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Use of medicinal plants for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles offers several advantages over other synthesis approaches.

Nano-elicitation is one among the prioritised strategies considered globally for sustainable and uniform production of industrially important medicinal compounds. Ocimum basilicum (Thai basil), a renowned medicinal species is a reservoir of commercially vital metabolites and proved for its health assuring effects in cancer, diabetes, microbial and cardiovascular diseases. However, its consumption and industrial demand raised intent to divert towards better alternates for ensuring sustainable production of medicinal compounds. Herein, we investigated the comparative potential of metal oxide [copper oxide (CuO) and manganese oxide (MnO)] nanoparticles to elicit the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites and antioxidative capacity of O.basilicum callus cultures. Results showed that callus grown on MS media supplemented with 10 mg/L CuO-NPs resulted in the highest biomass accumulation (FW: 172.8 g/L, DW: 16.7 g/L), phenolic contents (TPC: 27.5 mg/g DW), and flavonoid contents (TFC: 9.1 mg/g DW) along with antioxidant activities (DPPH: 94%, ABTS: 881 μM TEAC, FRAP: 386 μM TEAC) compared with MnO-NPs and control. Likewise, the Superoxide dismutase (SOD: 1.28 nM/min/mg FW) and Peroxidase (POD: 0.48 nM/min/mg FW) activities were also recorded maximum in CuO-NPs elicited cultures than MnO-NPs and control. Moreover, the HPLC results showed that rosmarinic acid (11.4 mg/g DW), chicoric acid (16.6 mg/g DW), eugenol (0.21 mg/g DW) was found optimum in cultures at 10 mg/L CuO-NPs. Overall, it can be concluded that CuO nanoparticles can be effectively used as a elicitor for biosynthesis of metabolites in callus cultures of O. basilicum (Thai basil). The study is indeed a contribution to the field that will help decoding the mechanism of action of CuO NPs. However, further molecular investigations are needed to fully develop understanding about the metabolic potential of O. bascillicum and scalling up this protocol for bulkup production of bioactive compounds.

The present study demonstrates the maximum production of lipase via solid-state fermentation (SSF) by a novel strain of Chaetomium globosum, through lignocellulosic biomass valorization. After lignocellulosic biomass screening, Vachellia nilotica (babul) yielded the maximum lipase (53.1 ± 0.2 U/mL) activity after 72 h. Different bioprocess parameters, including pH, temperature, moisture content, inoculum size, and time periods, were optimized by the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum lipase yield (52.48 ± 5.3 U/mL) was achieved at pH 9.0, moisture 70%, incubation time 24 h, inoculum mass 1 mL, and temperature 30 °C. F-value 26.21 and p-value 0.00 by the analysis of variance indicate the significance of the proposed model. The coefficient of determination (R2) 95.60% was used to check the goodness of fit of the model, having a value of which indicates the model accuracy. Lipase was precipitated and purified with 80% ammonium sulfate followed by Sephadex G-100 column with 305.8 U/mg specific activity. The molecular weight of purified lipase was 60 kDa, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimally purified lipase was immobilized on chitosan (natural biopolymer) using different lipase concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mL) to check the beads constancy. It was observed that lipase (0.5 mL) adsorbed on chitosan result in the highest activity compared to the free lipase. Chitosan-immobilized lipase showed high thermal stability at 40 °C for 5 h. It also exhibited stability for up to 7 reuse cycles. Furthermore, lipase showed its good effect in the detergent industry by demonstrating compatibility with the Sufi detergent brand. In conclusion, the recently produced lipase from the lignocellulosic biomass has a great potential to be used as an additive in the detergent industry.

Increasing world’s population, rapid urbanization, and modern lifestyle results in enormous generation of food bio-residues and wastes from various agricultural, household, and industrial activities. Approximately one-third of the total food produced is lost/wasted every year, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that represents a significant threat to food systems sustainability and environment. Multi-faceted and state-of-the-art solutions are continuously being explored and executed by research scientists, food industries, and government/non-government organizations to address the social, economic, and environmental concerns, depleted fossil fuel resources and climate change. Discarded food waste and bio-residues are enriched with a plethora of high-value biomolecules, such as Carbohydrates, lipids, lignin-based molecules, and proteins. These compounds are thought to exhibit a vast economic potential for transforming into a range of revenue sources, such as biofuels, biopolymers, organic acids, enzymes, nutraceuticals, and functional sugars etc. Enzyme-assisted bio-transformations have been stepped up as a sustainable valorization way for the effective treatment of such food waste. This approach is capable of efficient conversion of lignin-based food bio-residues into a large number of high-value bioproducts and industrial commodities given excellent catalytic performance, eco-sustainability, process stability, and amenability to commercial utility. This review spotlights recent and state-of-art information about food waste as a growing environmental burden, current practices, and enzyme-based valorization approaches to convert food waste into marketable products, including biofuels, prebiotics, biodegradable plastics, sweeteners, bioactive compounds, rare functional sugars, biosurfactants, etc. Current challenges, conclusive remarks, and future bioeconomy prospects are also discussed to accomplish the target goals of sustainable industrial production along with food waste minimization. In conclusion, enzymes' deployment might constitute an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for food waste management by producing high-value products.

