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The Similipal biosphere is located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India, and is 2,750 km2 (1,060 sq mi) in size. The purpose of this research is to document the cyanobacteria collected from tree bark and rock surfaces at various collection sites of Similipal Biosphere Reserve. In the present study, a total of 25 cyanobacterial species under 15 genera, 12 families and 05 orders under division Cyanophyta was reported from different sites of Similipal biosphere reserve, Odisha. Out of 25 cyanobacterial species, 21 are first time recorded from the Similipal biosphere reserve such as Anabaena subcylindrical, Aphanothece microscopica, Calothrix clavatoides, Chroococcus minor, Chroococcus minutus, Chroococcidiopsiska shayi, Gloeocapsa punctata, Gloeothece palea, Hapalosiphon hibernicus, Nostoc piscinale, Oscillatoria subbrevis, Phormidium ambiguum, Phormidium aerugineo-caeruleum, Phormidium bulgaricum, Phormidium kolkwitzii, Phormidium retzii, Planktothrixclathrata, Planktothrix isothrix, Scytonema javanicum, Scytonema stuposum, Tolypothrix rechingeri.

Abstract: Rapid global modernization, urbanization, industrialization, and frequent natural processes release toxic heavy metals into the environment such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se). In the present scenario, soil and water ecosystems are the main environmental alarms. The remediation of contaminated soils and water ecosystems with appropriate approaches is urgently needed. Physical remediation strategies are conventional, expensive, and nonspecific. In contrast, phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and fast-growing approach that is accomplished due to the high uptake of toxic heavy metals from the environment. Since plants are slow-growing and have low biomass they urgently need to be bioengineered for high biomass. On the other hand, biotechnology helps identify and isolate gene coding for heavy metal resistance tolerance in plants. Moreover, molecular cloning and the manifestation of heavy metal accumulator genes and other associated genes & enzymes can facilitate the remediation rates, which will make the process with a large-scale application that will improve the phytoremediation process. This review highlights the biotechnological methods and strategies for the remediation of heavy metals and metalloid containment from environments. Furthermore, this review also comprises the improvements and implications of phytoremediation as well as their operations and applications to reduce toxic pollutants from environments and to improvise phytoremediation efficiency to tolerate various heavy metal pollutants highlighting future challenges.

The current study focuses on the diversity of algae in the six reservoirs of Ganjam District, Odisha. This investigation was conducted in January 2020-December 2021. In total, 31 algal species have been identified, including 4 species of Cyanobacteria, 3 species of Euglenophyta, 14 species of Bacillariophyta, 4 species of Chlorophyta, 5 species of Charophyta, and 1 species of Ochrophyta. On the other hand, 19 species are for the first time recorded from Ganjam, while 8 species are recorded for the first time from Odisha, i.e. namely Komvophoron constrictum (Szafer) Anagnostidis and Komárek, Cymbella lanceolata C. Agardh, Encyonopsisc zarneckii Bahls, Nitzschia reversa W.Smith, Desmodesmus brasiliensis (Bohlin) E. Hegewald, Cosmarium formosulum Hoff, Euastrum spinulosum var. burmense (West and G.S.West) Willi Krieger, and Centritractus belenophorus var. skujae Kiriakov.

