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Combining a unique dataset of birth records with municipal-level real estate information, we assess the impact of the 2008 recession on the health of immigrants’ newborns in Italy. Health at birth (e.g., low birth weight) of children born to immigrants deteriorated more than health at birth of children born to Italian natives. The negative effects on immigrants are not equally distributed across ethnicities, but rather are driven by the main economic activity of the ethnic group and its related network at the municipal level. Immigrants whose ethnic group is mainly employed in the sectors most affected during the recession suffered the most. Living in a municipality where their ethnic network is organized through more registered immigrant associations mitigates the recession hardship for immigrants. The characteristics of ethnic groups and their organization at the municipal level do not explain the heterogeneous effects on Italian newborns, which confirms the presence of network effects rather than neighborhood effects

Background Recent decreases in neonatal mortality have been slower than expected for most countries. This study aims to predict the risk of neonatal mortality using only data routinely available from birth records in the largest city of the Americas. Methods A probabilistic linkage of every birth record occurring in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2012 e 2017 was performed with the death records from 2012 to 2018 (1,202,843 births and 447,687 deaths), and a total of 7282 neonatal deaths were identified (a neonatal mortality rate of 6.46 per 1000 live births). Births from 2012 and 2016 (N = 941,308; or 83.44% of the total) were used to train five different machine learning algorithms, while births occurring in 2017 (N = 186,854; or 16.56% of the total) were used to test their predictive performance on new unseen data. Results The best performance was obtained by the extreme gradient boosting trees (XGBoost) algorithm, with a very high AUC of 0.97 and F1-score of 0.55. The 5% births with the highest predicted risk of neonatal death included more than 90% of the actual neonatal deaths. On the other hand, there were no deaths among the 5% births with the lowest predicted risk. There were no significant differences in predictive performance for vulnerable subgroups. The use of a smaller number of variables (WHO’s five minimum perinatal indicators) decreased overall performance but the results still remained high (AUC of 0.91). With the addition of only three more variables, we achieved the same predictive performance (AUC of 0.97) as using all the 23 variables originally available from the Brazilian birth records. Conclusion Machine learning algorithms were able to identify with very high predictive performance the neonatal mortality risk of newborns using only routinely collected data.

Background: Information on tooth emergence is a key indicator for demonstrating maturity in the diagnosis of certain growth disturbances and an estimation of the chronological age of the children with unknown birth records in forensic dentistry. The association of dental and skeletal maturity with chronologic age among different populations has been investigated by several researchers. Early eruption of permanent molar appears to be a unique finding at such an early chronological age. The present report aimed to present a case of early eruption of mandibular second permanent molar in a seven-year-old girl. Case Report: A seven-year-old girl was referred to the department of pediatric dentistry of Hamadan University with the chief complaint of an extra palatal tooth. Apart from the supernumerary tooth, mandibular second molars and premolars were fully erupted. Radiographic evaluation revealed a closure of the apex of the maxillary and mandibular incisors along with the first molars. For further investigations, the patient was referred to pediatric endocrinologist in order to rule out any systemic disease; however, patient’s test results did not show any systemic or hormonal problems. This case is one of the rare cases of early eruption of mandibular second molars at seven with no underlying problems. To our knowledge, no case of early eruption of second permanent molar has been reported in a seven-year-old child and early eruption of second molar appears to be a unique finding at such an early chronological age. Conclusions: Any change in sequence or timing of the normal tooth eruption is not common, and it needs prepared eyes and adequate knowledge to diagnose and examine it in a timely manner.

The Fetal Origin Hypothesis show that the prenatal development period is a critical period for birth outcomes. Applying a panel data fixed effect model and using the universe of birth records in the US, I find that exposure to the holy month Ramadan, during which Muslim mothers fast for the whole day, during prenatal development has negative birth outcomes. Exposure to a full month of fasting is associated with 96 grams lower birth-weight. These results are robust across specifications and do not appear to be driven by mothers’ selective fertility.

Air pollution is a serious environmental problem in China. Birth defects are particularly vulnerable to outdoor air pollution. Our study was to evaluate the association between short-term exposure to air pollutants and the risk of birth defects. Daily data including the air pollutants, meteorological characteristics, and birth records were obtained in Hefei, China, during January 2013 to December 2016. The findings showed that PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3 exposures were positively correlated with the risk of birth defects. Maternal exposure to PM2.5 and SO2 during the 4th to 13th gestational weeks was observed to have a significant association with the risk of birth defects, with the maximum effect in the 7th or 8th week for PM2.5 and the maximum effect in the 7th week for SO2. The positively significant exposure windows were the 4th to 14th weeks for PM10, the 4th to 12th weeks for NO2, and the 26th to 35th weeks for O3, respectively. The strongest associations were observed in the 8th week for PM10, the 7th week for NO2, and in the 31st or 32nd week for O3. The findings of this study demonstrate that air pollutants increase the risk of birth defects among women during pregnancy in Hefei, China, which provide evidence for improving the health of pregnant women and neonates in developing countries, and uncovered potential opportunities to reduce or prevent birth defects by proactive measures during pregnancy.

