Einblick in das junge und spannende Gebiet des Mechanismusdesign betrachten wir einige Auswahlmechanismen näher, wie sie beispielsweise bei Klassensprecherwahlen Anwendung finden. Ein Artikel für die Kaffeepause mit Fußball, Pizza und Diktatoren.

We study mechanisms that select members of a set of agents based on nominations by other members and that are impartial in the sense that agents cannot influence their own chance of selection. Prior work has shown that deterministic mechanisms for selecting any fixed number k of agents are severely limited and cannot extract a constant fraction of the nominations of the k most highly nominated agents. We prove here that this impossibility result can be circumvented by allowing the mechanism to sometimes but not always select fewer than k agents. This added flexibility also improves the performance of randomized mechanisms, for which we show a separation between mechanisms that make exactly two or up to two choices and give upper and lower bounds for mechanisms allowed more than two choices.

We are tackling the problem of reducing high congestion in networks from a mathematical point of view. First, we consider resource allocation problems where a set of commodities jointly uses a set of resources. The feasible allocations for each commodity are a commodity specific set of subsets of resources. The cost of each resource is determined by a polynomial function with maximum degree d that depends on the number of comodities using it. We propose a local search algorithm to reduce the overall cost for which we provide an upper and corresponding lower bound on the locality gap. In addition, we give concrete values for the locality gap for small d. We also evaluate the general approximation guarantee for the linear case and show APX-hardness with a lower bound that rises if the Unique Games Conjecture holds true. Further, we consider impartial selection, where a set of agents cast nominations amongst themselves and we seek to select an agent with a high number of nominations. Each selection mechanism shall maintain impartiality, meaning that a user’s nominations have no influence on her probability of being selected. While it has been shown that no deterministic exact mechanism can guarantee any positive approximation factor, we relax the exactness requirement and allow to sometimes, but not always select less than the desired number of agents. We introduce a mechanism which achieves a best possible result for deterministically selecting up to two agents. In the randomized variant, a performance guarantee for the expected number of nominations is given. We give a best possible mechanism for the case of selecting up to two out of three agents. We also introduce upper and lower bounds for exactly selecting two agents. Further, we generalize and subsequently analyze our algorithms to select a larger number of k agents. In addition, our work provides a general allocation subroutine, which gives a quick, simple solution to the problem of fairly allocating representatives in proportion to group sizes. Finally, we consider the online dial-a-ride problem on the line. Users arrive in an online manner in some place on the real line and request to be transported to another place on the line. A server of given capacity which starts at the origin picks users up and delivers them, with or without temporary interruption, to their destination. Our goal is to minimize the makespan, i.e. the time which the server needs until the last request is fulfilled. We provide a competitive algorithm for preemptive online dial-a-ride on the line and we prove an improved lower bound for the non-preemptive setting. In addition, we show that a slightly modified version of the algorithm holds the competitive ratio in metric space. We also consider the offline problem and prove that we can construct instances such that the server has to make direction changes on the line arbitrarily often and give a dynamic program which computes the minimum completion time in quadratic time. Further, we show that in contrast to that, the non-preemptive offline dial-a-ride on the line with capacity one is NP-complete., In dieser Arbeit betrachten beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Problem der Reduzierung von starker Auslastung in Netzwerken. Zuerst betrachten wir allgemeine Ressourcenverteilungsprobleme, in welchen Nutzer gemeinsam eine Menge von Ressourcen mit negativen Skaleneffekten benutzt. Die zulässigen