The eastern part of Odisha is the coastal line covering the districts from Ganjam to Balasore. In the present investigation, a total 54 phytoplankton species under 30 genera were reported from different sites of east coast Odisha. The diversity of phytoplankton included three divisions such as Chlorophyta (02 species), Bacillariophyta (42 species) and Dinophyta (10 species). Altogether 21 phytoplanktons were for the first time from the Odisha coast, namely Alexandrium foedum Balech, Bleakeleya notata (Grunow) Round, Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehrenberg, Coscinodiscus granii L.F.Gough, Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran & Angst, Diploneis vacillan var. renitens (A.W.F.Schmidt) Cleve, Diploneis littoralis (Donkin) Cleve, Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow, Gonyaulax polygramma F.Stein, Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve, Lampriscus shadboltianum (Greville) Peragallo & Peragallo, Pediastrum duplex var. subgranulatum Raciborski, Pediastrum simplex Meyen, Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundstrom, Pseudonitzschia seriata (Cleve) H. Peragallo, Rhizosolenia pungens A. Cleve-Euler, Stephanopyxis palmeriana (Greville) Grunow, Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky, Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve and Thalassiosira oestrupii var venrickae G.Fryxell & Hasle. Furthermore, our results revealed that few diatom species such as Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehrenberg, Coscinodiscus centralis Ehrenberg, Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran & Angst, Bacteriastrum delicatulum Cleve and Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder were recorded in more than five sites of east coast Odisha. By the analysis of Bary-Curtis similarity cluster, similarity index, Jaccard’s similarity and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that these species have the ability to survive in the diverse ecological conditions. On the other hand, only two species of chlorophyceae namely Pediastrum simplex Meyen and Pediastrum duplex var. subgranulatum Raciborski were recorded in two sites of Bhadrak district only. Moreover, 14 bloom and toxin producing phytoplanktons were for the first time recorded in the present study.

The frequent inefficiency of conventional cancer therapies due to drug resistance, non-targeted drug delivery, chemotherapy-associated toxic side effects turned the focus to bioactive phytochemicals. In this context, curcumin and resveratrol have emerged as potent chemopreventive and chemoprotective compounds modulating apoptotic and autophagic cell death pathways in cancer in vitro and in vivo. As synergistic agents in combination with clinically established anticancer drugs, the enhanced anticancer activity at reduced chemotherapy-associated toxicity towards normal organs can be explained by improved pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability and metabolism. With promising preclinical and clinical applications, the design of drug-loaded nanoparticles, nanocarriers, liposomes and micelles have gained much attention to improve target specificity and drug efficacy. The present review focuses on the molecular modes of chemoprevention, chemoprotection and drug synergism with special emphasis to preclinical and clinical applications, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and advanced drug delivery methods for the development of next-generation personalized cancer therapeutics.

The global incidence of cancer and cancer-related mortality is expected to rise in recent years despite advancements in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Increasing evidences of decrypting molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression have commanded the tremendous development of synthetic anticancer drugs. With limitations in the current conventional cancer therapeutic approaches, the non-nutritive dietary phytochemicals have emerged as potent modulators of apoptosis and autophagy associated key signaling pathways in various cancer cells. The dynamic regulation of apoptosis and autophagy by phytochemicals in cancer are identified as promising therapeutic candidates with minimal cytotoxicity and enhanced biological activity. Dietary phytochemicals and their synthetic analogs have exhibited potency in the modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in several cancer cells as individuals or in combination with pre-existing FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved anticancer drugs. In the current generation of medical science, developing precision and personalized medicine and their consumption as food supplements will hold high prevalence in cancer therapeutics. Hence understating the impact of dietary phytochemicals on human health and their molecular mechanism will thrive a new horizon in cancer therapeutics. Hence, this review has emphasized the role of apoptotic/autophagy modulating dietary phytochemicals in cancer therapy, their preclinical and clinical applications and the future direction of enhanced nano-formulation for better clinical efficacy.

