5 results on '"Birnbaum MS"'
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2. Synthesis, F-18 radiolabeling, and microPET evaluation of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines as ligands of the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor.
- Author
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Stehouwer JS, Birnbaum MS, Voll RJ, Owens MJ, Plott SJ, Bourke CH, Wassef MA, Kilts CD, and Goodman MM
- Subjects
- Animals, Binding, Competitive, Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic, Diagnostic Uses of Chemicals, Fluorine Radioisotopes pharmacokinetics, Humans, Ligands, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Radiopharmaceuticals chemical synthesis, Radiopharmaceuticals pharmacokinetics, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Fluorine Radioisotopes chemistry, Isotope Labeling methods, Positron-Emission Tomography methods, Radiopharmaceuticals chemistry, Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone metabolism
- Abstract
A series of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines were synthesized and evaluated as potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Compounds 27, 28, 29, and 30 all displayed high binding affinity (⩽1.2 nM) to the CRF1 receptor when assessed by in vitro competition binding assays at 23 °C, whereas a decrease in affinity (⩾10-fold) was observed with compound 26. The logP7.4 values of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 were in the range of ∼2.2-2.8 and microPET evaluation of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 in an anesthetized male cynomolgus monkey demonstrated brain penetrance, but specific binding was not sufficient enough to differentiate regions of high CRF1 receptor density from regions of low CRF1 receptor density. Radioactivity uptake in the skull, and sphenoid bone and/or sphenoid sinus during studies with [(18)F]28, [(18)F]28-d8, and [(18)F]29 was attributed to a combination of [(18)F]fluoride generated by metabolic defluorination of the radiotracer and binding of intact radiotracer to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow. Uptake of [(18)F]26 and [(18)F]27 in the skull and sphenoid region was rapid but then steadily washed out which suggests that this behavior was the result of binding to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow with no contribution from [(18)F]fluoride., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Why interleaving enhances inductive learning: the roles of discrimination and retrieval.
- Author
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Birnbaum MS, Kornell N, Bjork EL, and Bjork RA
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Young Adult, Concept Formation physiology, Discrimination, Psychological physiology, Learning physiology, Mental Recall physiology
- Abstract
Kornell and Bjork (Psychological science 19:585-592, 2008) found that interleaving exemplars of different categories enhanced inductive learning of the concepts based on those exemplars. They hypothesized that the benefit of mixing exemplars from different categories is that doing so highlights differences between the categories. Kang and Pashler (Applied cognitive psychology 26:97-103, 2012) obtained results consistent with this discriminative-contrast hypothesis: Interleaving enhanced inductive learning, but temporal spacing, which does not highlight category differences, did not. We further tested the discriminative-contrast hypothesis by examining the effects of interleaving and spacing, as well as their combined effects. In three experiments, using photographs of butterflies and birds as the stimuli, temporal spacing was harmful when it interrupted the juxtaposition of interleaved categories, even when total spacing was held constant, supporting the discriminative-contrast hypothesis. Temporal spacing also had value, however, when it did not interrupt discrimination processing.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Correlates of high vaccination exemption rates among kindergartens.
- Author
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Birnbaum MS, Jacobs ET, Ralston-King J, and Ernst KC
- Subjects
- Arizona, Child, Preschool, Ethnicity, Humans, Social Class, Students statistics & numerical data, Child Day Care Centers, Medication Adherence psychology, Medication Adherence statistics & numerical data, Vaccination statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: The present study was designed to characterize Arizona schools with high rates of permanent PBE among kindergartners, and to determine the degree to which they aggregate across the state., Methods: Data for permanent personal belief exemptions (PBE) were accessed through the 2010-2011 kindergarten Immunization Data Report (IDR) from the Arizona Department of Health Services (AZDHS), and were linked to the 2009-2010 data from the National Center of Education Statistics (NCES). Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using negative binomial regression, and hotspots were identified using Getis-Ord Gi*., Results: Schools with highest proportion of white students compared to the lowest had the highest exemption rates (IRR=14.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.47-21.03); furthermore charter schools and those with low prevalence of free and reduced lunches had significantly higher rates of PBE. Statewide analyses of PBE identified higher rates of permanent PBE in northern vs. southern Arizona, while a more focused examination of the central Arizona region demonstrated a pattern of increased PBE from west to east., Conclusion: In Arizona, the profile of a high PBE school is that of a charter school attended by predominantly white, higher-income students. The local and statewide hotspots serve as a challenge that requires a multi-faceted approach that calls upon all healthcare professionals. It is important that both local and statewide pockets be targeted by local and state officials either to improve vaccination uptake or to employ careful monitoring to identify outbreaks at their onset., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Bilateral phosphorylation of ERK in the lateral and centrolateral amygdala during unilateral storage of fear memories.
- Author
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Tarpley JW, Shlifer IG, Birnbaum MS, Halladay LR, and Blair HT
- Subjects
- Amygdala anatomy & histology, Animals, Butadienes pharmacology, Conditioning, Psychological drug effects, Conditioning, Psychological physiology, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic drug effects, Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic physiology, Functional Laterality drug effects, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Memory physiology, Neural Pathways anatomy & histology, Neural Pathways drug effects, Neural Pathways enzymology, Neuronal Plasticity drug effects, Neuronal Plasticity physiology, Nitriles pharmacology, Phosphorylation drug effects, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Amygdala enzymology, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases metabolism, Fear physiology, Functional Laterality physiology
- Abstract
We previously showed that when rats were trained to fear an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) by pairing it with a mild unilateral shock to the eyelid (the unconditioned stimulus, or US), conditioned freezing depended upon the amygdala contralateral but not ipsilateral from the US. It was proposed that convergent activation of amygdala neurons by the CS and US occurred mainly in the amygdala contralateral from US delivery, causing memories of the CS-US association to be stored primarily by that hemisphere. In the present study, we further tested this interpretation by administering unilateral infusions of U0126 (in 50% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle) to block phosphorylation of extracellular signal-responsive kinase (ERK) in the amygdala prior to CS-US pairings. Conditioned freezing was impaired 24 h after training when U0126 was infused contralaterally-but not ipsilaterally-from the US, suggesting that fear memories were consolidated mainly by the contralateral amygdala. However, immunostaining experiments revealed that ERK phosphorylation was elevated in both hemispheres of the amygdale's lateral (LA) and centrolateral (CeL) nuclei after paired (but not unpaired (UNP)) presentations of the CS and US. Thus, fear acquisition induced ERK phosphorylation bilaterally in the amygdala, even though the ipsilateral hemisphere did not appear to participate in conditioned freezing. These findings suggest that associative plasticity may occur in both amygdala hemispheres even when only one hemisphere is involved in freezing behavior. Conditioning-induced ERK phosphorylation was identical in both hemispheres of LA, but was slightly greater in the contralateral than ipsilateral hemisphere of CeL. Hence, asymmetric induction of plasticity in CeL might help to explain why conditioned freezing depends preferentially upon the amygdala contralateral from the US in our fear conditioning paradigm.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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