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This article presents the results of an ethnographic study of student humor in a French elite higher education institution, specifically how students in the student community use the term polard. The data was collected between 2014 and 2018 in one of France’s most prestigious elite higher education institution. There are two main ways this term is used as humor, indirectly mocking students, notably those outside the student community, a practice that constructs the polard as a foil figure of a student who spends all their time doing schoolwork and refrains from participating in extracurricular activities, and teasing friends and acquaintances in interactions following a devalued behavior, seeming over-concerned with studies. Furthermore, there exist interactional scripts students can use to successfully navigate these teasing interactions without losing face. Finally, this humor is discussed in relation to the elite setting, as it is linked to the social closure of these elite higher education institutions, and it contributes to the production of an elite student community, by socializing students to privileged self-presentations characterized by ease and by creating distinctions between students, separating the truly elite students from the others.

Since the third wave of democracy, term limits have become a popular fixture of most constitutions intended to constrain the executive. Yet, recent constitutional reforms around the world show that presidents seeking re-election sometimes overturn the entire constitutional order to extend their power. What is the impact of these constitutional manipulations on the longevity of the executive in office? Using survival analysis of all political leaders and national constitutions from 1875 to 2015, this article demonstrates, for the first time, that when ‘authoritarian-aspiring’ presidents remove constitutional term limits, they increase their stay in office by more than 40%. Our findings contrast with a widely held position in the comparative authoritarian literature suggesting that dictators survive longer under institutional constraints. On the contrary, we argue that by removing constitutional barriers, rulers consolidate more power at the expense of their most ambitious allies and can stay in power longer.

What is the result of bringing unrealistic and overwhelming conditions of motherhood into the con- text of a global pandemic? This article aims to explore the impacts of maternal expectations and experiences in the context of COVID-19. Through first-person ac- counts of eighty self-identified mothers parenting through COVID, we aim to explore “good” mother myths, feelings of failure, and the paradoxical freedoms that occur under pandemic time.

This is a reflexive account of the messiness experienced by a Persian-Australian doctoral researcher interviewing social work and human service practitioners and people seeking asylum in Germany. This data collection was part of a cross-national comparative study of the impacts of policy on the experiences and perceptions of people seeking asylum and social work and human service practitioners in Bavaria and Western Australia. Through interview stories and the work of others, this article offers a first person account of the complexities, ambiguities and dilemmas that can occur before, during and after data collection, how these were navigated through the use of Finlay's (2012) five lenses for the reflexive interviewer, and some of the lessons learnt.

Background: In Brazil, the most relevant scorpions for public health are species of the genus Tityus: T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis, T. obscurus and T. stigmurus, the latter occurring mainly in Ceara, showing that severe cases affect more the population at risk, children under 14 years old. Objectives: The survey aims to identify what are the clinical and laboratory changes in children and teenagers affected by scorpion bites, as well as predictive factors in severe cases. Methods: This is an observational, retrospective and quantitative study of poisoning by scorpion accidents attended and notified by the Toxicological Assistance Center of Fortaleza (CIATOX / CE) from January to December 2019. Results: 820 records were diverted, in which 425 (51.83%) women were killed, of which only 3 (0.37%) were pregnant. Regarding the age group, 1-3 years old is more frequent, 183 (22.32%). The species T. stigmurus 534 cases, (65.12%), the feet region 271 cases (33.04%); the origin of the municipality of Fortaleza 773 (94.15%) and the regional II 122 cases (15.78%) had higher occurrences. Of the 820 cases, only 12 underwent laboratory tests, showing changes such as leukocytosis leukocytosis (72.7%), platelets (63.6%), hyperglycemia (83.3%), TGO (100%), LDH (100%), CK - MB (100%) and Amylase (30%). Conclusion: It was found that the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory profile of children and adolescentes is associated with the severity of scorpionism, which indicates an emergency characteristic, especially when it affects children. Keywords: Scorpions, Clinic Epidemiology, Intoxications, Children and youth, Tityus.

In Chinese, there are many words with similar meanings, but their usage is different. If one does not pay attention to them, one would get confused. Especially for international students that are learning Chinese, these types of words are problematic but important in the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. This article analyzes “little,” “some,” and “a bit” in terms of their meaning, as a part of speech, usage, etc. and strives to assist teachers and international students to develop ideas or methods to distinguish confusable words.