Verteilungen für jeden Nutzer bestehen aus einer nutzerspezifische Menge von Teilmengen der Ressourcen. Die Kosten für jede Ressource sind durch ein Polynom der Ordnung d bestimmt, welches die Gesamtnutzung einer Ressource auf ihre Kosten abbildet. Wir präsentieren einen lokalen Suchalgorithmus zur Reduzierung der Gesamtkosten für welchen wir eine obere und untere Schranke an die Lokalisierungslücke angeben. Zusätzlich geben wir konkrete Werte der Lokalisierungslücke für kleine d. Wir berechnen außerdem die allgemeine Approximationsgarantie für den linearen Fall und zeigen APX-Schwere mit einer unteren Schranke welche sich erhöht falls die Unique Games Vermutung wahr ist. Weiterhin betrachten wir das Problem der unabhängigen Auswahl, bei dem sich eine Menge von Spielern untereinander nominiert und wir eine Spielerin mit einer großen Anzahl von Nominierungen auswählen wollen. Jeder Auswahlmechanismus soll Unabhängigkeit sichern, das heißt, dass die Nominierungen einer Spielerin keinen Einfluss auf ihre Wahrscheinlichkeit ausgewählt zu werden haben. Es ist bekannt, dass kein deterministischer Mechanismus eine positive Approximationsgüte garantieren kann, weswegen wir die Exaktheitsbedingung lockern und erlauben, dass manchmal, aber nicht immer, auch weniger als die vorgegebene Menge an Spielern ausgewählt werden kann. Wir führen einen Mechanismus ein, welcher ein bewiesen bestmögliches Ergebnis für die deterministische Auswahl von bis zu zwei Spielern gibt. Für die randomisierte Variante geben wir eine Garantie für die Anzahl von Nominierungen in Erwartung. Weiterhin zeigen wir einen bestmöglichen Mechanismus für die Auswahl von bis zu zwei aus drei Spielern. Wir geben zudem untere und obere Schranken um genau zwei Spieler auszuwählen und verallgemeinern und analysieren unsere Mechanismen für die Auswahl einer größeren Anzahl von k Spielern. Zusätzlich gibt unsere Arbeit eine Zuteilungsunterroutine, welche eine schnelle und einfache Lösung für das Problem auf faire Art und Weise Repräsentanten proportional zu Gruppengrößen auszuwählen bietet. Schließlich betrachten wir das online Fahrdienstproblem auf der Linie. Nutzer erscheinen in einer fortlaufenden Art und Weise an einer beliebigen Stelle auf dem reellen Zahlenstrahl und fragen an, zu einem anderen Ort auf dem Zahlenstrahl transportiert zu werden. Ein Zusteller mit vorgegebener Kapazität, welcher im Nullpunkt startet, nimmt die Nutzer auf und bringt sie, mit oder ohne temporäre Unterbrechung, zu ihrem Ziel. Unser Ziel ist es, die Gesamtdauer, d.h. die Gesamtzeit, welche der Server braucht bis der letzte Auftrag ausgeführt wurde, zu minimieren. Wir präsentieren einen kompetitiven Algorithmus für das online Fahrdienstproblem mit Unterbrechungen auf der Linie und beweisen eine verbesserte untere Schranke für den Fall ohne Unterbrechungen. Weiterhin zeigen wir, dass eine leicht modifizierte Variante des Algorithmus die Kompetitivitätsgüte beibehält. Wir betrachten zudem das offline Problem und zeigen, dass wir Instanzen konstruieren können, so dass der Server beliebig viele Richtungswechsel auf der Linie machen muss und geben ein dynamisches Programm an, welches die minimale Vollendungszeit für dieses Problem in quadratischer Zeit berechnet. Im Gegensatz hierzu zeigen wir, dass das offline Fahrdienstproblem ohne Unterbrechungen mit Kapazität eins NP-vollständig ist.

We study general resource allocation problems with a diseconomy of scale. Given a finite set of commodities that request certain resources, the cost of each resource grows superlinearly with the demand for it, and our goal is to minimize the total cost of the resources. In large systems with limited coordination, it is natural to consider local dynamics where in each step a single commodity switches its allocated resources whenever the new solution after the switch has smaller total cost over all commodities. This yields a deterministic and polynomial time algorithm with approximation factor arbitrarily close to the locality gap, i.e., the worst case ratio of the cost of a local optimal and a global optimal solution. For costs that are polynomials with non-negative coefficients and maximal degree d, we provide a locality gap for weighted problems that is tight for all values of d. For unweighted problems, the locality gap asymptotically matches the approximation guarantee of the currently best known centralized algorithm [Makarychev, Srividenko FOCS14] but only requires local knowledge of the commodities.