Background The natural antioxidants from Chlorella have potent therapeutic implication in several diseases. However, the anti-bacterial activity and their molecular mode of action have not been investigated yet. The present study focussed on the assessment of antioxidant potential as well as free radical scavenging activity such as DPPH, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion radical assay of Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck [Beijerinck] (BUACC25) isolated from marine habitat. Furthermore, the anti-bacterial activity and their molecular mode of action have been evaluated. Results In the present study, the preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic algal extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, terpenoids, saponins, coumarin, phenols, and tannins, which was confirmed by in an UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, indicated the distinct spectral peaks. The methanolic algal extract was found to be rich in phenolic content (45 ± 0.06 mg GAE g−1) and flavonoid content (470 ± 0.25 mg of RUE g−1). Furthermore, the methanolic extract was revealed potent antioxidant scavenging activity to scavenge various free radicals with minimum IC50 values of DPPH, hydroxyl, H2O2, superoxide 2.82 ± 0.30, 2.30 ± 0.25, 3.24 ± 0.32, and 3.15 ± 0.02 μg ml−1 respectively. Furthermore, the methanolic extract of C. vulgaris exhibited potent anti-bacterial activity which was evident with the reduction in cfu × 107/ml and % of cell viability. Mechanistically, reduction of SOD, CAT, and GSH activity provoked ROS-mediated cell death after drug treatment. Moreover, in combination with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, methanolic extract of C. vulgaris demonstrated enhanced anti-bacterial activity with an evident reduction in cfu/ml and % of cell viability. Conclusion This study advocates that C. vulgaris (BUACC25) has promising antioxidant activity owing to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids evidenced by scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl, H2O2, and superoxide radicals. In addition to this, it sustained anti-microbial activity against E. coli through modulation of SOD, CAT, and GSH. This study carved a path for uncovering a better therapeutic agent against disease-causing bacterial pathogens.

Aluminum metal pollution is considered as a primary limiting factor that reduced crop yield in South Asian subtropical country like India. In national context, Odisha contributes around more than 4...

Microalgae, the key components of aquatic environments, are executive natural biotic models for exploring genotoxic effect of heavy metals, irradiation and other external stimuli and the toxicant elimination. In the current scenario, removal of metal contaminants is a significant challenge. Recently, the effective removal of heavy metals from the aquatic environment using microalgae has gained immense intention. However, the concurrent toxicity has limited their use as bio-accumulants to reduce the concentration of heavy metals and promote heavy metal tolerance. Few studies opined that low dose priming with non-ionizing radiations, such as gamma radiation, increased heavy metal tolerance in plant as well as aquatic photosynthetic microalgae. In the present study, we have hypothesized the growth inhibitory physio-chemical properties by cadmium (Cd) in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and analysed the protective role of low-dose gamma radiations priming against Cd induced growth inhibition. In addition, we have specially emphasized on the mechanism of cell survival in the experimental species with effective notation to antioxidant defence system during Cd induced toxicity. Experimentally, we primed the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with low-dose gamma radiation prior to Cd treatment. On the other hand, gamma-radiated and Cd-treated organisms were considered as positive controls. We calculated the rate of cell death, the deployment of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GSR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, the role of oxidative stress related genes was analysed computationally to delineate their involvement in cell death/survival, suggesting that the low-dose priming of gamma radiation enhances the Cd tolerance by alterating cell/death pathways and other biochemical responses.

Seaweeds are high in bioactive chemicals frequently used to treat human illnesses. Porphyran is a polysaccharide found in the red seaweeds of the genus Porphyra. Porphyran has been discovered to have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-cancer effects via boosting immunity and targeting important apoptotic molecules, making them potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive drugs. Polysaccharide-mediated dynamic control of apoptosis and autophagy in cancer has been a viable treatment with low cytotoxicity with high efficacy. Thus, comprehending the influence of porphyran on human health and their molecular mechanisms would open up a new paradigm in cancer therapies. Also, the importance of apoptotic/autophagy modulating porphyran in cancer therapy has been highlighted as the future direction of improved nano-formulation for improved clinical efficacy. This review focuses on the current research into porphyran's anti-cancer efficacy and putative mechanisms of action through apoptosis and autophagy in various cancers, as well as its potential chemotherapeutic treatment in near future.