The mode of delivery is a crucial determinant for ensuring the safety of both mother and child. The current practice for predicting the mode of delivery is generally the opinion of the physician in charge, but choosing the wrong method of delivery can cause different short-term and long-term health issues for both mother and baby. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to reveal the possible features for determining the mode of childbirth, and second, to explore machine learning algorithms by considering the best possible features for predicting the mode of childbirth (vaginal birth, cesarean birth, emergency cesarean, vacuum extraction, or forceps delivery). An empirical study was conducted, which included a literature review, interviews, and a structured survey to explore the relevant features for predicting the mode of childbirth, while five different machine learning algorithms were explored to identify the most significant algorithm for prediction based on 6157 birth records and a minimum set of features. The research revealed 32 features that were suitable for predicting modes of childbirth and categorized the features into different groups based on their importance. Various models were developed, with stacking classification (SC) producing the highest f1 score (97.9%) and random forest (RF) performing almost as well (f1-score = 97.3%), followed by k-nearest neighbors (KNN; f1-score = 95.8%), decision tree (DT; f1-score = 93.2%), and support vector machine (SVM; f1-score = 88.6%) techniques, considering all (n = 32) features.

BACKGROUND Children belonging to the same birth cohort (i.e., born in the same year) experience shared exposure to a common obesity-related milieu during the critical early years of development-e.g., secular beliefs and feeding practices, adverse chemical exposures, food access and nutrition assistance policies-that set the stage for a shared trajectory of obesity as they mature. Fundamental cause theory suggests that inequitable distribution of recent efforts to stem the rise in child obesity may exacerbate cohort-based disparities over time. METHODS Data were from electronic health records spanning 2007-2016 linked to birth records for children ages 2-19 years. We used hierarchical age-period-cohort models to investigate cohort effects on disparities in obesity related to maternal education. We hypothesized that maternal education-based disparities in prevalence of obesity would be larger among more recent birth cohorts. RESULTS Sex-stratified models adjusted for race/ethnicity showed substantial obesity disparities by maternal education that were evident even at young ages: prevalence among children with maternal education

Background Research suggests that children's health and well-being are supported by core adaptive systems, including the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Despite evidence for the importance of adulthood ANS regulation in the development of disease, few studies have examined how early development may influence emerging ANS function. Therefore, we examined how infant adiposity gain during early infancy related to ANS regulation at 6 months. Methods Infant weight and length were abstracted from birth records and measured during the 6-month assessment in a low-income, racially/ethnically diverse sample (N = 60). WHO-standardized weight-for-length-gain change was calculated across the first 6 months of life. ANS reactivity was measured as the combined sympathetic (i.e., pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) nervous system responses during the developmentally challenging Still Face Paradigm (SFP). ANS "classic reactivity" response was characterized by paired sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal. Results Lower weight-for-length gain in the first 6 months predicted classic reactivity during still face. However, greater weight-for-length gain predicted "classic reactivity" during the reunion, when infants were expected to recover, suggesting autonomic dysregulation. Conclusions These findings suggest an association between early life adiposity gain and the development of infant ANS regulation. Impact Adiposity gain during early infancy was associated with autonomic nervous system regulation at 6 months. This study identifies early adiposity gain (greater than average infant weight-for-length gain) as a risk for ANS dysregulation. This research focuses on a critical developmental period of ANS plasticity. If confirmed, findings can be used to inform early intervention programs targeting obesity prevention and to promote self-regulation.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the profile of pregnant adolescents and their newborns in a municipality in southern Brazil. METHOD: this is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data collection was performed on the basis of data from declarations of live births in the municipality between the months of January to December 2018. The data were analyzed with the aid of the SPSS version 21.0 program. To assess the association between numerical variables, Pearson or Spearman linear correlation tests were used. The level of significance adopted was 5% (p

We use matched birth records and longitudinal student records in Florida to investigate whether first-, second-, and third-generation Asian and Hispanic immigrants have different educational success (measured by test scores, disciplinary problems, truancy, high school graduation, and college readiness). We find that, for both Asian and Hispanic students, early-arriving first generation immigrants perform better than do second-generation immigrants, who perform better than third-generation immigrants. The earlier the arrival, the better the students tend to perform. There is therefore a general pattern of successively reduced achievement in the generations following the generation that immigrated to the United States.

Background Foreign-born women have heavier infants than US-born women, but it is unclear whether this advantage persists across generations for all races and ethnicities. Methods Using 1971-2015 Florida birth records, we linked records of female infants within families to assess intergenerational changes in birthweight and prevalence of low birthweight by grandmother's race/ethnicity and foreign-born status. We also assessed educational gradients in low birthweight in two generations. Results Compared with daughters of US-born black women, daughters of foreign-born black women had substantially higher birthweights (3,199 vs. 3,083 g) and lower prevalence of low birthweight (7.8% vs. 11.8%). Daughters of foreign-born Hispanic women had moderately higher birthweights (3,322 vs. 3,268 grams) and lower prevalence of low birthweight (4.5% vs. 6.2%) than daughters of US-born Hispanic women. In the next generation, a Hispanic foreign-origin advantage persisted in low birthweight prevalence (6.1% vs. 7.2%), but the corresponding black foreign-origin advantage was almost eliminated (12.2% vs. 13.1%). Findings were robust to adjustment for sociodemographic and medical risk factors. In contrast to patterns for other women, the prevalence of low birthweight varied little by maternal education for foreign-born black women. However, a gradient emerged among their US-born daughters. Conclusions The convergence of birthweight between descendants of foreign-born and US-born black women is consistent with theories positing that lifetime exposure to discrimination and socioeconomic inequality is associated with adverse health outcomes for black women. The emergence of a distinct educational gradient in low birthweight prevalence between generations underscores hypothesized adverse effects of multiple dimensions of disadvantage.