Antibiotics are crucial in pharmaceuticals that are used against a broad range of bacteria to reduce their growth in living organisms. Antibiotics have been known for the last 30 years approximately according to their function and classification as antibiotics have been around for a lot longer!!. In working, antibiotics act as part of immune system and target bacterial cells specifically. Similarly, on detection of certain immune signals within living cells, antibiotics detect harmful pathogens and act against them. Broad-spectrum antibiotics affect both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, causing serious illnesses in human beings. But gradually, with passage of time, such bacteria have become resistant to these antibiotics, resulting in prolonged bacterial infection and diseases. Resistance in bacteria is caused generally by means of self-medication, genetic variations, or mutations in bacteria and also by phenotypic variation such as β-lactams. As antibiotics are specific to their targets, bacteria secrete certain enzymes to cleave chemical bonds within antibiotic structure. Furthermore, alteration in membrane permeability, antibiotic target modifications in bacteria, and resistant gene transfer to next generations also cause resistance to antibiotics and, hence, bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhea, etc. have become resistant and cause lethal diseases in human beings. To avoid such resistance, molecular methods are to be adopted such as RNA-mediated gene silencing, biosynthetic gene cluster (BSG) control mechanism, and most importantly, nanomedicines are key developments in this area.

Migraine is a re-occurring type of headache and causes moderate-to-severe pain that is troubling or pulsing. The pain occurs in half of the head, and common symptoms are photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, depression, anxiety, vomiting, etc. This study evaluates the prevalence of migraine and responsible genes through molecular modeling in the region of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This research was aimed to determine the prevalence of migraine-causing genes in the population of Bahawalpur and also to do molecular and in-silico analysis of migraine-causing gene as no similar research was conducted before. The disease was characterized and diagnosed under the criteria of the Second Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders and molecular identification of migraine-causing genes, i.e. GRIA1, GRIA3, and ESR1, by PCR amplification. The total number of samples collected for migraine patients was 230, out of which 30 were positive for PCR amplification of the genes GRIA1, GRIA3, and ESR1. Therapeutic potentials of commercial drugs, namely Cyclobenzaprine, Divalproex, Ergotamine, and Sumatriptan, were analyzed in silico through molecular docking. Ergotamine demonstrated the highest binding affinity of [Formula: see text]8.4 kcal/mol for the target molecule and, hence, the highest potential. The bivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of migraine concerning gender and age was significantly correlated ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). It was observed that almost 31.4% of women suffered from headaches daily, 70% weekly, 28.1% monthly, and 23.5% rarely. Comparatively, only 8.3% of males suffered from daily headaches, 34% weekly, 12.8% monthly, and 14.9% rarely. The study shows promising results and encourages future researchers to conduct such a comprehensive epidemiological study on an even larger population to justify a more precise association of risk factors involved in migraine pathophysiology.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurological disorder, is as a complex chronic disease of brain cell death that usher to cognitive decline and loss of memory. Its prevalence differs according to risk factors associated with it and necropsy performs vital role in its definite diagnosis. The stages of AD vary from preclinical to severe that proceeds to death of patient with no availability of treatment. Biomarker may be a biochemical change that can be recognized by different emerging technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics. Plasma biomarkers, 5-protein classifiers, are readily being used for the diagnosis of AD and can also predict its progression with a great accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. In this review, upregulation or downregulation of few plasma proteins in patients with AD has also been discussed, when juxtaposed with control, and thus serves as potent biomarker in the diagnosis of AD.

Body interrelated complex system maintain body hemostasis but severe vascular injury reprehensible for thrombus formation. Fibrinogen is a prime protein in fibrinolysis. Complex cascade pathway involves in conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to perform fibrinolysis and plasminogen activating inhibitor (PAI) cease this pathway. The genetic and acquired factors influence clot formation while it curbs by factor VIII. This review aims to illustrate significance of fibrinolytic enzymes, Nattokinase, Urokinase, Staphylokinase and streptokinase as therapeutic agent to control myocardial infraction, venous stroke and pulmonary clotting.