Sponsing er i dag i stadig utvikling og det fattet vår interesse å undersøke temaet nærmere. I tillegg så vi et felt innenfor sponsing som manglet forskning; sponsing av kjente personer gjennom sosiale medier. Vi har i denne oppgaven sett på hvordan kongruens (samsvar) mellom sponsor og sponsorobjekt påvirker forbrukernes holdning til et produkt. Sponsing er et verktøy som flere og flere bedrifter benytter seg av som en del av sin markedsføring, og vi har spesielt observert en slik trend gjennom kjente bloggere/instagrammere. I denne oppgaven har vi tatt for oss Lene Alexandra Øien som sponsorobjekt gjennom et kongruent og et inkongruent sponsorat; det norske treningsmerket We are fit, og et fiktivt motemerke vi har kalt Moda Classica. Hensikten med oppgaven var å undersøke om kongruens har betydning og er med på å påvirke forbrukernes holdning til produktet. Vi ble oppmerksomme på et interessant studie utført av Speed og Thompson, og fikk dermed ideen om å videreføre dette studiet til å gjelde temaet sponsing av kjente Instagram-personer. Med utgangspunkt i Speed og Thompsons studie formulerte vi følgende problemstilling: “Hvordan påvirker kongruens mellom sponsorobjekt og produkt en forbrukers holdning til produktet?”. På bakgrunn av problemstillingen og andre forskningsartikler utarbeidet vi også følgende hypotese: Sponsorater med høy kongruens vil ha en direkte positiv effekt på holdningen til det promoterte produktet. Vi har valgt å benytte oss av kvantitativ metode med et eksperimentelt design, hvor vi baserte utvalget på kvinnelige studenter i alderen 19-29 år ved Høyskolen Kristiania. I utarbeidelsen av teori har vi, i tillegg til Speed og Thompson sin artikkel, lagt vekt på andre relevante forskningsartikler på området. Funnene i analysen viser at graden av kongruens er med på å påvirke forbrukernes holdning til et produkt i positiv retning. Videre fant vi at høy kongruens mellom sponsor og sponsorobjekt fører til en mer positiv holdning enn ved sponsorater med lav oppfattet kongruens.

Oxygen limitation of aerobic metabolism is hypothesized to drive organismal thermal tolerance limits. Differences in oxygen availability in air and water may underlie observed differences in upper thermal tolerance of intertidal limpets if oxygen is limiting in submerged environments. We explored how cardiac performance (heart rate, breakpoint temperature [BPT], flat-line temperature [FLT], and temperature sensitivity) was affected by hyperoxia and hypoxia in the finger limpet, Lottia digitalis, under air exposure and submersion. Upper thermal tolerance limits were unchanged by increasing availability of oxygen, although air-exposed limpets were able to maintain cardiac function to higher temperatures than submerged limpets. Maximum heart rate did not increase with greater partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), suggesting that tissue Po2 levels are likely maximized during normoxia. Hypoxia reduced breakpoint BPTs and FLTs in air-exposed and submerged limpets and accentuated the difference in BPTs between the two groups through greater reductions in BPT in submerged limpets. Differences in respiratory structures and the degree to which thermal limits are already maximized may play significant roles in determining how oxygen availability influences upper temperature tolerance.

This qualitative study examined lifestyles of older adults who migrate south in the winter. Interviews were conducted with 25 older adults (aged 60+) from the upper Midwest. Analyses revealed the following themes, including (a) snowbirds were flexible and adaptable to change, (b) there was continuity in personality, activity, and lifestyle, (c) friendships were established and maintained, (d) lifestyles were diverse, (e) health and safety considerations affected lifestyle, (f) internal and external forces shaped the snowbird experience, and (g) seasonal migration was developmental. Seasonal migration had a major impact in promoting quality of life and providing added meaning to the lives of these older adults. This study lent support for the concept of seasonal migration as an alternative to permanent migration (e.g., Smith & House, 2006), as well as McHugh and Mings’ (1996) circular life-course trajectory and place attachment. The snowbird experience can be explained as involving developmental change and continuity, family resiliency and connectedness, and successful aging.