Seaweed-derived bioactive compounds are regularly employed to treat human diseases. Sulfated polysaccharides are potent chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive medications since it has been discovered. They have exhibited anti-cancer properties by enhancing immunity and driving apoptosis. Through dynamic modulation of critical intracellular signalling pathways, such as control of ROS generation and preservation of essential cell survival and death processes, sulfated polysaccharides’ antioxidant and immunomodulatory potentials contribute to their disease-preventive effectiveness. Sulfated polysaccharides provide low cytotoxicity and good efficacy therapeutic outcomes via dynamic modulation of apoptosis in cancer. Understanding how sulfated polysaccharides affect human cancer cells and their molecular involvement in cell death pathways will showcase a new way of chemoprevention. In this review, the significance of apoptosis and autophagy-modulating sulfated polysaccharides has been emphasized, as well as the future direction of enhanced nano-formulation for greater clinical efficacy. Moreover, this review focuses on the recent findings about the possible mechanisms of chemotherapeutic use of sulfated polysaccharides, their potential as anti-cancer drugs, and proposed mechanisms of action to drive apoptosis in diverse malignancies. Because of their unique physicochemical and biological properties, sulfated polysaccharides are ideal for their bioactive ingredients, which can improve function and application in disease. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the physicochemical properties and functionalities of sulfated polysaccharides and the use of sulfated polysaccharide-based delivery systems in functional cancer. Furthermore, the preclinical and clinical trials will reveal the drug’s efficacy in cancer.

Bio-nano interface is the boundary where nano scale entities meet biological systems to exert precise biological function. It unlocks new outlooks for more effective diagnostics, tissue renewal, and therapeutic interventions. In organisms, nanoparticles obtain a covering of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides from their surroundings, which reduce their surface energy and confer biological uniqueness to particles. Proper maintenance of a healthy life requires efficient and timely monitoring health to detect early onset of diseases. Nano-technological methods are spur development of more sophisticated tools for detecting early stages of diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The common neurodegenerative disease is AD that causes memory loss and deterioration of cognitive function. Furthermore, it displays additional neurological symptoms such as delusion, deficiency language, and learning. These symptoms of AD progression gradually ultimately leading to the prostration of individual functions. Therefore, strategies are made to overcome early detection and diagnostics for better management of AD. Developing proper prognosis for AD is one of the most challenging features in the era of modern medicine. In such scenario, nanoparticles (NPs) are emerged as the new tools to overcome the limitation of prognosis for detecting AD. Aggregation of amyloid-β peptide in the brain is supposed to be the prime incident in AD pathophysiology. This paper deliberated the role of nanotechnology in premature detection of AD and explored targeting outgrowth in diagnosis and treatment.

Resveratrol is one of the most investigated polyphenols for its multiple biological activities and many beneficial effects. These are mainly related to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Resveratrol has also been shown to have the ability to stimulate the production of antioxidant enzymes, which interact with numerous signaling pathways involved in tumor development, and to possess side effects associated with the use of chemotherapy drugs. In this review article we summarized the main discoveries about the impact resveratrol can have in helping to prevent, as well as adjuvant treating, breast cancer. A brief overview of the primary sources of resveratrol as well as some approaches for improving its bioavailability have been also discussed.

As a significant public health hazard with several drug side effects during medical treatment, searching for novel therapeutic natural medicines is promising. Sulfated polysaccharides from algae, such as fucoidan, have been discovered to have a variety of medical applications, including antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. The review emphasized on the utilization of fucoidan as an antiviral agent against viral infections by inhibiting their attachment and replication. Moreover, it can also trigger immune response against viral infection in humans. This review suggested to be use the fucoidan for the potential protective remedy against COVID-19 and addressing the antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharide, fucoidan derived from marine algae that could be used as an anti-COVID19 drug in near future.

Radiation hazards are accountable for extensive damage in the biological system and acts as a public health burden. Owing to the rapid increasing in radiation technology, both Ionizing radiation (IR) from natural and man made source poses detrimental outcome to public health. IR releases free radicals which induces oxidative stress and deleterious biological damage by modulating radiation induced signalling intermediates. The efficacy of existing therapeutic approach and treatment strategy are limited owing to their toxicity and associated side effects. Indian system of traditional medicine is enriched with prospective phytochemicals with potential radioprotection ability.The present review elucidated and summarized the potential role of plant derived novel chemical compound with prospective radioprotective potential.So far as the traditional system of Indian medicine is concerned, plant kingdom is enriched with potential bioactive molecules with diverse pharmacological activities. We reviewed several compounds mostly secondary metabolites from plant origin using various search engines.Both compounds from land plants and marine source exhibited antioxidant antiinflammatory, free radical scavenging ability. These compounds have tremendous potential in fine-tuning of several signalling intermediates, which are actively participated in the progression and development of a pathological condition associated with radiation stress.Development and explore of an operational radioprotective agent from originated from plant source that can be used as a novel molecular tool to eliminate the widespread damage caused by space exploration, ionizing radiation, nuclear war and radiotherapy has been significantly appreciated. Through extensive literature search we highlighted several compounds from both land plant and marine origin can be implemented for a better therapeutic potential against radiation induced injury. Furthermore, extensive clinical trials must be carried out in near future for better therapeutic modality and clinical efficacy.