To evaluate the causes behind the association between hypothyroidism and the risk of preeclampsia.Checking of individual hospital and birth records from 149 levothyroxine users among 2,508 women in the preeclampsia case-control study (2002-2016).There were significant association between levothyroxine medication and preeclampsia (OR 1.48, 95Levothyroxine use during pregnancy was associated with 1.5-times higher risk for preeclampsia, but it is also linked to the other comorbid risk factors.

Este artigo parte de uma narrativa materna relacionada a falsificação de meu nome, uma história que emerge do cotidiano da vida, mas que beira a ficção. Com esse enfoque, coloco em questão a normativa patrilinear constante nos registros de nascimento e rememoro essa história individual para conectá-la à contextos sociais mais amplos. Ao escrever a partir de minhas memórias pessoais, sigo a abordagem metodológica por mônadas, utilizada por Walter Benjamin em Infância em Berlim por volta de 1900 (2000), um caminho possível para acolher a escrita fragmentária que chega ao presente conduzida pelo hálito úmido do passado. Nessa perspectiva, a poética artística encontrou na fotografia a linguagem fundamental para dialogar com a escrita porosa que segue os ruídos das memórias.

This study uses a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of a mass media campaign designed to reduce pregnancy among Latina teenagers. We aired public service announcements (PSAs) on terrestrial radio stations in California. The sample includes 28 radio stations and over 11,000 births to Latina teenagers in 2016. The PSA, narrated by a young Latina, stressed the opportunity costs to teenage mothers of having a baby, e.g., missed opportunities for fun, socializing with friends, or attending school. Although this message expresses themes articulated by Latina teens and young mothers whom we interviewed, geocoded birth records suggest the PSAs had little effect. With data on all births in the state obtained from the California Department of Public Health, we can reject the hypothesis that the PSAs reduced births to Latina teenagers by 9% or more based on the 90% confidence interval of the estimated average treatment effect. In addition to shedding light on this particular radio campaign, this study provides a template for the design and analysis of mass media campaigns to improve other public health outcomes.

Background Birth asphyxia accounts for one-quarter newborn deaths. Providing quality care service of neonatal resuscitation reduces neonatal mortality. However, challenges to providing quality neonatal resuscitation are not well investigated in Ethiopia. Hence, this study is conducted to assess the quality provision of neonatal resuscitation in Ethiopia. Method We used data from the Ethiopian 2016 Emergency Obstetric Newborn Care survey, conducted in 3804 health facilities providing maternal and newborn health services. We described the quality of neonatal resuscitation services according to the structure, process and outcome triad of quality dimension. Data from registers and birth records for the last 12 months prior to the survey were extracted. In each facility, the three last eligible charts of resuscitated neonates were reviewed and the highest frequency of chart of resuscitated baby was considered to the analysis. Thus, a total of 555 charts were assessed. Logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between the neonatal resuscitation processes, provider, facility and newborn characteristics with neonatal outcome at the time of discharge. Results The finding suggested that, around two-third, 364(65.6%) of the asphyxiated babies resuscitated by bag and mask type of neonatal resuscitation. Of the babies who had got neonatal resuscitation 463 (83.4%) survived. Resuscitated neonates with a gestational age of greater than 37 weeks and above (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =1.82; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (1.09–3.04)), availability of priority equipment in health facilities for neonatal resuscitation (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI (1.09, 1.54)) and women who had 12 h and less duration of labor (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI (1.23, 3.13)) were the independent factors of survival of the neonate. Conclusion Only half of the health facilities were ready for neonatal resuscitation (NR) in terms of priority equipment’s. However, eight out of ten babies survived after NR in Ethiopia. Gestational age, priority equipment for NR and duration of labor were determinants of survival of resuscitated neonates in Ethiopia. Therefore, the availability of priority equipment and attentive care and follow-up for premature neonates and those face prolonged labor need to be improved in Ethiopia.

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is an important indicator of reproductive health and general health status of population. Objectives: The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW), and to investigate the associations between some risk factors and LBW in Syrian refugee and Turkish population in Kilis, Turkey. Methods: The population of this study constituted of a total of 4379 infants born in Kilis State Hospital in 2016 using a retrospective cross-sectional study design. The data were collected from birth records. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of low birth weight. Factors with a p-value < 0.05 were deemed to be statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of LBW was 6.7% in all groups. Significant relationships were found between young maternal age, Syrian refugee mother, female infants, cesarean delivery and LBW. Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight in the study area was comparatively lower than that of countrywide figure. Maternal related variables like, maternal age, mother's nationality, and mode of birth (vaginal, cesarean) take after up as well as new-born related variables like gender of the neonate were significantly related with low birth weight. Keywords: Low birth weight; maternal; risk factors,; prevalence.