This qualitative study examined the family relationships of snowbirds. Interviews were conducted with 25 older adults from the Midwest who migrated seasonally to the Sunbelt. Snowbirds did not perceive their winter experience as having a negative impact on their families in any significant way. The vast majority of snowbirds expressed satisfaction with how well they maintained their intergenerational ties and holiday traditions with family while they were away. Grandchildren were very significant in the lives of snowbirds, and family change affected, but did not end, seasonal migration. Seasonal migration enhanced the opportunity for almost a fourth of the participants to spend time with children and grandchild living near their Sunbelt residence.

© 2015 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Oxygen limitation of aerobic metabolism is hypothesized to drive organismal thermal tolerance limits. Differences in oxygen availability in air and water may underlie observed differences in upper thermal tolerance of intertidal limpets if oxygen is limiting in submerged environments. We explored how cardiac performance (heart rate, breakpoint temperature [BPT], flat-line temperature [FLT], and temperature sensitivity) was affected by hyperoxia and hypoxia in the finger limpet, Lottia digitalis, under air exposure and submersion. Upper thermal tolerance limits were unchanged by increasing availability of oxygen, although air-exposed limpets were able to maintain cardiac function to higher temperatures than submerged limpets. Maximum heart rate did not increase with greater partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), suggesting that tissue Po2levels are likely maximized during normoxia. Hypoxia reduced breakpoint BPTs and FLTs in air-exposed and submerged limpets and accentuated the difference in BPTs between the two groups through greater reductions in BPT in submerged limpets. Differences in respiratory structures and the degree to which thermal limits are already maximized may play significant roles in determining how oxygen availability influences upper temperature tolerance.

Polar areas are experiencing some of the most rapid impacts of climate change, yet we have a limited understanding of biological vulnerability to multiple stressors. Increased temperature broadly affected early embryo physiology in the naked dragonfish, while ocean acidification interacted synergistically with temperature to decrease survival and alter developmental rate., Anthropogenic CO2 is rapidly causing oceans to become warmer and more acidic, challenging marine ectotherms to respond to simultaneous changes in their environment. While recent work has highlighted that marine fishes, particularly during early development, can be vulnerable to ocean acidification, we lack an understanding of how life-history strategies, ecosystems and concurrent ocean warming interplay with interspecific susceptibility. To address the effects of multiple ocean changes on cold-adapted, slowly developing fishes, we investigated the interactive effects of elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and temperature on the embryonic physiology of an Antarctic dragonfish (Gymnodraco acuticeps), with protracted embryogenesis (∼10 months). Using an integrative, experimental approach, our research examined the impacts of near-future warming [−1 (ambient) and 2°C (+3°C)] and ocean acidification [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1000 μatm pCO2 (high)] on survival, development and metabolic processes over the course of 3 weeks in early development. In the presence of increased pCO2 alone, embryonic mortality did not increase, with greatest overall survival at the highest pCO2. Furthermore, embryos were significantly more likely to be at a later developmental stage at high pCO2 by 3 weeks relative to ambient pCO2. However, in combined warming and ocean acidification scenarios, dragonfish embryos experienced a dose-dependent, synergistic decrease in survival and developed more slowly. We also found significant interactions between temperature, pCO2 and time in aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase). Increased temperature alone increased whole-organism metabolic rate (O2 consumption) and developmental rate and slightly decreased osmolality at the cost of increased mortality. Our findings suggest that developing dragonfish are more sensitive to ocean warming and may experience negative physiological effects of ocean acidification only in the presence of an increased temperature. In addition to reduced hatching success, alterations in development and metabolism due to ocean warming and acidification could have negative ecological consequences owing to changes in phenology (i.e. early hatching) in the highly seasonal Antarctic ecosystem.