Phytoplankton are prominent organisms that contain numerous bioactive substances and secondary metabolites, including toxins, which can be valuable to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biotechnological industries. Studies on toxins produced by phytoplankton such as cyanobacteria, diatoms, and dinoflagellates have become more prevalent in recent years and have sparked much interest in this field of research. Because of their richness and complexity, they have great potential as medicinal remedies and biological exploratory probes. Unfortunately, such toxins are still at the preclinical and clinical stages of development. Phytoplankton toxins are harmful to other organisms and are hazardous to animals and human health. However, they may be effective as therapeutic pharmacological agents for numerous disorders, including dyslipidemia, obesity, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. In this review, we have focused on the properties of different toxins produced by phytoplankton, as well as their beneficial effects and potential biomedical applications. The anticancer properties exhibited by phytoplankton toxins are mainly attributed to their apoptotic effects. As a result, phytoplankton toxins are a promising strategy for avoiding postponement or cancer treatment. Moreover, they also displayed promising applications in other ailments and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, AIDS, fungal, bacterial, schizophrenia, inflammation, allergy, osteoporosis, asthma, and pain. Preclinical and clinical applications of phytoplankton toxins, as well as future directions of their enhanced nano-formulations for improved clinical efficacy, have also been reviewed.

Marine algae are an auspicious source of innovative bioactive compounds containing possible therapeutic agents against mammalian cancers. However, the mechanism by which bioactive algal compounds exhibit anticancer activity against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is scant. The main objective of the current study was to explore the properties of the Enteromorpha compressa solvent extracts that induced autophagy and apoptosis with reference to their potent phytochemical and antioxidant properties. The presence of bioactive compounds were confirmed by UV and FT-IR spectroscopy. The free radical scavenging activity were analyzed by evaluating H2O2, DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl activity. The anticancer activities of the extracts were investigated by employing clonogenic and scratch assay. The apoptosis potential was evaluated by DAPI and MMP by Rh123 fluorescence assay. Moreover, the CAT, SOD, GPX, APX, and GR activities were measured. The autophagy potential was evaluated by LC3 puncta formation, acridine orange in addition to LysoTracker staining. The present investigation revealed that the methanolic extract of E. compressa elicited robust free radical scavenging activity that discerns its antiproliferative potency. Moreover, the methanolic algal extract boosted intrinsic apoptosis against OSCC by downregulating protective antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, it also revealed induction of autophagy to promote cell death in oral cancer cells. The presence of novel bioactive compounds in E. compressa has uncovered possible therapeutic value against OSCC by modulating antioxidant defense system, apoptosis and autophagy that could be used to explore very competent algal candidates for the development of potential alternative anticancer drugs.

Fucoidan is a complex polysaccharide (molecular weight 10,000–100,000 Da) derived from brown algae which comprises of L-fucose and sulfate groups have potential as therapeutic diligences against several human diseases. The fucoidan has expanded a widespread range of pharmacological properties as an anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-adhesive, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral and anti-neurodegenerative agents owing to their diverse chemical conformation and potent antioxidant activity. The antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of the fucoidan contribute towards their disease preventive potency through dynamic modulation of key intracellular signalling pathways, regulation of ROS accumulation, and maintenance of principal cell survival and death pathways. Additionally, it also reduces cancer-associated cachexia. Despite the wide range of therapeutic potency, the fucoidan is heavily regarded as an unexplored plethora of druggable entities in the current situation. The isolation, screening, biological application, pre-clinical, and clinical assessment along with large scale cost-effective production remain a foremost task to be assessed. Moreover, the chemical synthesis of the present bioactive drug with confirmational rearrangement for enhanced availability and bioactivity also need tenacious investigation. Hence, in the present review, we give attention to the source of isolation of fucoidan, their principle strategic deployment in disease prevention, and the mechanistic investigation of how it works to combat different diseases that can be used for future therapeutic intervention.

