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Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare the level of complements C3 and C4 in serum, and stimulated saliva between oral lichen planus (OLP) and healthy individuals. Methods: A case-control study was performed on 31 healthy and 31 who suffer the erosive type of OLP. Serum and saliva level of C3 and C4 were measured by immunoturbidimetry method. Results: C3 and C4 were expressed at a lower level in serum and saliva of OLP patients compared to control groups. Serum C3 and C4 levels did not correlate with their saliva levels. The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed significantly diagnostic abilities for serum and saliva C3 and C4 to discrimination of OLP patients from controls (cutoff [mg/dl] for C3 were 83 in serum and 3.45 in saliva and for C4 were 9.5 in serum and 0.9 in saliva). Conclusion: Serum and salivary levels of total C3 and C4 were lower in patients with OLP than in healthy controls. Therefore, they may able to discriminate OLP from healthy.

Objective: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is characterized by recurring ulcers, with well-defined margins. The lesions are confined to the oral mucosa (usually seen in non-keratinized mucosa). The disease manifests in the form of outbreaks, with a chronic and self-limiting course in most cases. Since the cause of the disease is unknown, many drugs have been studied to palliate the symptoms. Treatment used is multifocal and varies according to the predisposing factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recombinant Nano-based triamcinolone acetonide gel and compare it with conventional triamcinolone gel on RAS. Material and methods: In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial study, sixty patients with minor aphthous lesions were divided into two groups receiving conventional triamcinolone (CT) and Nano-based triamcinolone (NT). The patients were requested to apply drug four times a day for a week. The severity of pain (through VAS) and the size of the lesions (mean of the largest diameter of the lesions) were evaluated on starting day and days 2, 4, 6 after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using chi square and independent t-test. Findings were significant with P < 0.05. Findings: Of the 60 patients enrolled in the study, 5 patients did not continue; 21 (38.2%) cases were female and 34 (61.8%) cases were male (P=0.6). The severity of pain in NT group before and after the study was 1.4 ± 5.2 and 1.8 ± 1.3 cm, respectively and in CT group was 48.1 ± 1 and 1.8 ± 1.3 cm. The size of the lesions in NT group before and at the end of the study was 0.96 ± 0.1 and 0.18 ± 0.1 cm, respectively and in CT group was 0.93 ± 0.1 and 0.19 ± 0.1 cm. Among the mentioned variables, only size of lesions on the 2nd and 4th days had a significant reduction in NT group in comparison with CT group. Conclusion: The size of lesions showed a significant reduction on the 2nd and 4th days in NT group in comparison with CT group, therefore NT has a better impact on RAS in comparison with CT.KEYWORDSNanoparticle; Recurrent aphthous stomatitis; Treatment; Triamcinolone.

Background Oral malignancies have a significant effect on the quality of life among the affected patients. Curcumin is an antioxidant with a low bioavailability in the target tissue. Niosomes are carriers of increasing the therapeutic effects of drugs and reducing their side effects. This study aimed to determine the effective dose of curcumin niosome in the culture and then to compare its prophylactic effect in the form of mouthwash with that of its injectable form on oral cancer in rats. Methods This was an in-vitro and in-vivo study. Firstly, KB oral cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated in separate groups with free curcumin, curcumin-loaded niosomes, and the unloaded niosomes at four doses of 4, 8, 16, and 32 μg. The study rats were then divided into the following four groups: 1) no intervention, 2) only carcinogenic substance, 3) carcinogenic substance with curcumin-loaded niosome injection, and 4) carcinogenic substance with a mouthwash containing niosome. Results At the cellular level, a dose of 16 μg after 24 h was selected as an effective dose. In the animal phase, the use of injectable curcumin niosome was observed to significantly prevent the development of severe forms of dysplasia. Conclusions In this in-vitro and in-vivo study, curcumin-loaded niosome was effective in preventing the development of severe forms of dysplasia and the inhibition of the growth of cancer cells.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the shear bond strength (SBS) of zirconia ceramic to composite resin with various surface treatments following pressure changes. Materials and Methods: Totally, 135 zirconia blocks were prepared by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology. The samples were divided into 9 groups (n=15). Three surface treatments including sandblasting, tribo-chemical preparation, and laser application were used. For each method, 45 samples were considered and tested under different pressure conditions. Z-Prime Plus primer was used for bonding of all samples to composite cylinders. All specimens were stored in water for 24 h, underwent thermocycling, and were then placed in a pressure chamber under normal-, high-, and low-pressure conditions. Then, the SBS test was performed for each sample. Data were analyzed by two-way and one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results: The SBS was significantly higher in sandblasting and tribochemical preparation compared with laser irradiation (P0.05). Sandblasting, tribochemical preparation, and laser methods did not show a significant difference in SBS at different pressures (P>0.05). Conclusion: Sandblasting and tribochemical preparation yielded a higher SBS than laser. Different pressures had no effect on SBS, irrespective of surface preparation method.