We study mechanisms that select members of a set of agents based on nominations by other members and that are impartial in the sense that agents cannot influence their own chance of selection. Prior work has shown that deterministic mechanisms for selecting any fixed number of agents are severely limited, whereas randomization allows for the selection of a single agent that in expectation receives at least 1i¾?/i¾?2 of the maximum number of nominations. The bound of 1i¾?/i¾?2 is in fact best possible subject to impartiality. We prove here that the same bound can also be achieved deterministically by sometimes but not always selecting a second agent. We then show a separation between randomized mechanisms that make exactly two or upi¾?to two choices, and give upper and lower bounds on the performance of mechanisms allowed more than two choices.

Summary Intermunicipal cooperations and Network-organizations are structures that have grown from an increasing fragmentation of the public sector, which has resulted in extensive regionalization processes with a rising demand for efficiency, innovation and regional competitiveness. The result is that tasks and responsibilities that have traditionally been perceived as governmental and thus subjected to direct democratic control,are now being managed in structures that are placed on the outside of representative democracy. As a result from this development can be seen as an established governance structure, beyond governmental control. This thesis main goal is to elucidate how legitimacy is created and developed, arranged like Stake describes it, as an instrumental case-study looking at, Forus Næringspark and the impact the companys basis of legitimacy has on its ability to influence the development of this region. The issue is questioning my own experiences and assumptions regarding how intermunicipal cooperations affects the environment without being subject to direct democratic government, together with awareness of the importance of democratic grounding for the legitimacy in such organizations. The study is based on document studies, and nine semi-structured interviews with key actors in the company's institutional environment. To understand how legitimacy is created, how different mechanisms and actions create different forms of legitimacy in organizations and institutions, this thesis employs a theoretical framework based on institutional theory, within the light of an epistemological standpoint that is close to Friedmann's "social practice epistemology". This assumes a way of thinking that all created knowledge through continuous evaluation and revision through open discourse contributes to form new meaning and new knowledge. The analysis and discussion of the findings in the data related to five research questions, done in the setting of the theoretical framework, to find out how different patterns of behavior, beliefs and forces that exist in the company's institutional environment affect the company's basis of legitimacy. The study confirms findings from relevant research on network organizations, which concludes that such structures often lacks democratic grounding. My findings also verifies that the company's owners seem to focus its ownership through traditional management and control regimes, rather than through communicative rationality followed by capacity-building interaction. This is a challenge for the company which then seems to have an imbalance in their basis of legitimacy, where the output-legitimacy as a result of very good results and production targets are high, while the input-legitimacy arising from democratic ownership, transparency and interaction seems to be impaired. It appears that this, along with several other factors affect its regional impact capability, because they are placed "outside" from the open and democratic planning processes, which leads to more action in a confined space outside the democratic authority. This can cause the company`s input-legitimacy to be further weaken, but it can also have negative consequences for the institutional environment that can be understood as "the regional force" and cause the "regional sustainability" in the Stavanger-region to be reduced. Sammendrag Interkommunale selskap er konstruksjoner som har grodd fram som følge av en stadig sterkere fragmentering av offentlig sektor, som har ført omfattende regionaliseringsprosesser med et stadig økende krav til effektivitet, innovasjon og behov for regional konkurransekraft. Resultatet er at oppgaver og ansvar som tradisjonelt har blitt oppfattet som offentlige og dermed underlagt direkte demokratisk styring, nå blir forvaltet i konstruksjoner som er lagt på utsiden av det representative demokratiet, styringen blir dermed mer indirekte. Oppgaven har som hovedmål å belyse hvordan legitimitet skapes og utvikles i et valgt kasus, Forus Næringspark, og hvilken betydning dette har for selskapets mulighet til å påvirke regionens utvikling. Bakgrunnen for problemstillingen omhandler egne erfaringer og forforståelser knyttet til hvordan nettverksorganisasjoner og interkommunale samarbeid påvirker omgivelsene uten å være underlagt direkte demokratisk styring, sammen med kunnskap om hvilken betydning demokratisk forankring har for slike organisasjoners legitimitet. Studien bygger på dokumentstudier, og ni semistrukturerte intervjuer med sentrale aktører i selskapets institusjonelle omgivelser. For å forstå hvordan legitimitet skapes, hvordan ulike mekanismer og handlinger skaper ulike former for legitimitet i organisasjoner og institusjoner har jeg benyttet et teoretisk rammeverk med utgangspunkt i institusjonell teori, og med et epistemologisk ståsted som ligger tett opp til Friedmanns ”sosial-praksis epistemologi”. Dette innebærer en tankegang som handler om at kontinuerlig evaluering og revidering gjennom åpne diskurser bidrar til ny meningsdanning og ny kunnskap. Med det teoretiske rammeverket som bakteppe er det foretatt analyse og drøfting av funn i datamaterialet knyttet til fem forskningsspørsmål, for å finne fram til hvordan ulike handlingsmønster, oppfatninger og drivkrefter som finnes i selskapets institusjonelle omgivelser påvirker selskapets legitimitetsbase. Studien bekrefter funn fra relevant forskning på interkommunale samarbeid og nettverksorganisasjoner, der det konkluderes med at slike konstruksjoner ofte ikke har en god nok demokratisk forankring. På samme måte viser også mine funn at selskapets eiere ser ut til å fokusere sitt eierskap gjennom tradisjonelle styrings og kontrollregimer, snarer enn gjennom kontinuerlig forankring og kapasitetsbyggende samhandling. Dette er en utfordring for selskapet som da ser ut til å få en ubalanse i sin legitimitetsbase, der outputlegitimiteten som følge svært gode resultat og produksjonsmål er sterk, mens inputlegitimitet som oppstår gjennom demokratisk forankring, åpenhet og samhandling ser ut til å være svekket. Det ser ut til at dette, sammen med flere andre forhold påvirker selskapets regionale påvirkningsevne, på en slik måte at de er plassert på ”utsiden” av de åpne og demokratiske planprosessene, noe som fører til mer handling i lukkede rom, utenfor demokratiske organer. Dette kan føre til at input-legitimiteten svekkes ytterligere for selskapet, men det kan også ha negative konsekvenser for de institusjonelle omgivelsene som kan forstås som ”den regionale stammen”, og føre til at den ”regionale slagkraften” i Stavanger-regionen reduseres.