Tobacco Free Ireland is an Irish Government policy which demands that the prevalence of tobacco smoking in Ireland be less than 5% by 2025. From 1995 to 2015, teen smoking decreased from 41% in 1995 to 13.1% in 2015, and SimSmoke modelling suggested that the 5% 2025 target was achievable in this group [1]. But, in 2019, current smoking (smoked in the past 30 days) increased overall from 13.1% in 2015 to 14.4% in 2019, with the increase being greater in boys than girls (16.2% versus 12.8%) [2]. This threatens the Tobacco Free Ireland endgame. Here, we draw on data from two waves (2015 and 2019) of the Irish ESPAD (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs) to analyse the use of tobacco products by teenagers and offer an explanation for the change., Smoking prevalence decreased in Irish teenagers in all ESPAD survey waves from 1995 until 2015. However, in ESPAD 2019, current teen smoking and e-cigarette use increased, threatening Ireland's 5% prevalence tobacco endgame strategy. https://bit.ly/3yXVAyN

Brian Leftow continues to argue against my use of the constitution relation in explaining the Trinity. I consider his arguments, and have a bit more to say about Leftow's own formulation of trinitarian doctrine.

The COVID-19 crisis highlights how vital childcare is and demonstrates the importance of the often undervalued work of early childhood educators. This mixed methods exploratory study presents how e...

When we began to conceptualise the introduction to this themed symposium in Sex Education journal our initial instinct was fairly defensive. This came from, upon discussion and reflection, a bit of...

Sign languages have been reported to have manual signs that function as perfective morphemes (Fischer & Gough 1999; Meir 1999; Rathmann 2005; Duffy 2007; Zucchi et al. 2010). Turkish Sign Language (TİD) has also been claimed to have such morphemes (Zeshan 2003; Kubuş & Rathmann 2009; Dikyuva 2011; Gökgöz 2011; Karabüklü 2016) as well as a nonmanual completive marker (‘bn’) (Dikyuva 2011). This study shows that the nonmanual ‘bn’ is in fact a perfective morpheme. We examine its compatibility with different event types and furthermore show that TİD has a manual sign bı̇t (‘finish’) that is indeed the completive marker but with possibly unusual restrictions on its use. Based on their distribution, the current study distinguishes bı̇t and ‘bn’ as different morphemes even though they can co-occur. TİD is argued to be typologically different from other sign languages since it has both a nonmanual marker (‘bn’) for a perfective morpheme and a manual sign (bı̇t) with different selectional properties than the manual signs reported for other sign languages.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the English translation of Elif Shafak’s Bit Palas from the perspective of ecocriticism. As ecocriticism has emerged as a subdiscipline of cultural studies which has affected translation studies to a large extent, one can readily establish a relationship between ecology, culture, literature, and translation. In a translation carried out with ecocritical awareness, what matters is the extent to which the ecological orientations in the source text are transferred to the target text, rather than the fact that a translation is faithful or correct. In this way, translation can foster the construction or restoration of ecological thought. Bit Palas, which is examined in this study, deals with human life in tandem with the phenomenon of garbage. In this respect, it is obvious that the novel contributes to the ecological awareness of society. The novel which reflects the history, culture, and chaos of Istanbul through different characters centers upon the pollution that prevails the city in the second half of the twentieth century. Pollution which could turn into one of the most devastating ecological disasters manifests itself in different aspects throughout the novel. The garbage piles as the sole reason in the novel that triggers pollution is a phenomenon that integrates human beings with history, nature, and the city they live in. The main endeavor in this study will be to discuss how an ecocritical text is recreated in a new cultural and ecological environment. The ecological dimension of the study will be examined through the concepts of çöp [garbage], koku [smell], böcek [insect], and bit [louse]. Based on this, it will be determined how the translator tackles these ecological elements while transferring them to the target text.

In the absence of a wide-ranging literary history that would take into account both the initial impetus for New Narrative’s creation and the changes wrought as a younger generation came on the scen...

