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2. Photocatalytically Active Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Effective and Safe 2D Material for In Vitro and In Vivo Photodynamic Therapy

Author

Fikret Ari, Önder Metin, Umut Cagin, Manuel Gómez, Özge Özgenç, Zois Syrgiannis, Maurizio Prato, Ahmet Ceylan, Cansu Gurcan, Ozlem Kucuk, Lucia Gemma Delogu, Mehmet Ünal, Cigdem Soydal, Mine Turktas Erken, Konstantinos C. Christoforidis, Hadiseh Taheri, Asuman Özen, Okan Ekim, Ceylan Verda Bitirim, Susanna Bosi, Açelya Yilmazer, Zafer Eroglu, Melike Sevim, Taheri, H., Unal, M. A., Sevim, M., Gurcan, C., Ekim, O., Ceylan, A., Syrgiannis, Z., Christoforidis, K. C., Bosi, S., Ozgenc, O., Gomez, M. J., Turktas Erken, M., Soydal, C., Eroglu, Z., Bitirim, C. V., Cagin, U., Ari, F., Ozen, A., Kucuk, O., Delogu, L. G., Prato, M., Metin, O., and Yilmazer, A.

Subjects
Male, Light, Cell Survival, medicine.medical_treatment, 2D material, Photodynamic therapy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biomaterials, Transcriptome, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, omic approaches, In vivo, Cell Line, Tumor, Neoplasms, medicine, Animals, Humans, General Materials Science, Photosensitizer, antitumor activity, Nitrogen Compounds, omic approache, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Graphitic carbon nitride, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 2D materials, graphitic carbon nitride, photodynamic therapy, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Photochemotherapy, A549 Cells, Cancer cell, Systemic administration, Cancer research, Nanomedicine, Graphite, 0210 nano-technology, Biotechnology
Abstract

Thanks to its photocatalytic property, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) is a promising candidate in various applications including nanomedicine. However, studies focusing on the suitability of g-C3 N4 for cancer therapy are very limited and possible underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that photoexcitation of g-C3 N4 can be used effectively in photodynamic therapy, without using any other carrier or additional photosensitizer. Upon light exposure, g-C3 N4 treatment kills cancer cells, without the need of any other nanosystem or chemotherapeutic drug. The material is efficiently taken up by tumor cells in vitro. The transcriptome and proteome of g-C3 N4 and light treated cells show activation in pathways related to both oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis which strongly suggests that only when combined with light exposure, g-C3 N4 is able to kill cancer cells. Systemic administration of the mesoporous form results in elimination from urinary bladder without any systemic toxicity. Administration of the material significantly decreases tumor volume when combined with local light treatment. This study paves the way for the future use of not only g-C3 N4 but also other 2D nanomaterials in cancer therapy.

Published
2020

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