Denne oppgaven tar for seg fuger i mur og betongelementer. Ulike typer fuger blir nevnt i bakgrunn, men oppgaven fokuserer hovedsakelig på ikke-kraftoverførende fuger. Fuger er med på å komplettere bygningsdeler. Det som ligger bak problemstillingen er å se på hva lovverket sier om fuging, hva aktører mener om temaet, hva et småskalaforsøk vil kunne gi av resultater og eventuelt en anbefaling på hvordan fuger i en EI60 murkonstruksjon kan bli utført. Småskalaforsøkene fokuserer på ikke-bærende murkonstruksjoner. Dokumentasjonsmengden vil bli vesentlig mindre ved å ha en preakseptert løsning. Slik det er per i dag må fugeløsningene dokumenteres tilstrekkelig. Behovet for dokumentasjon i henhold til produkter er at alle produktene er dokumentert etter retningslinjene til CE-merking. SINTEF har en veiledning på hvordan dokumentasjonen kan utføres tilstrekkelig, dette gjelder for utførende. Uavhengig kontroll vil også være med på å kvalitetssikre dokumentasjonen. SINTEF Byggforsk kunne helt klart være en nøkkel for videre forskning for utarbeiding av en preakseptert løsning for fuger i mur- og betongkonstruksjoner. VTEK10 refererer enkelte ganger til SINTEF Byggforsk detaljblader på grunn av at dette anses som gode løsninger. I en utarbeidelse av en preakseptert løsning vil dette kunne føre til mindre etterspørsel for sertifiserte løsninger. Ut fra hva de forskjellige aktørene mener ser det ut som det er uenigheter på temaet. Dette gjelder hvem og hvordan fuging bør utføres, om fuging oppleves som et problem slik det blir utført per i dag og om muligheten for en preakseptert løsning. Det er blitt utført totalt 10 forsøk hvor det er foretatt ulike fugeløsninger med variasjon i spalter, bruk av ulike materialer og forskjellige komprimeringsgrader på de materialer hvor dette var mulig. Forsøkene hadde 90 minutters varighet som et utgangspunkt. Brannen for småskalaforsøket hadde, i flere av forsøkene, en høyere temperaturvekts enn oppvarmingskurven. Dette ble holdt innenfor tidsintervallet fra start inntil 60 minutter. Ved 90 minutter var oppvarmingskurven 38 °C høyere enn høyest registrert branntemperatur i riggen. Alle tester ble utført konservativt, dette med tanke på at ingen av fugene ble murt eller støpt inn med mørtel. Ut fra forsøkene ble det oppdaget at bruk av vanlig byggskum, uten tildekning, ikke var holdbart til bruk som fugeløsning i en bygningsdel med brannkrav. Forsøk med steinull med 10 prosent komprimeringsgrad gav heller ikke gode resultater, dette var på grunn av at fugen var vanskelig å utføre korrekt. En mulig anbefalt fugeløsning for en bygningsdel med ytelseskrav EI60 vil være å benytte steinull som fugemateriell og utføre dette med en komprimeringsgrad på minst 20 prosent. Dette gjelder for horisontalfuger med spaltehøyde fra 15 mm til 50 mm og vertikalfuge med spalte på 20 mm.