Howardena Pindell, Nautilus #1, 2014–15, mixed media on canvas, 68 x 70 in. (172.7 x 177.8 cm) (artwork © Howardena Pindell; photograph provided by Garth Greenan Gallery, New York)I am a bit of a d...

This article explores the victimizing experiences of individuals with mental illness using grounded inductive qualitative research methods, by extracting themes from 15 first-hand accounts of living with mental illness delivered on the TED Talks media platform. Emergent themes included (1) victimizing effects of the illness including the effects of medication and the effects of stigma, (2) normalcy, (3) the importance of help-seeking in the process of overcoming obstacles presented by mental health issues, and (4) victimization by others. We conclude that the speakers in our sample, even though they reflect an extraordinary level of functioning, still view themselves as what Becker (1991 [1963]) describes as outsiders, acting as moral entrepreneurs, crusading to normalize madness through a variety of strategies.

Qualitative researchers often engage inquiry with attention to the mind, a bit to the body, and scant attention to the spirit, ignoring the complex role that our inner lives play in conducting research. Black/endarkened feminist scholars center (re)search as an academic, political, and spiritual endeavor that necessitates the ethical practice of (re)membering, Thus, acknowledging spirit is at the center of inquiry, a tool of survival, and self-definition against enduring anti-Black oppressions and structures. This article explores how Black women (re)searchers who (re)member the spirit in qualitative (re)search can articulate new questions of qualitative (re)search centered on race, personhood, and spirit.

There are many Viking Age weights in Scandinavia, and not least in Swedcn. A few of the sphrrical weights with flat poles, which were used for weighing silver in trading situations, display so-called pseudo-Arabic inscriptions, i.e. writing which resembles Arabic but which is mostly illegible. Why did some people put Arabic-like writing on their weights, and what did they hope to achieve by this? These questions are discussed together with positive aspects of trade, interaction and encounters with foreigners, visual aspects of weights and weighing, as well as personal choices in the presentation of self-image.

A key find from the 2018 excavations at the settlement mound of Gird-e Rūstam (Gird-i Rostam) in the easternmost part of the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq, directly on the border with Iran, is an inscribed pottery sherd that can be assigned to the Neo-Assyrian period, more specifically the late 8th or 7th century BC. Albeit small, the sherd certainly belongs to a “carinated bowl”, which is a typical wine-drinking vessel of that time, and preserves a few signs of a cuneiform inscription in Akkadian language and Neo-Assyrian script. It is suggested that the reconstructed text contains mention of the local toponym Birtu-ša-Adad-remanni “Fortress of Adad-remanni”. This place is located in the border region between the Assyrian Empire and the kingdom of Mannea, which raises the possibility that Gird-e Rūstam could be identified with Birtu-ša-Adad-remanni.

Igor Gouzenko’s defection might have been the first—and most famous—of the Cold War in Canada, but it was hardly the last. Recently opened after Access to Information Act requests made by the Canadian Foreign Intelligence History Project, a number of records cast brighter light on this aspect of Canada’s intelligence history. This article offers an overview of how the Government of Canada established its policy to manage defection and those who defected. It offers a number of possible leads for future research projects, some, but not all, of which, will require the release of further material, whether under the Access to Information Act or a broader declassification framework from the Government of Canada.

Illustration 1 Safe spaces. Illustration by Yauri Dalencour.I am thrilled to be a guest columnist for this issue of Dance Education in Practice. To tell you a little bit about myself, I am passiona...

Cough is the most common symptom leading people to seek medical attention and, therefore, its clinical management is of fundamental importance. Management of chronic cough relies on identification and treatment of the background disorder maintaining the cough. Asthma, upper airway cough syndrome (UACS; previously called postnasal drip syndrome or chronic rhinosinusitis) and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) are the most common background disorders in chronic cough [1]., Sputum production may suggest asthma as the most probable background disorder maintaining the cough https://bit.ly/2Qk8aar

