Search

In December 2018, an outbreak of an unknown disease was reported to affect sheep from Tumbio village in Korem town of southern Tigray. This study investigated the clinical characteristics, frequency, and primary causal agent(s) of the outbreak. Outbreak investigation was conducted using cross-sectional and longitudinal observation. Data on the animal infected, the exposure, predominant symptoms, risk group, and others were collected using structured questionnaire. Furthermore, from 50 randomly selective active cases sheep postmortem, parasitological, microbiological, and pathological examination were done. A total of 1966 cases occurred between November 28 and December 21, 2018, of which 1880 died, making a case fatality rate of 95.6%. The cases presented with inappetance, thirst, pale mucous membrane, bottle jaw, swollen tail, ascites, sudden death, and diarrhea. The responsible source of exposure was Menche Bahri (pasture land). Excluding young suckling sheep all sheep were at risk. Even if mixed parasitic infections were observed, all samples processed parasitologically were positive for immature liver flukes. Based on microbiological finding, Clostridium was isolated from 41 (82%) samples. Necropsy and histopathology findings showed that the liver is the most injured organ. The immediate interventions were not effective in controlling the outbreak. Clinical presentation, immature liver flukes in all processed samples, high level of isolated Clostridium, and necropsy and histopathology findings adducts among the cases support the causal role of acute fascioliasis complicated with Clostridium species. Community-level awareness, integrated control measures, and building diagnostic capacity of district level animal health experts and clinicians are needed.

Neglected tropical zoonotic diseases (NTZDs) continue to have a major effect on the health of humans and animals. In this study, a one health approach was used to prioritize and rank neglected tropical zoonotic diseases at the regional and zonal levels in Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. For prioritization of NTZDs a cross-sectional study through a structured questionnaire was administered to 313 health experts from human and animal health sectors. In addition, focus group discussions (FGD) were held with purposively selected key informants. Descriptive, and Multivariable analysis was applied to report the results and a ranked list of diseases was developed at the zonal and regional level. In the region, 8 of the 12 World Health Organization listed NTZDs were considered major diseases including anthrax, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, taeniasis, leishmaniasis, rabies, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminths. Considering the zoonotic and socioeconomic importance of the diseases at the regional level, rabies ranked 1stwhereas anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and brucellosis were ranked from 2nd to 5th, respectively. The FGD result also supported the prioritization result. The Multivariable analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the zonal distribution of anthrax (р = 0.009, OR = 1.16), taeniasis (p

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems in Ethiopia. Data on genetic diversity and resistance profile of circulating TB strains is critical for informing the national TB control program.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 213 smear positive pulmonary TB patients between 2015 and 2016. Sputum samples were cultured on LJ media following the Petroff's method. Region of difference-9 (RD9)-deletion typing and spoligo-typing were performed for molecular analysis of M. tuberculosis at species and strain levels, respectively. Drug sensitivity and mutation patterns of the isolates were assessed by the conventional indirect proportion method and molecular line probe assays (LPAs), respectively. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 20.ResultsSpoligo-typing of 150 M. tuberculosis isolates led to 57 different patterns of which 25 were new strains. The majority (71.6%) of the isolates were grouped in to 17 clusters consisting 2 to 24 isolates. The majority of the strains belonged to Euro-American lineage and the predominant spoligotypes were SIT 37 and SIT 149. MDR-TB was detected in 5.2% and 20.3% of new and retreatment cases, respectively. Two MDR-TB isolates exhibited additional resistance to one of the second line anti-TB drugs. Common gene mutations including S531L, S315T1 and M306V were detected in RIF, INH and EMB resistant strains, respectively.ConclusionsThe identification of several new strains, higher proportion of MDR-TB and higher clustering rate in this study, warrants the need for re-enforcement of the national TB control program. The detection of common gene mutations in the majority drug resistant strains might suggest the feasibility of LPAs for rapid screening of drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains in Ethiopia.

Timely diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is limited in Ethiopia. We evaluated the performance of a low technology, thin layer agar, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) culture color plate (TB-CX) test with concurrent drug susceptibility testing (DST) to isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), and pyrazinamide (PZA) directly from sputum specimens. Patients undergoing examination for TB and multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB were enrolled in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 2016 to February 2017. All subjects received a GeneXpert MTB/RIF PCR test. TB-CX test results were compared to reference Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture for M.tb detection and DST for susceptibility to INH and RIF. Kappa statistic was applied to test agreement between results for TB-CX test and the reference methods, a cut-off Kappa value of 0.75 was considered as high level of agreements. A total of 137 participants were analyzed: 88 (64%) were new TB cases, 49 (36%) were re-treatment cases. The TB-CX test detected M.tb and DST in an average of 13 days compared to 50 days for the conventional DST result. The sensitivity and specificity of the TB-CX test for detecting M.tb were 94% and 98%, respectively (concordance, 96%; kappa 0.91). The sensitivity of the TB-CX test to detect drug resistance to INH, RIF, and MDR-TB was 91%, 100%, and 90% respectively. The specificity of the TB-CX test for detecting INH, RIF, and MDR-TB was 94%, 40%, and 94% respectively. Overall agreement between TB-CX test and LJ DST for detection of MDR-TB was 93%. The TB-CX test showed strong agreement with the GeneXpert test for detecting M.tb (89%, kappa 0.76) but low agreement for the detection of RIF resistance (57%, kappa 0.28). The TB-CX test was found to be a good alternative method for screening of TB and selective drug resistant-TB in a timely and cost-efficient manner.

In December 2018, an outbreak of an unknown disease was reported to affect sheep from Tumbio village in Korem town of southern Tigray. This study investigated the clinical characteristics, frequency, and primary causal agent(s) of the outbreak. Outbreak investigation was conducted using cross-sectional and longitudinal observation. Data on the animal infected, the exposure, predominant symptoms, risk group, and others were collected using structured questionnaire. Furthermore, from 50 randomly selective active cases sheep postmortem, parasitological, microbiological, and pathological examination were done. A total of 1966 cases occurred between November 28 and December 21, 2018, of which 1880 died, making a case fatality rate of 95.6%. The cases presented with inappetance, thirst, pale mucous membrane, bottle jaw, swollen tail, ascites, sudden death, and diarrhea. The responsible source of exposure was Menche Bahri (pasture land). Excluding young suckling sheep all sheep were at risk. Even if mixed parasitic infections were observed, all samples processed parasitologically were positive for immature liver flukes. Based on microbiological finding, Clostridium was isolated from 41 (82%) samples. Necropsy and histopathology findings showed that the liver is the most injured organ. The immediate interventions were not effective in controlling the outbreak. Clinical presentation, immature liver flukes in all processed samples, high level of isolated Clostridium, and necropsy and histopathology findings adducts among the cases support the causal role of acute fascioliasis complicated with Clostridium species. Community-level awareness, integrated control measures, and building diagnostic capacity of district level animal health experts and clinicians are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]