Summary Marine animals living high in the rocky intertidal zone experience long durations of aerial-emersion, sometimes enduring rapid increases in temperature. To date, much of our understanding of the thermal physiology of intertidal organisms comes from studies in which organisms are exposed to increasing temperatures when immersed, with the added effect of aerial emersion rarely considered. In this study, we examined the physiological response of the finger limpet, Lottia digitalis, to increases in temperature under both immersed and emersed conditions. We investigated the thermal sensitivity and upper temperature tolerance of limpets through assessments of cardiac performance, metabolic rate, glycogen depletion and maintenance of protein integrity. Cardiac performance in response to ecologically relevant increases in temperature was similar in emersed and immersed limpets from 15 to 35°C and showed multiple break patterns in heart rate as temperature was increased. Overall, emersed limpets had a greater upper thermal limit on cardiac performance with the ability to maintain heart rate 3-5°C higher than immersed limpets. Metabolism in limpets also differed significantly between emersion and immersion, where a significant depression in aerobic metabolic rate was observed under immersion with increasing temperature. Greater levels of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins were found under emersed conditions compared to immersed limpets. Maintaining cardiac performance and aerobic metabolism to higher temperatures under emersed conditions is likely reflective of physiological adaptations to live in an aerially exposed environment. Measured field temperatures where fingered limpets were collected demonstrated that limpets have a narrow thermal safety margin for aerobic performance, and currently experience multiple days where summer temperatures might exceed their threshold limits.

SpaceX is committed to revolutionizing access to space for the small-satellite community. With over 40 missions on our manifest, Falcon 9 is poised to become the industry workhorse for space launch services. The Dragon spacecraft, developed in part to resupply the International Space Station, is capable of hosting missions for up to 2 years on orbit. In short, SpaceX offers highly reliable, cost-effective launch services and payload hosting opportunities. This paper defines the company’s secondary launch services and options, and how they will impact the small-satellite community. Secondary payloads, by definition, must accompany and minimally impact the primary payload. Despite this unobtrusive position, small-satellite missions continue to demonstrate incredible capability at reasonable prices. SpaceX recognizes this tremendous asset, which is why as the company continues to reduce the time from build to launch, it is prepared to meet market demand and support future developments with Falcon and Dragon products. Establishing expectations and success criteria for secondary payloads, and making these guidelines available for future mission planning will enable sustainable space access for secondary payloads. This paper describes the SpaceX approach to secondary payloads, standardized services provided to multiple payload types, and provides a current list of secondary launch opportunities. The small-satellite community is critical to the future of our industry, and SpaceX is committed to providing reliable, timely, and cost-effective launch services to enable current and future missions. SpaceX looks forward to offering launch services to this innovative marketplace and to continue decreasing the cost to space.