Almost since its inception, punk has been declared dead. What does it mean to live attached to something that is always, at least a little bit, gone? Examining how Justin Pearson merges personal accounts of death and mourning with a sense of punk that is rooted in loss in his memoir of his participation in a North American punk culture since the 1990s, From the Graveyard of the Arousal Industry, this article considers how a focus on living in the wake of the death of punk might shift scholarly and popular narratives told about punk. Punk outlives its death in the 1970s with a redemptive rebirth in which it became the subject of an anti-capitalist narrative. The article considers how Pearson’s memoir explores a different framework by insisting that punk may not be able to separate itself from the wider world, and that while this might appear to deal a death blow to punk, it also names a persistent set of conditions that define punk. After placing the memoir in the context of this redemptive account of punk as well as among those who see its limits, the article offers an analysis of several scenes addressing personal losses that merge with Pearson’s attachment to punk-as-something-dead-and-gone. The deaths that Pearson associates with punk rock are personal, but they also register the larger significance of loss for a subculture that cannot stop declaring its own demise, including especially the loss of a fantasy that sees punk as a refuge from the world.

There have been at least 100 governmental inquiries into teacher education in Australia since the 1970s, making thousands of recommendations, the majority of which have never been fully actioned or realised. Additionally, there is minimal evidence about the efficacy of this continuous review cycle. Here, we problematise these issues by conducting a comparative analysis of the Bassett report, Review of Teacher Education in Queensland, the first review of independent teacher education in Australia conducted in 1978, and the most recent review by the Teacher Education Ministerial Advisory Group, Action Now: Classroom Ready Teachers. Applying discourse analysis techniques associated with Foucauldian archaeology, findings reveal: a self-referential use of policy is accelerating; those involved are less likely to have knowledge of the discipline of education; similarities in the discourses despite the 40-year timeframe; and increased marginalisation of teacher educators. In the light of these findings, the authors highlight the need for teacher educators to be politically savvy about the mythologising and canonising of allowable problems in teacher education. Teacher educators need to challenge policy and enter the public sphere in doing so.

Guided by Dewey’s [1966. Democracy and education. New York: The Free Press] concept of ‘education as growth’, the purpose of this paper is to explore learners’ enactments of student voice in Physic...

Knowledge-making is a social activity. In this essay, I discuss how the economics discipline may be becoming a bit more cognizant of this fact, even though it goes against a long habit of imagining...

When I came across this book, my first thought was that the premise was a bit obvious. Relationships are important to student success. One would be hard pressed to find a less controversial positio...

In 1933, Ivan Bunin was the first Russian author to be awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. This article bears on the materials held in Moscow archives that contribute to the Bunin “Nobeliade” that researchers have reconstructed relying on foreign collections. The ego-documents of direct participants and first-hand witnesses of the events that took place between November 9 (the announcement of the Swedish Academy) and December 3 (Bunin’s departure from Paris to Stockholm) add touching details to this historical moment and also demonstrate different attempts to manipulate the laureate. Dozens of telegrams and some letters to the laureate are stored in the Russian archive of art and literature. They overlap with the letters of the abovementioned Bunin’s correspondents to other persons held in the House of Russia Abroad. They latter archive also includes a handwritten note of Bunin. This is the first publication of the mentioned archive materials.

Purpose A pharmacy services call center (PSCC) was implemented to centralize pharmacy phone calls and reduce interruptions of dispensing activities in 7 community pharmacies of an academic health center. An evaluation was conducted to define, quantify, and compare the numbers and types of phone interruptions before and 3 months after PSCC implementation. Methods Through structured, direct observation of pharmacy staff, the numbers and types of “breaks in task” (BIT) due to phone interruptions and other distractions were identified. A standardized data collection tool formatted on tablet computers was used by trained observers to document BIT for 3-hour time blocks on 5 consecutive business days (2 days of pharmacist observation and 3 days of technician observation, for a total of 10 observation days per pharmacy). Results Over 5,000 prescriptions were processed during 414 hours of observation (13.3 prescriptions per observation hour). Overall, BIT due to phone interruptions totaled 2.2 BIT per observation hour, with those interruptions reduced by 46.4% overall after PSCC implementation (by 30.0% in 4 small pharmacies and by 57.5% in 3 large pharmacies). Technicians were more likely than pharmacists to be interrupted by phone vs nonphone BIT (eg, distraction by another technician, pharmacist, or patient). Comparison of phone vs nonphone BIT suggested an overall 46.0% reduction in phone BIT in all pharmacies (reductions of 42.4% and 45.0% in large and small pharmacies, respectively). Conclusion PSCC implementation noticeably decreased the amount of phone interruptions and distractions for employees.