In the current scenario, aluminum is one of the major metals that cause environmental pollution and has ill impact on organism health. As around 40% of bauxite deposits of India are available in Odisha, aluminum toxicity in the soil has impacted as an intimidating problem of Odisha. This aluminum metal pollution is regarded as a primary factor for limiting crop productivity in acidic soils of tropic and subtropic countries. The presence of a high degree of aluminum metal in the soil leads to loss of beneficial microflora, i.e., nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that play a key role in soil fertility. Hence, this investigation was performed on a filamentous non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Geitlerinema amphibium isolated from the aluminum-polluted sites, i.e., NALCO, Ash pond, Angul to uncover the defense mechanism of the strain exhibited under such stress. The strain was treated with different doses of AlCl3 (0–100 µM), and we observed redox imbalance leading to oxidative stress. Post-treatment of AlCl3, a remarkable decline in growth was evident with possible modifications in pigments associated with the phenomena. Further to combat against the stress under the redox environment, the organism activated antioxidant enzymes CAT, APX, GR, GPX, and SOD which were measured to identify the key responses involved in it. All the stress responsive enzymes were analyzed to demonstrate the interlink between the induction of stress and their detoxification through cellular response. The outcome of the work explored the multifaceted role of oxidative upset caused by AlCl3 pollutants and the cellular antioxidative strategies deployed by G. amphibium to nullify them.

Ionizing radiation has the potential to cause structural modification or change in electrochemical properties in parent lead pharmacophores that exhibit enhanced bioactivity. Gallic acid (GA), a triphenolic compound has displayed potent anticancer drug potency due to its withstanding antioxidant propensity. This study uncovered the comparative efficacy of gamma-irradiated gallic acid (GAIR) in the modulation of an antioxidant system for regulation apoptosis and autophagy. GAIR exhibited remarkable anti-proliferative efficacy as shown by MTT, clonogenic survival, and scratch assay. In addition to this, GAIR promoted intrinsic apoptosis through mitochondrial superoxide generation. GAIR decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes by downregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its downstream effector molecules NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCLC). Simultaneously, GAIR attenuated autophagosome-lysosome fusion without altering the lysosomal activity. Inhibition of autophagic flux resulted in the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) such as hexadecanoic acid and oleic acid that fuelled superoxide generation leading to apoptosis. In the meantime, under oxidative upset, conversion of LDs to free fatty acids reduced leading to inhibition of ATP generation that subsequently provoked apoptosis. The effects of autophagy inhibition by GAIR on the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs was studied and the co-treatment markedly decreased the cell viability and increased apoptosis. Further, GAIR exhibited potent antitumor activity in Dalton's Lymphoma-tumor bearing mice through modulation of apoptosis and autophagy without toxic activity. In conclusion, change in electrochemical properties by gamma radiation enhances the anticancer efficacy of gallic acid through superoxide mediated apoptosis fuelled by inhibition of lipophagy in an NRF2 dependent signaling pathway.

In addition to cancer and diabetes, inflammatory and ROS-related diseases represent one of the major health problems worldwide. Currently, several synthetic drugs are used to reduce oxidative stress; nevertheless, these approaches often have side effects. Therefore, to overcome these issues, the search for alternative therapies has gained importance in recent times. Natural bioactive compounds have represented, and they still do, an important source of drugs with high therapeutic efficacy. In the “synthetic” era, terrestrial and aquatic photosynthetic organisms have been shown to be an essential source of natural compounds, some of which might play a leading role in pharmaceutical drug development. Marine organisms constitute nearly half of the worldwide biodiversity. In the marine environment, algae, seaweeds, and seagrasses are the first reported sources of marine natural products for discovering novel pharmacophores. The algal bioactive compounds are a potential source of novel antioxidant and anticancer (through modulation of the cell cycle, metastasis, and apoptosis) compounds. Secondary metabolites in marine Algae, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, could have great therapeutic implications against several diseases. In this context, this review focuses on the diversity of functional compounds extracted from algae and their potential beneficial effects in fighting cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases.