This article offers the stratigraphic analysis of modern Kazakh personal names. The data necessary to complete this study was collected from the birth records at the Departments of Civil Status Registration Offices (Almaly, Alatau, Auezov, Bostandyk, Zhetisu, Medeu, Nauryzbai, Turksib regions) of Almaty city. More than five thousand personal names of newborns born in 2010 are subjected to this analysis. Modern Kazakh personal names are classified according to ethno-linguistic groups and subgroups. The ethnolinguistic aspect of the research allowed to reveal features of formation and development of modern Kazakh anthroponymy. The results of the study indicate that the Kazakh people were able to preserve the historical memory of culture and develop national traditions of naming through historical periods. The results of the research indicate that the national code of culture is preserved in Kazakh naming system as a fact of historical memory, the national traditions of naming are maintained accordingly. However, it should be noted that currently Kazakh anthroponymy is developing in four directions. Firstly, the Turkic-Kazakh traditions of naming are preserved, which are fundamental in the development of Kazakh anthroponymy. Secondly, there is an increase of Arabic names, which is associated with the growth of religious sentiment in society. Thirdly, penetration of Russian and European traditions of naming into Kazakh naming system. Fourthly, the occurrence of a new trend of naming: the formation of double names through a hyphen, double names that are written separately or together.

Over the last four decades, historians and social scientists have become increasingly interested in the way in which information about stature might be used to explore the impact of environmental factors on the physical growth and well-being of past populations. A particular problem encountered by many researchers is that height data is only available for selected populations, typically military recruits or those admitted to correctional institutions. Evidence from Australian military and prison records demonstrate how the two social groups, soldiers and prisoners, differed from each other and from the wider population in terms of age, birthplace, occupation, and stature. Different patterns of observable characteristics conceal additional differences in intergenerational experience. We trace male prisoners and soldiers born between 1870 and 1899 in Tasmania to their birth records and thence to the marriages of their parents. This allows us to contrast social and occupational change from father to son for both prisoners and soldiers. We conclude that evidence arising from these institutionalized populations can be used to estimate wider societal trends, although caution needs to be exercised.

Submitted by Thiago de Oliveira Gonzaga (thiago.gonzaga@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-01-11T13:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Qualidade dos dados de nascimento do estado de Minas Gerais e mesorregiões.pdf: 356437 bytes, checksum: a3c3af8a196dc6128a2a396301cdf154 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-01-17T17:57:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Qualidade dos dados de nascimento do estado de Minas Gerais e mesorregiões.pdf: 356437 bytes, checksum: a3c3af8a196dc6128a2a396301cdf154 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-01-17T17:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Qualidade dos dados de nascimento do estado de Minas Gerais e mesorregiões.pdf: 356437 bytes, checksum: a3c3af8a196dc6128a2a396301cdf154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Fundação João Pinheiro Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Fundação João Pinheiro Desde 2010 o estado de Minas Gerais, como um todo, possui boa qualidade de informações sobre nascimentos e não necessita de método indireto para calcular as estimativas de fecundidade. Porém, ainda existem problemas quando os dados do estado são desagregados por mesorregiões. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar para quais mesorregiões de Minas Gerais os registros de nascimentos ainda necessitam ser calculados indiretamente e para quais já é possível calculá-los de forma direta. Para isso, as Taxas de Fecundidade Total, de cada mesorregião, calculadas a partir dos registros de nascimentos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e do Registro Civil, serão comparadas com as geradas pela técnica indireta de Brass modificada. Os resultados mostram que os registros das mesorregiões Campo das Vertentes, Central, Jequitinhonha, Noroeste, Norte, Triângulo/Alto Paranaíba, Sul/Sudoeste e Vale do Mucuri ainda padecem de problemas e devem ser corrigidos por técnica indireta. Para as demais regiões é possível utilizar diretamente os dados do Registro Civil e SINASC, representando um ganho para o Estado, uma vez que as taxas podem ser calculadas para anos intercensitários, contribuindo para a compreensão da dinâmica demográfica mais recente e para o planejamento e implementação de políticas sociais mais assertivas. Since 2010, the data of births in Minas Gerais have been considered of good quality and, hence, have not required indirect methods to calculate the state fertility estimates. However, the state data still pose some difficulties for estimating the fertility when these data are not aggregated by mesoregions. The goal of this work is to identify and evaluate the state mesoregions that have birth records computed by indirect and direct methods. For that, the Total Fertility Rates of each mesoregion, computed from the Live Births Information System SINASC birth records and from the state civilian registry are compared with those rendered by the modified Brass indirect method. The results show that the mesoregions of Campo das Vertentes, Central, Jequitinhonha, Noroeste, Norte, Triângulo/Alto Paranaíba, Sul/Sudoeste and Vale do Mucuri still have data problems that need further modifications and corrections by the indirect method. For the remaining mesoregions, the data from the SINASC and the state civilian registry can be reliably used, representing a positive aspect for the State since that fertility rates can be estimated for the years where there are not population data available. The precise identification of the reliable data for mesoregions can provide guidance for the implementation of more effective social policies. Governo e Política

The Wisconsin Twin Project encompasses nearly 30 years of longitudinal research that spans infancy to early adulthood. The twin sample was recruited from statewide birth records for birth cohorts 1989–2004. We summarize early recruitment, assessment, retention and recently completed twin neuroimaging studies. In addition to the focal twins, longitudinal data were also collected from two parents and nontwin siblings. Our adolescent and young adult neuroimaging sample (N = 600) completed several previous behavioral and environmental assessments, beginning shortly after birth. The extensive phenotyping is meant to support a range of empirical investigations with potentially differing theoretical perspectives.