This study examines how 3- and 4-year-old Jewish children think and feel about Israel. The research, conducted as a collaboration between scholars and practitioner-researchers who work in Jewish ea...

This is an edited version of a talk given at the Robert C. Merton 75th Birthday Celebration Conference held at MIT on August 5 and 6, 2019. A video of the talk is available at https://bit.ly/2nvITM6 . This article is one of a pair of articles published in this volume about Robert C. Merton's contributions to the science of financial economics. The other article in this pair is “ Robert C. Merton and the Science of Finance ” by Zvi Bodie.

Teaching Computer Science in all level of education is not easy, because most students are scared of the programming. Therefore, most of the teachers in Slovak schools prefer to teach special software for a spreadsheet editor, presentation programs, etc. This contribution deals with our experience of using an educational board BBC micro:bit in the educational process. We will explain some of our prepared tasks for teaching programming concepts, which we used for teaching with BBC micro:bit in primary, secondary schools, and university. In the article, we will also focus on various types of extensions, which could be used together with micro:bit. We will explain the results of our research and look at whether using BBC micro:bit can increase the student's motivation for learning programming.

Anemia is the world's second leading cause of disability and because of that, it becomes one of the most serious global public health problems. Pregnant women who suffer from anemia are at risk of having miscarriage, babies born prematurely, low birth weight babies, and bleeding before and after delivery. This study aims to understand the effectiveness of giving beta vulgaris L (beet) fruit juice in increasing hemoglobin levels for anemic pregnant women. This research is a Quasi Experiment, using the Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The population in this study were 30 pregnant women who came for ANC examinations in October-December 2019. The sampling technique used was the total sampling technique. The data used for this research was the secondary data collected from the profile of the Jayapura City Health Office. Meanwhile, the primary data were collected using observation sheets and a digital haemometer. The analysis technique used was the Dependent T test (Paired Sample Test). This study showed the frequency distribution data before intervention, the level of mild anemia was 46.7% and moderate anemia was 53.3%. Based on the results of the Paired Sample T-Test, the value of p = 0.000 (p 0.05) was obtained. Beta vulgaris L (beet) fruit juice is effective for increasing Hb levels of pregnant women with anemia. Keyword : Anemia, Beta Vulgaris L (Beet) juice, pregnant women, haemoglobin

The workforce caring for children in residential homes are central to the outcomes for the UK’s most vulnerable children, although are often overlooked in research. The working practices, skills tr...

Understanding regional differences in the aetiology of bronchiectasis will be crucial to make a strategy to control the disease burden related to bronchiectasis. In Asia, where the prevalence of bronchiectasis is substantially higher than in Western countries [1], previous tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of bronchiectasis [2, 3]. Accordingly, the successful national TB control programme may be an effective strategy to reduce the disease burden of bronchiectasis in many Asian countries. However, to date, no data have supported this assumption. In South Korea, the incidence of TB has declined following government-led TB control programmes, which have changed the country's status from a high-TB burden nation to an intermediate-TB burden country [4]. Thus, the relationship between the incidences of TB and bronchiectasis in South Korea probably provides an answer to this research question. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether TB control was associated with a reduced incidence of bronchiectasis in South Korea, with consideration of other potential factors that can influence the incidence of bronchiectasis., In South Korea, the estimated incidences of bronchiectasis were 147–229 cases per 100000 with a decreasing trend. It may follow the concurrent decrease in the TB prevalence and incidence, and favourable personal and socioeconomic conditions. https://bit.ly/32UA8xH

News from Venus has raised fresh hopes of finding alien life right next door – but that is the easy bit. What are the chances we will find intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, asks Dan Falk