The purpose of this article was to increase the knowledge about oral manifestations and complications associated with diabetes mellitus. An overview was performed on Google, especially in recent reliable papers in relation to diabetes mellitus and its oral manifestations (keywords were "diabetes mellitus", "oral manifestations", and "oral complications"). Data were collected and the results were declared. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. This disease can have many complications in various regions of the body, including the oral cavity. The important oral manifestations and complications related to diabetes include xerostomia, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, increased tendency to oral infections, burning mouth, taste disturbance, and poor wound healing. Oral complications in diabetic patients are considered major complications and can affect patients' quality of life. There is evidence that chronic oral complications in these patients have negative effects on blood glucose control, so prevention and management of the oral complications are important.

Background: Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract including the mouth. Bowel symptoms are predominant. Oral involvement may precede the GI symptoms. This case report presents a patient affected by Crohn’s disease with oral onset. Case presentation: We present a 30-year-old pregnant woman complaining of chronic, multiple, yellow-white crusted ulcers predominantly involving the lips. In addition, there were small painless lesions on the palate, buccal and labial attached gingivae, alveolar mucosa and vestibule. The lesions were present since 3 months ago. The patient had not previously experienced any oral lesions or systemic diseases. The laboratory tests were normal. Laboratory investigation showed increase in neutrophil and eosinophil count. Incisional biopsy of the buccal mucosal lesions was performed. In histopathological examination, acanthotic and parakeratotic epithelium with intraepithelial clefts was observed. Inflammatory cells such as eosinophil and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes were profoundly present in the clefts and diffusely in the epithelium. Blood vessels, collagen fibers and in-depth muscle and fat tissues were also observed. Based on these characteristics, the diagnosis of pyostomatitis vegetans was made. Considering the biopsy results and the presence of GI symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea after postpartum, Crohn’s disease was suspected and therefore, the patient was referred to a gastroenterologist for definitive diagnosis and treatment. The patient showed the diagnostic signs of Crohn’s disease. Conclusion: This report emphasizes the important role of oral lesions as the first sign in the diagnosis of systemic diseases.

Background: In recent years, the incidence of various types of cancer including lymphoma has been on the rise. Although there have been developments in terms of knowledge of its biology and treatments, its etiology is still less known. In this respect, lifestyle and dietary factors can play important roles in the etiology of lymphoma. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the lifestyle and the dietary style in patients with lymphoma of the head and neck. Methods: This study was a retrospective case-control research. The patient group (57 people) was selected from the department of oncology at Razi hospital in the city of Rasht and the control group (57 individuals) was selected out of healthy individuals referred to Guilan school of dentistry. Then, both groups completed questionnaires concerning the research variables. After collecting the required information, the data were entered into the SPSS Software (version 21) to evaluate the dietary style and the lifestyle in the both groups. Results: Comparing the lifestyle in both study groups, the rate of smoking (P < 0.0001) as well as the Body Mass Index (BMI) (P = 0.0001) in the patient group was higher than those in the control group. Moreover, comparing the dietary style in both groups showed that the rates of red meat intake (P = 0.005) in the patient group, and the consumption of fresh herbs (P = 0.009) and fruits (P = 0.043) in the control group were high. These differences were also statistically significant. Conclusions: The consumption of red meat, herbs, and fruit, as well as the body mass index were considered as predictors of lymphoma. Furthermore, smoking was directly correlated with the incidence of lymphoma.

Objective To determine whether dental implants impress oral lesions, and to evaluate the nature of their effect on the lesions. Materials and methods A comprehensive search was done via Google and PubMed for articles (including case reports and literature reviews) containing the keywords ‘oral squamous cell carcinoma’ (OSCC), ‘oral lichen planus’ (OLP), ‘lichenoid contact reaction’ (LCR), ‘osseointegrated implants’, and ‘dental implants’, in the last 10 years (2002-2012). Results The study included 24 articles involving patients with dental implants, and some oral lesions (e.g. oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma) or with a history of lesions. In these publications, there is evidence suggesting the possibility of emergence, exacerbation, recurrence, or even malignant transformation of the oral lesions after implant placement in some cases. Conclusion Based on our review of the literature, implant treatment does not seem to be completely safe under any circumstances, but may have some complications in subjects with certain diseases (e.g. oral lesions, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, allergic reactions, etc.). Therefore prior to treatment, patients should be fully informed of the risks. Clinical significance Implant treatment is best done with caution in patients with cancer or mucocutaneous disorders. How to cite this article Agha-Hosseini F, Rohani B. Evaluation of the Effects of Dental Implants on Oral Lesions. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(5):400-406.