Objective Infant mortality statistics for Canada have routinely omitted Ontario—Canada’s most populous province—as a high proportion of Vital Statistics infant death registrations could not be linked with their corresponding Vital Statistics live birth registrations. We assessed the feasibility of linking an alternative source of live birth information with infant death registrations. Methods All infant deaths occurring before 365 days of age registered in Ontario’s Vital Statistics in 2010–2011 were linked with birth records in the Canadian Institute for Health Information’s hospitalization database. Crude birthweight-specific and gestational age-specific infant mortality rates were calculated, and rates examined according to maternal and infant characteristics. Results Of 1311 infant death registrations, only 47 (3.6%) could not be linked to a hospital birth record. The overall crude infant mortality rate was 4.7 deaths per 1000 live births (95% CI, 4.4 to 4.9), the same as previously reported for the rest of Canada in 2011. Infant mortality was higher in women < 20 years (5.8 per 1000 live births) and ≥ 40 years (5.9 per 1000 live births), and lowest among those aged 25–29 years (3.9 per 1000 live births). Infant mortality was notably higher in the lowest (5.1 per 1000 live births) residential income quintile than the highest (3.4 per 1000 live births). Conclusion Use of birth hospitalization records resulted in near-complete linkage of all Vital Statistics infant death registrations. This approach could enhance the conduct of representative surveillance and research on infant mortality when direct linkage of live birth and infant death registrations is not achievable.

We develop a local, spatial measure of educational isolation (EI) and characterize the relationship between EI and our previously developed measure of racial isolation (RI). EI measures the extent to which non-college educated individuals are exposed primarily to other non-college educated individuals. To characterize how the RI-EI relationship varies across space, we propose a novel measure of local correlation. Using birth records from the State of Michigan (2005–2012), we estimate associations between RI, EI, and birth outcomes. EI was lower in urban communities and higher in rural communities, while RI was highest in urban areas and parts of the southeastern United States (US). We observed greater heterogeneity in EI in low RI tracts, especially in non-urban tracts, residents of high RI tracts are likely to be both educationally and racially isolated. Associations were also observed between RI, EI, and gestational length (weeks) and preterm birth (PTB). For example, moving from the lowest to the highest quintile of RI was associated with a 1.11 (1.07, 1.15) and 1.16 (1.10, 1.22) increase in odds of PTB among NHB and NHW women, respectively. Moving from the lowest to the highest quintile of EI was associated with a 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) and 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) increase in odds of PTB among NHB and NHW women, respectively. This work provides three tools (RI, EI, and the local correlation measure) to researchers and policymakers interested in how residential isolation shapes disparate outcomes.

Genealogy as a field of historical research is popular, because the descendants often try to document their roots, origins, turn to archival sources. On the positive side, genealogical research is becoming increasingly popular in secondary schools. During the learning process, history teachers increasingly support the students’ initiative to write their own pedigree. However students noticeably lack methodological recommendations for writing pedigrees. In the article the author gives methodical advice to high school students for writing genealogical research. Children are offered to divide their work into some stages: collection of the material, systematization of the material and representation of the material. The author divides the collection of material into some substages: interviewing relatives, working with photos and documents; searching for the necessary information in the Internet; working in libraries and archives. The author of the article believes that the most valuable information that a young researcher can find in the archive is metric books. Metric books were divided into three parts: birth records, marriage records and death records. Such a source as schematismus is also worth considering. They provided lists of clergy, lists of all parishes, the number of faithful and church societies, and so on. Epitaphs on tombstones in cemeteries can also be a source of information. Methodical recommendations for systematization of the collected material “in folders” and creation of electronic folders are given. The work with genealogical researches is differentiated: genealogical reference book, genealogy book, genealogical tree. An applied guideline for writing each of these genealogy models is offered.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine effectiveness (VE) evaluations provide important information for vaccination programs. We established a linkage between statewide central registries in Michigan to estimate HPV VE against in situ and invasive cervical lesions (CIN3+). Methods: We linked females in Michigan's immunization and cancer registries using birth records to establish a cohort of 773,193 women with known vaccination history, of whom 3,838 were diagnosed with CIN3+. Residential address histories from a stratified random sample were used to establish a subcohort of 1,374 women without CIN3+ and 2,900 with CIN3+ among continuous Michigan residents. VE and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using cohort and case–cohort methods for up-to-date (UTD) vaccination and incomplete vaccination with 1 and 2 doses, and stratified by age at vaccination. Results: Both analytic approaches demonstrated lower CIN3+ risk with UTD and non-UTD vaccination vs. no vaccination. The cohort analysis yielded VE estimates of 66% (95% CI, 60%–71%) for UTD, 33% (95% CI, 18%–46%) for 2 doses-not UTD, and 40% (95% CI, 27%–50%) for 1 dose. The case–cohort analysis yielded VE estimates of 72% (95% CI, 64%–79%) for UTD, 39% (95% CI, 10%–58%) for 2 doses-not UTD, and 48% (95% CI, 25%–63%) for 1 dose. VE was higher for vaccination at age Conclusions: The statewide registry linkage found significant VE against CIN3+ with incomplete HPV vaccination, and an even higher VE with UTD vaccination. Impact: Future VE evaluations by number of doses for women vaccinated at younger ages may further clarify dose-related effectiveness.