Introduction and aims: Health systems around the world face difficulties retaining their workforce, which is exacerbated by the early retirement of experienced clinicians. This study aims to determine how to incentivise doctors to delay their retirement. Methods: We used a discrete choice experiment to estimate the relative importance of job characteristics in doctors’ willingness to delay retirement, and the number of extra years they were willing to delay retirement when job characteristics improved. 2885 British Medical Association members aged between 50 and 70 years, registered with the General Medical Council, practising in Scotland (in December 2019), and who had not started to draw a pension were invited. We compared the preferences of hospital doctors (HDs) and general practitioners (GPs). Results: The response rate was 27.4% (n = 788). The number of extra years expected to work was the most important job characteristic for both respondents, followed by work intensity for GPs, whereas working hours and on-call were more important for HDs. Personalised working conditions and pension taxation were the least important characteristics for both groups. Setting all characteristics to their BEST levels, GPs would be willing to delay retirement by 4 years and HDs by 7 years. Conclusions: Characteristics related to the job rather than pension could have the greatest impact on delaying retirement among clinicians. This study was funded by a grant from the University of Aberdeen Development Trust (UOA Ref: RG14022), and the qualitative data collection (reported separately) was supported by funding from BMA Scotland (UOA Ref: RG14434).

‘If you loved me just a little bit, hey, if you loved me as much as you don’t love me’, sang the popular Polish band Breakout in the 1960s about the challenged potential of finding mutual understan...

COVID-19 has forced nurses to wear more personal protective equipment (PPE) than ever before in their professional lives.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is an effective intervention for people with chronic lung disease, with evidence for improvements in exercise capacity, breathlessness and health-related quality of life [1]. It is strongly recommended in clinical guidelines for the management of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [2] and there is growing evidence for its effectiveness in other respiratory conditions [3–5]. The majority of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes are centre based, requiring participants to attend an outpatient centre for every session of supervised exercise and education related to self-management [6]., Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation is a clinically effective alternative for people who cannot attend centre-based programmes https://bit.ly/33qPx7A

Forest School is an outdoor learning program aimed at improving wellbeing and resilience. Few studies discuss Forest School experiences from the viewpoint of adolescent girls, particularly those with mental health risk factors. The study’s aim was to explore the experiences of adolescent girls involved in a Forest School program in Scotland. An interpretive approach, using qualitative interviews captured the experiences of eight girls, who were considered at risk for mental health problems, participating in a Forest School program in rural Scotland. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, which facilitated understanding the complexity of meaning participants attached to their experiences. Four main themes were identified from interviews; mental wellbeing and resilience, community and social interaction, learning, and perception of Forest School. Most participants felt the program positively affected their mood, confidence, social skills and relationships, which went beyond the Forest School setting.

Urban sociology highlights an important role that a city’s social infrastructure, or “third-places,” play in supporting healthy communities. Informed by social identity theorizing, this study explores when and why older adults engage with third-places and how a sense of wellbeing can be derived from their participation. Focus-group interviews were conducted with a sample of community-dwelling older adults ( N = 31) to examine the nature of one such third-place, a suburban neighborhood bridge club. Thematic analysis suggests that (a) the socio-spatial context of third-places can both enable and restrict participation, (b) third-places can support positive social identities (as bridge players, club members, locals), (c) enacting these identities in third-places facilitates a sense of wellbeing, and (d) third-places are potential connectors to the wider community. We discuss the policy implications for the development of age-friendly cities and the role of social identity processes in engaging with community groups in third-places.

Exercise intolerance is characteristically multi-factorial in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1]. At least in symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe airflow limitation, higher operating lung volumes assume a relevant role in decreasing patients’ tolerance to sustain “prolonged” exercise. As a consequence of the dynamic increase in the end-expiratory lung volume, tidal volume (VT) occurs close to total lung capacity (TLC), thereby reducing the room for further lung–chest wall expansion. The combination of low dynamic lung compliance and a severely reduced inspiratory reserve volume causes a mismatch between a growing respiratory neural drive and the resulting lung–chest wall displacement [2]. It has been postulated that such critical inspiratory constraints (CIC) lead to a plateau in VT, and a concomitant increase in dyspnoea as a function of ventilation (V′E) [3]. Accordingly, patients change their perception of the uncomfortable respiratory sensations from “laboured breathing” to “insufficient inspiration”, prompting early exercise termination [4]., The concept of critical inspiratory constraints is key to the modern understanding of exercise pathophysiology in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD https://bit.ly/2A6bCxD