Introduction In cervical lesions, various restorative materials can be inserted, which can be affected by the application of periodontal scalers. This study evaluated and compared the marginal seal of class V glass ionomer, composite resin, and amalgam restorations after subjecting them to hand instrumentation and ultrasonic scaling. Materials and methods In this experimental study, 30 sound human first premolars were selected. In each tooth, buccal and lingual cavities (4 mm mesiodistal width, 3 mm occlusogingival height, and 2 mm depth) were made. The teeth were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 teeth: (1) Glass ionomer group, (2) composite group, and (3) amalgam group. Teeth were subjected to thermocycling procedure for 1,000 cycles between 5 and 55°C water baths and a 1-minute dwell time. Then, each group was randomly subdivided: (1) Margins of 30 restorations were exposed to hand instrumentation procedures by applying 10 working strokes, (2) margins of 30 restorations were exposed to a periodontal tip mounted on a piezoelectric ultrasonic handpiece working at 25 kHz for 10 seconds. The specimens were serially sectioned mesiodistally. Each section was examined under a stereomicroscope. The extent of microleakage was ranked using a 0 to 4 scale at both occlusal and cervical margins of the restorations. Data were analyzed initially using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by multiple comparisons using the Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon test. Results The type of restorative material had a significant influence on dye penetration, whether in the enamel margin or in dentinal margin (p < 0.001). The microleakage of glass ionomer group was the highest. No statistical differences were found in dye penetration between scaling groups (hand instrumentation and ultrasonic scaling) (p > 0.05). Conclusion Type of restorative material had a significant influence on microleakage. No statistical differences were found in dye penetration between scaling groups. Clinical significance The microleakage of glass ionomer restoration is greater than amalgam and composite restorations after subjecting them to hand instrumentation and ultrasonic scaling. How to cite this article Rohani B, Barekatain M, Farhad SZ, Haghayegh N. Influence of Hand Instrumentation and Ultrasonic Scaling on the Microleakage of various Cervical Restorations: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(6):437-442.

"nBackground: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory muco-cutaneous disease classified among the potentially malignant lesions of oral mucosa. In this study we evaluated tissue expression of p53، ki-67 in OLP com­pared to normal oral mucosa."nMethods: Specimens (formalin-fixed and paraffin- embedded) of 44 lesions of OLP and 30 controls referred to immuno­histochem­istry (IHC) analysis for p53 and ki-67. Results of immunohistochemistry were statistically evaluated by means of Kolmogorov- Smirnov, Kruskal- Wallis and t-test. The level of statistical significance was established at P< 0.05."nResults: This study included 44 patients with OLP (27 females and 17 males) and 30 subjects as control group (18 females and 12 males).The mean expression of p53 in patients with OLP was greater than subjects in control group. The mean expres­sion of ki- 67 in patients with OLP was more than people in control group. These differences were statistically signifi­cant (P= 0.001)."nConclusion: Since p53 and ki-67 extensively accepted as important biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of malig­nant and premalignant lesions, therefore high degree of presence of these biomarkers in chronic premalignant lesion like OLP can be a great helpful in its prognosis and suggested treatments.

Background: Oral and dental care is very important for submarine crews, as they live in confined spaces while they are on their missions. If emergency dental conditions occur during submarine operations, dentistry services are not available. Objectives: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral and maxillofacial diseases among submarine personnel. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 74 submarine crew and 28 marine personnel participated after signing a written informed consent statement. The data was collected using a questionnaire that included items on the demographic data, medical and dental history, behaviors related to oral and dental health, and the probability of emergency dental conditions on the mission. The questionnaire was filled out for each participant by a dentist after performing clinical and paraclinical assessments. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The DMFT index (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) for the submarine and marine groups were 5.24 ± 4.16 and 8 ± 5.94, respectively. The number of missing teeth and the MDFT index were significantly higher in the marine group (P 0.05). Prevalence of the aphthous stomatitis was significantly higher in the submarine group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In general, the oral and dental health status of the submarine crew was better than that of the marine group. The prevalence of aphthous stomatitis, however, was significantly higher in the submarine group. One of the etiologies considered for that condition is stress.

In personal communication we have never seen or heard of hair being detected in the oral cavity. Even Julia Pastrana, the famous "Bearded Lady" of the 1800's, had no record of oral hair, although her entire body was covered with hair. Extensive records of her oral condition, including plaster models of her teeth have been preserved in the Odontological Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London city. She suffered from excessive gingival hyperplasia, but apparently no hair existed within the mouth. Some rodents have oral hair as a normal occurrence, but the condition is apparently limited in the animal kingdom. A case of hair occurring naturally in the mouth has been reported only twice previously. A third case of this rare anomaly is reported here. In this case, multiple hairs were found at the gingival sulcus in the labial, buccal, lingual and palatal tooth surfaces in an 11-year-old boy.

In personal communication we have never seen or heard of hair being detected in the oral cavity. Even Julia Pastrana, the famous ?Bearded Lady? of the 1800?s, had no record of oral hair, although her entire body was covered with hair. Extensive records of her oral condition, including plaster models of her teeth have been preserved in the Odontological Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London city. She suffered from excessive gingival hyperplasia, but apparently no hair existed within the mouth. Some rodents have oral hair as a normal occurrence, but the condition is apparently limited in the animal kingdom. A case of hair occurring naturally in the mouth has been reported only twice previously. A third case of this rare anomaly is reported here. In this case, multiple hairs were found at the gingival sulcus in the labial, buccal, lingual and palatal tooth surfaces in an 11-year-old boy.