From the last decades, research focuses on plant natural products to explore the insecticidal activity against mosquitoes. This is the modern challenge in parasitology. The main aimed is to reduce the frequent exploitation of synthetic insecticides by which mosquitoes become resistant. This triggers serious threats to human health and leads to loss of biodiversity. The use of plant extracts was started from ancient times for mosquito control. These are biodegradable, harmless, non-hazardous, cost effective, and easily available throughout the world. Phytochemicals are target-specific activities against mosquito’s vector of different species. Plants possess outstanding larvicidal activity with very low LC50and LC90 values against vectors of genera such as Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles. Furthermore, the effectiveness of pure compounds isolated from plant, mode, and mechanism of action as well as their influence on mosquito targeted species is still uncovered. On the other hand, still there are strong boundaries for the development of profitable mosquito larvicides, pupicides, ovicides, and adulticidal from plants to kill or repel mosquito. In this chapter, we focused on the current information on sources of phytochemicals and their mosquitocidal activity to reduce the mosquito population, larvicidal activity at various instar stage specificity.

Background Epidemiological studies has revealed that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables could lower the risk of certain cancers. In this setting, natural polyphenols are potent anticancer bioactive compounds to overcome the non-target specificity, undesirable cytotoxicity and high cost of treatment cancer chemotherapy. Purpose The review focuses on diverse classifications of the chemical diversity of dietary polyphenol and their molecular targets, modes of action, as well as preclinical and clinical applications in cancer prevention. Results The dietary polyphenols exhibit chemo-preventive activity through modulation of apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle progression, inflammation, invasion and metastasis. Polyphenols possess strong antioxidant activity and control multiple molecular events through activation of tumor suppressor genes and inhibition of oncogenes involved in carcinogenesis. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have evidenced that these dietary phytochemicals regulate critical molecular targets and pathways to limit cancer initiation and progression. Moreover, natural polyphenols act synergistically with existing clinically approved drugs. The improved anticancer activity of combinations of polyphenols and anticancer drugs represents a promising perspective for clinical applications against many human cancers. Conclusion The anticancer properties exhibited by dietary polyphenols are mainly attributed to their anti-metastatic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic and autophagic effects. Hence, regular consumption of dietary polyphenols as food or food additives or adjuvants can be a promising tactic to preclude adjournment or cancer therapy.

Highlights • Chemically diverse dietary phytochemicals exhibit anticancer activity owing to their antioxidant potential. • Dietary phytochemicals act as blocking and suppressing agents for exposition of chemoprevention. • Potent apoptosis and autophagy modulation is chief contributor for exhibition of anticancer efficacy., Despite the advancement in prognosis, diagnosis and treatment, cancer has emerged as the second leading cause of disease-associated death across the globe. With the remarkable application of synthetic drugs in cancer therapy and the onset of therapy-associated adverse effects, dietary phytochemicals have been materialized as potent anti-cancer drugs owing to their antioxidant, apoptosis and autophagy modulating activities. With dynamic regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in association with cell cycle regulation, inhibition in cellular proliferation, invasion and migration, dietary phytochemicals have emerged as potent anti-cancer pharmacophores. Dietary phytochemicals or their synthetic analogous as individual drug candidates or in combination with FDA approved chemotherapeutic drugs have exhibited potent anti-cancer efficacy. With the advancement in cancer therapeutics, dietary phytochemicals hold high prevalence for their use as precision and personalized medicine to replace conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Hence, keeping these perspectives in mind, this review focuses on the diversity of dietary phytochemicals and their molecular mechanism of action in several cancer subtypes and tumor entities. Understanding the possible molecular key players involved, the use of dietary phytochemicals will thrive a new horizon in cancer therapy.