This paper uses birth records linked to census data to document health differences at birth between Roma and non-Roma children in Hungary between 1981 and 2010. It focuses on differences in average birth weight and average gestational age, as well as the likelihood of low birth weight and the likelihood of preterm birth. The paper shows large gaps in all indicators over the 30 years, with a small narrowing of the gap in absolute terms but not in relative terms. Roma mothers are twice as likely to give birth to babies with low birth weight and before the 37th week. Standard decompositions show that around 80% of the gap is explained by socioeconomic factors, and education alone explains more than half. Despite significant changes in society, the explanatory power of education and other factors remains constant. Narrowing the gap in educational attainment, especially at higher levels, may have the highest potential to improve the relative health of Roma births. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Objectives: In 2011, Wisconsin introduced the 2003 Revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth, which includes a variable for principal payer. This variable could help in estimating Medicaid coverage for delivery services, but its accuracy in most states is not known. Our objective was to validate Medicaid payer classification on Wisconsin birth records. Methods: We linked 128 141 Wisconsin birth records (2011-2012 calendar years) to 54 600 Medicaid claims. Using claims as the gold standard, we measured the payer variable’s validity (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], negative predictive value [NPV]) overall and by maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, facility delivery volume, and the Medicaid proportion of facility delivery volume. Multivariable log-binomial regression tested the association between each characteristic and payer misclassification among Medicaid-paid births. Results: Of 128 141 birth records, 50 652 (39.5%) indicated Medicaid as the principal payer and 54 600 (42.6%) linked to a Medicaid claim. The birth record misclassified 10 007 of 54 600 (18.3%) Medicaid-paid births as non-Medicaid and 6059 of 73 541 (8.2%) non-Medicaid births as Medicaid-paid. The payer variable was less sensitive (81.7%) than specific (91.8%), and PPV and NPV were similar (∼88%). Sensitivity was highest among mothers who were Hispanic, had no high school diploma, or delivered in Medicaid-majority delivery facilities. Maternal age ≥40, maternal education >high school, and delivering in a non–Medicaid-majority delivery facility were positively associated with payer misclassification among Medicaid-paid births. Conclusion: Differential misclassification of principal payer in the birth record may bias risk surveillance of Medicaid deliveries.

El objetivo de este escrito es documentar la distribución geográfica de casos de síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del recién nacido, así como su evolución temporal durante la última década en México. El problema estudiado se conceptualiza desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales de salud, un abordaje que permite incorporar el vínculo hacia el diseño de políticas públicas. El trabajo se basa en análisis exploratorio de datos (EDA) a partir de los registros de nacimientos recopilados por el Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (SINAC), una fuente oficial con una cobertura nacional que permite lograr estimados comparables en el contexto internacional ya que utiliza la clasificación internacional de enfermedades CIE-10. Los resultados del análisis permiten identificar regiones específicas para la implementación de estrategias preventivas, aspecto útil desde la perspectiva de la aplicación eficiente de los recursos con los que dispone el sistema de salud. Concretamente se ubica la región de la frontera sur como un área de atención prioritaria.

Objective To analyze and compare the frequency of cesarean sections and vaginal deliveries through the Robson Classification in pregnant women attended at a tertiary hospital in two different periods. Methods Cross-sectional, retrospective study of birth records, comprising 4,010 women, conducted from January 2014 to December 2015 in the only public regional referral hospital for the care of high- risk pregnancies, located in Southern Brazil. Results The overall cesarean section rate reached 57.5% and the main indication was the existence of a previous uterine cesarean scar. Based on the Robson Classification, groups 5 (26.3%) and 10 (17.4%) were the most frequent ones. In 2015, there was a significant increase in the frequency of groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.001), when compared with the previous year, resulting in an increase in the number of vaginal deliveries (p < 0.0001) and a reduction in cesarean section rates. Conclusion The Robson Classification proved to be a useful tool to identify the profile of parturients and the groups with the highest risk of cesarean sections in different periods in the same service. Thus, it allowsmonitoring in a dynamic way the indications and delivery routes and developing actions to reduce cesarean rates according to the characteristics of the pregnant women attended. Resumo Objetivo Analisar e comparar a frequência de partos cesáreos e vaginais através da classificação de Robson em gestantes atendidas em um hospital terciário em dois períodos distintos. Métodos Estudo transversal retrospectivo de registros de nascimento, compreendendo 4.010 mulheres, realizado de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015 no único hospital público de referência regional para atendimento de gestações de alto risco, localizado no sul do Brasil. A via de parto foi avaliada e as mulheres foram classificadas de acordo com a Classificação de Robson. Resultados A taxa geral de cesariana foi de 57,5% e a principal indicação foi a existência de cicatriz uterina por cesariana prévia. Quando aplicada a Classificação de Robson, os grupos mais frequentes foram o 5 (26,3%) e o 10 (17,4%). No ano de 2015, ocorreu um aumento significativo da frequência dos grupos 1 e 3 (p < 0,001), quando comparado ao ano anterior, resultando em aumento do número de partos vaginais (p < 0,0001) e redução das taxas de cesariana. Conclusão A Classificação de Robson mostra ser uma ferramenta útil para identificar o perfil das parturientes e os grupos com maior risco de cesariana em diferentes períodos em um mesmo serviço. Desta forma, permitemonitorar de forma dinâmica as indicações e vias de parto e desenvolver ações para redução das taxas de cesariana conforme as características das gestantes atendidas.

