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Migration is one of the major factors affecting population distribution of Nepal. Job opportunity, education facility, medical facility and topographic situation are the key causes of migration. Human movement from mountain to hill; hill to Tarai; and rural to urban area migration are the major trend observed in Nepal. Migration has direct impact on various sectors including financial, social, demographic, and biological. All kind of services including educational, medical, transformational, and safety services should make equally accessible over the various parts of the country. This research helps to understand the trend of internal and international labor migration in Nepal. The study has used secondary data from Department of Foreign Employment (DoFE), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ministry of Finance (MoF). Remittance is playing a crucial role in the Nepalese economy. The highest foreign labor migration was found in the year 2013/14. The trend was continuously increased until 2013/14 and it has stated decreasing thereafter. International labor migration has mostly taken place to Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, 110 UAE and other Southeast Asian countries and it is growing over the time that has shifted the agricultural based economy towards remittance-based economy.

Monsoon floods are frequent in the Tarai region of Nepal and claim thousands of lives and substantial numbers of properties every year. Certain human activities are more affected than others in the case of the same hazard. This study analyzes vulnerability to flooding among Tharu households. Data were collected by employing household surveys, group discussions, and key informant interviews in the Thapapur Village Development Committee (VDC) of Kailali district, western Tarai, Nepal. The analysis presented in this study is based on the theory that underpins the pressure and release (PAR) and access models. The results show that Tharu people are the major inhabitants in the study area and they prefer to live within their community; many ex-bonded laborers (marginalized people) choose this location for residence. Human causalities have been reduced in recent years due to easy access to cell phones, which has facilitated effective flood warnings with suitable lead times, but agriculture production loss and other losses are still high. Agricultural land is not only an important natural asset but is also considered a financial asset due to its high price and private ownership. The study concludes that subsistence agriculture-based households with small landholding sizes and less income diversification are highly vulnerable to flooding. Improper resettlement of ex-bonded laborers and land fragmentation due to separation of family members are the most prominent factors resulting in small landholdings. The results can guide government authorities to develop proper flood management strategies for the people living in the lowlands (particularly the Tarai region) of Nepal.

This paper tried to highlights impact of flood disaster on local livelihood in Kandra river basin, Kailali District. The study also examined coping strategies of the members of flood affected village community. In so doing, required data and information were collected and generated through household survey, semi-structured interviews as well as focus group discussions, key informant interview and observations. There are almost 50 settlements in the river basin; whereas 15 settlements are along with Kandra River. Three settlements: Kanhaiyapur, Thengarpuruwa and Lalbojhi; are most frequently affected from flood disaster that were selected for the study purpose. Thirty households from each settlement have been selected for household questionnaire. Satellite images and aerial photos are used to analyze terrain, channel course. The study finds that all communities living in the low-lying area and along the riverbank are affected from flood disaster. However, not all people are vulnerable equally. To cope with this problem, local people have designed and practicing various adaptation techniques. The adaptation strategy differs based on their socio-economic condition, such as education, income, occupations and living conditions. Establishment of early warning system and capacity building of flood victims will help to cope with disasters.