Over the past three decades, educational attainment in Mexico has grown substantially. This increase in educational attainment may affect marriage patterns through the growing supply of individuals with higher education and changing preferences over their partner's education level. We use administrative marriage and birth certificate records to quantify changes in the relative education levels for both married and unmarried couples. Our results suggest that individuals who marry outside their education category prefer to match with a partner with a similar education level. That is, college graduates prefer to match with individuals with a secondary education rather than those with a primary education. We also find that assortativeness among pairs which include college graduates has grown considerably over this time period. Our findings hold across both marriage records and birth certificate records, indicating a parallel increase in assortativeness regardless of marital status.

Margaret Ann Harvey was born on 18 May 1792 in St Peter Port, which is the capital city of Guernsey, the second-largest of the Channel Islands; and died there on 4 April 1903 at the reported age of 110. In this contribution, her exceptional age is thoroughly validated. Considering the data collected on her parents and siblings, there is no possibility of an erroneous linkage, as the name of Margaret and Ann appears only once in the birth records, her family’s birth intervals were narrow, and the dates of death of her siblings have been checked. As she did not have children, her name was not found in civil registration records after her marriage in 1823 until her death in 1903. This lack of records might have made it difficult to prove that the person who died at age 110 in 1903 was the same person who married in 1823 at age 30. Fortunately, she was enumerated in six successive censuses from 1851 to 1901, and a comparison of the ages reported in these censuses and her exact ages shows only minor deviations. Moreover, numerous letters and her numerous diaries help us to follow her life during that long period. Upon reaching age 100, she became famous in Guernsey. Thus, there are many photos of her and press articles about her life. These data support the reliability of the reported chronology of her life events, and thus allow us to validate this exceptional case. Accordingly, we can state that Margaret Ann Harvey Neve is the first documented female supercentenarian. As in the case of recently deceased supercentenarian Emma Morano, her life spanned three successive centuries – albeit one century earlier.

Estimates of the effect of foetal health shocks may suffer from survivorship bias. The foetal origins literature seemingly agrees that survivorship bias is innocuous in the sense that it induces a bias towards zero. Arguably, however, selective mortality can imply a bias away from zero. In the case of the 1918 flu pandemic, a suppressed immune system may have been protective against the most severe consequences of infection. We use historical birth records from the maternity hospital of Bern, Switzerland, to evaluate this possibility. Our results suggest that a careful consideration of survivorship bias is imperative for the evaluation of the 1918 flu pandemic and other foetal health shocks., Applied Economics Letters, 29 (21), ISSN:1350-4851, ISSN:1466-4291, ISSN:1350-5851

Significance Rates of autism diagnosis in the United States have historically been higher among more advantaged social groups—Whites and those of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Using data from all births in the state of California in 1992 through 2016, we find that these trends reversed during our study period. By 2018, diagnosed autism incidence rates for 3- to 6-y-old children were higher for children of Black and Asian mothers than children of non-Hispanic White mothers and were higher for children of lower SES than of higher SES parents. These reversals point to the fundamental role that access to knowledge and resources plays in driving increased autism prevalence and shifting patterns of autism cases over the past quarter-century., As rates of autism diagnosis increased dramatically over the past number of decades, prevalence rates were generally highest among Whites and among those of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Using a unique, population-level dataset, we find that rates of autism diagnosis continued to be on the rise in recent years, but who is diagnosed changed during the study period. Our data consist of birth records of all 13,272,573 children born in the state of California in 1992 through 2016 linked to autism caseload records for January 1992 through November 2019 from California’s Department of Developmental Services. California’s diagnosed autism incidence rate rose from 0.49 per 1,000 3–6 y olds in 1998 to 3.49 per 1,000 3–6 y olds in 2018, a 612% increase. However, diagnosed incidence rates did not rise uniformly across sociodemographic groups. By 2018, children of Black and Asian mothers were diagnosed at higher rates than children of non-Hispanic White mothers. Furthermore, among children of non-Hispanic White and Asian mothers, children of lower SES were diagnosed at higher rates than children of higher SES. These changes align with sociological theories of health disparities and contain important clues for more fully understanding the autism epidemic.

The 1918 influenza pandemic, the deadliest pandemic on record, affected approximately 1/3rd of the population worldwide. The impact of this pandemic on stillbirth risk has not been studied in depth. In this study, we assessed the stillbirth risk during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Arizona, USA. We carried out a retrospective study using 21,334 birth records for Maricopa County, Arizona, for the period 1915&ndash, 1925. We conducted logistic regression analyses to assess the effect of that pandemic on stillbirth risk. Though we did not find a statistically significant impact on stillbirth risk during the pandemic, there was a higher risk of stillbirth in July 1919 (42 stillbirths/1000 births), 9 months after the peak pandemic mortality, and a stillbirth risk of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.72) in women &ge, 35 years compared to the women aged &lt, 35 years. The risk of stillbirth was lowest if the mother&rsquo, s age was approximately 26 years at the time of birth. We also report peaks in stillbirth risk 9&ndash, 10 months after the peak pandemic mortality. Our findings add to our current understanding of the link between pandemic influenza and stillbirth risk.

Studying the impacts of prenatal atmospheric heavy-metal exposure is challenging, because biological exposure monitoring does not distinguish between specific sources, and high-resolution air monitoring data is lacking for heavy metals. Bioindicators - animal or plant species that can capture environmental quality - are a low-cost tool for evaluating exposure to atmospheric heavy-metal pollution that have received little attention in the public-health literature. We obtained birth records for Portland, Oregon live births (2008-2014) and modeled metal concentrations derived from 346 samples of moss bioindicators collected in 2013. Exposure estimates were assigned using mother's residential address at birth for six metals with known toxic and estrogenic effects (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, lead). Associations were evaluated for continuous (cts) and quartile-based (Q) metal estimates and three birth outcomes (preterm birth (PTB;37 weeks)), very PTB (vPTB;32 weeks), small for gestational age (SGA; 10th percentile of weight by age and sex)) using logistic regression models with adjustment for demographic characteristics, and stratified by maternal race. Chromium and cobalt were associated with increased odds of vPTB (chromium - odds ratio (OR)

The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPATH) sets criteria for requesting placental histological examination which allows identification of pathological processes contributing to/causing an adverse obstetric outcome. Maternal intrapartum pyrexia is an essential criterion but is not part of the Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Trust (GSTT) guideline. There is no current baseline data on this at GSTT. Aim To review current practice of requesting placental histology and amend trust guidelines to follow national recommendations. Birth records from June 2019 were reviewed showing 8%(47/569) of deliveries were eligible for placental histology as per trust criteria but only 60%(28/47) were requested. A survey demonstrated 4% of staff were able to correctly identify all criteria for histology and there was confusion regarding formalin use. Neonatologists and pathologists were contacted to identify views on the usefulness of placental histology and the effect of adopting national criteria. The pathologists confirmed all placentas should be sent in formalin unless specified by the obstetric team. The intrapartum infection guideline was amended to include requesting placental histology after approval by the intrapartum committee. The obstetric theatre posters were amended to include the extended criteria. A training presentation was emailed to all staff on the procedure for requesting placental histology. The trust guidelines were successfully amended to include RCPATH criteria for placenta histology. Birth records from January 2020 identified 13%(63/487) of deliveries were eligible for placental histology, but only 56%(35/63) were requested. The trust guideline for requesting placental histology now follows national recommendations. This may provide answers for adverse obstetric outcomes and reduce trust medicolegal costs. Unfortunately, no improvement in placental histology requests was demonstrated. Exploring potential barriers to improvement will be part of the next change cycle.

Author(s): Mubiri, Paul; Nambuya, Harriet; Kajjo, Darious; Butrick, Elizabeth; Namazzi, Gertrude; Santos, Nicole; Walker, Dilys; Waiswa, Peter | Abstract: BackgroundAn estimated 2.8 million neonatal deaths occur each year globally, which accounts for at least 45% of deaths in children aged less than 5 years. Birthweight and gestational age-specific mortality estimates are limited in low-resource countries like Uganda. A deeper analysis of mortality by birthweight and gestational age is critical in identifying the cause and potential solutions to decrease neonatal mortality.ObjectivesWe studied mortality before discharge in relation to birthweight and gestational age using a large sample size from selected tertiary care facilities in Uganda.MethodsWe used secondary data from the East Africa Preterm Birth Initiative study conducted in six tertiary care facilities. Birth records of infants born between October 2016 and March 2019 with a gestational age greater than or equal to 24 weeks and/or birthweight greater than or equal to 500 g were reviewed for inclusion in the analysis. Newborn death before discharge was the outcome variable of interest. Multivariable Poisson regression modeling was used to explore birthweight and gestational age-specific mortality rate.ResultsWe analysed 50 278 birth records. Among these 95.3% (47 913) were live births and 4.8% (2365) were stillbirths. Of the 47 913 live births, 50% (24 147) were males. Overall, pre-discharge mortality was 13.0 per 1000 live births. For each 1 kg increase in birthweight, mortality before discharge decreased by -0.016. As birthweight increases, the mortality before discharge decreased from 336 per 1000 live births among infants born between 500 and 999 g, to 4.7 per 1000 live births among infants born weighing 3500 to 3999 g, and increased again to 11.2 per 1000 live births among infants weighing more than 4500 g.ConclusionsOur study highlights the need for further research to understand newborn survival across different birthweight and gestational categories.