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Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) frequently occurs unwitnessed. In the absence of external assistance and the ability to rapidly reach help, immediate self-management of FBAO could be the only way to avoid impending death from asphyxia. In this letter, relevant evidence of real-life self-management of severe FBAO from public comments posted on social media were gathered and reported. The results indicate that in cases of severe FBAO, laypeople apply self-management maneuvers notwithstanding that self-help is omitted from the current resuscitation guidelines.

Objective Given the lack of a unified tool for appraising the quality of educational resources for lay-rescuer delivery of adult basic life support (BLS), this study aimed to develop an appropriate evaluation checklist based on a consensus of international experts. Methods In a two-round Delphi study, participating experts completed questionnaires to rate each item of a predeveloped 72-item checklist indicating agreement that an item should be utilized to evaluate the conformance of an adult BLS educational resource with resuscitation guidelines. Consensus on item inclusion was defined as a rating of ≥7 points from ≥75% of experts. Experts were encouraged to add anonymous suggestions for modifying or adding new items. Results Of the 46 participants, 42 (91.3%) completed the first round (representatives of 25 countries with a median of 16 years of professional experience in resuscitation) and 40 (87.0%) completed the second round. Thirteen of 72 baseline items were excluded, 55 were included unchanged, four were included after modification, and four new items were added. The final checklist comprises 63 items under the subsections “safety” (one item), “recognition” (nine items), “call for help” (four items), “chest compressions” (12 items), “rescue breathing” (12 items), “defibrillation” (nine items), “continuation of CPR” (two items), “choking” (10 items) and “miscellaneous” (four items). Conclusion The produced checklist is a ready-to-use expert consensus–based tool for appraising the quality of educational content on lay-rescuer provision of adult BLS. The checklist gives content developers a tool to ensure educational resources comply with current resuscitation knowledge, and may serve as a component of a prospective standardized international framework for quality assurance in resuscitation education.

Aim. Basic first aid digital training for cardiac arrest opens up opportunities for mass dissemination of knowledge, popularization and motivation of the population to provide assistance, and can also replace the theoretical part of classroom training, reducing the cost of training. However, due to poor design, such training may not be available to people with disabilities (PWD), who constitute a large population of more than one billion potential participants in first aid. The aim was to study the digital accessibility (web accessibility) of massive open online courses in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for PWD.Material and methods. A search was carried out for free English-language online courses teaching the principles and rules of providing first aid in cardiac arrest. In addition, the digital content of online courses was assessed for compliance with the international Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1.Results. All basic CPR online courses analyzed (n=28) were characterized by poor web accessibility. For each course, between 26,9% and 51,3% of the WCAG 2.1 guideline success criteria were not met. All courses have web accessibility errors related to text contrast and visual issues, lack of alternative text descriptions for non-text content, missing abbreviations, and web page layout issues that prevent the use of assistive technologies (such as text-to-speech software). Overall, none of the courses meet all of the criteria for the minimum acceptable level of compliance with WCAG 2.1 guidelines. The discovered problems of web accessibility can serve as serious, sometimes insurmountable barriers to the mastery of courses by students (including older people) with visual impairments, hearing loss, motor, cognitive and neurological disorders.Conclusion. All free mass online courses on basic CPR have deficiencies in the availability of digital content, which significantly complicate the learning of educational materials by PWD. The development of uniform guidelines for accessible educational content, along with the intensification of research and the implementation of organizational and methodological measures to ensure the availability of educational resources on first aid for various categories of the population, should help create equal opportunities for quality training. In addition, this should significantly expand the population coverage with training, and increase the frequency and effectiveness of first aid.

Aim. To study the regional epidemiological characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), the process and effectiveness of care for OHCA, and identify priority areas for improving the care provision.Material and methods. An analysis of the data from the "Crimean registry of cases of OHCA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation" was performed. The study used data from 2020 to 2022. The analytical sample consisted of all OHCA cases developed before the ambulance arrival, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Results. Of the 356 OHCA cases occurred before the ambulance arrival, followed by CPR (2020 — 141, 2021 — 103, 2022 — 112), in 65,2% of cases (n=232) cardiac arrest developed in men, in 64,0% (n=228) — in city residents, 70,2% (n=250) — in private houses or apartments. The mean age was 59 years (median 62 years). The cause of 89,6% of OHCA cases (n=319) was disease, 3,9% (n=14) — drowning, 2,8% (n=10) — trauma, 2,0% (n=7) — asphyxia, 1,1% (n=4) — toxicity, 0,6% (n=2) — electrical injury. In addition, 7,3% (n=26) of patients survived. Bystanders attempted CPR before ambulance arrived in 27,2% (n=97) of cases. In cases where CPR was performed by bystanders, ambulance specialists were 2,5 times more likely to register a potentially shockable rhythm on the primary electrocardiogram (19,6% and 7,7%, respectively; p=0,001), 2,2 times more often performed defibrillation (22,7% and 10,4%, respectively; p=0,003). When defibrillation was performed, the proportion of survivors was 3,9 times higher than without defibrillation (20,4% and 5,2%, respectively; p=0,001).Conclusion. Conducting CPR by OHCA bystanders increases the success rate of CPR performed by ambulance team. However, bystanders rarely provide first aid, which causes a high mortality rate. To reduce mortality in OHCA, the attention should be focused on the development, implementation and regulatory support of measures aimed at involving the population in providing first aid. This should include regular population training in CPR, widespread popularization of first aid, remote provision of CPR instructions by emergency dispatchers to untrained OHCA bystanders and ensuring the availability of automated external defibrillators.

Background. Generalized seizures are often complicated by life-threatening health problems (such as airway obstruction, suppressed respiration and severe injuries) or observed as a manifestation of sudden cardiac arrest that determines a need for rapid recognition and management of the problem. Since immediate arrival of emergency medical service (EMS) specialists to a victim is impossible in most cases, first aid (FA) provision by immediate witnesses of seizures is of paramount importance for preventing death.Objective: to analyze modern principles and approaches to FA provision for generalized seizures, to study existing organizational framework and to identify areas for improving the organization of FA provision for seizures, as well as to develop a draft domestic algorithm for distant consultation of untrained witnesses by emergency dispatchers on FA provision in generalized seizures.Material and methods. The analysis was carried out for international and national guidelines on FA, domestic and foreign scientific publications corresponding to the study topic, as well as normative legal acts regulating FA provision in Russia, foreign sets of protocols for EMS dispatchers containing instructions on FA in seizures intended for remote (by telephone) provision to witnesses of the incidents.Results. Based on the analysis of international and national guidelines on FA and existing dispatch protocols, taking into account the methodological recommendations approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia that determine general principles for receiving requests from the public by EMS dispatchers, the draft universal Russian-language algorithm for dispatcher interrogation and instruction of incident witnesses on FA provision for generalized seizures was developed. A need to modernize the domestic regulatory framework in terms of including seizures in the list of conditions for which FA should be provided, and officially approve the sequence and rules on FA provision for seizures was substantiated.Conclusion. In Russia, the organization of FA provision for generalized seizures is not optimal and requires improvement. The effect of prompt involvement of untrained witnesses of seizures in the process of providing aid is expected to be ensured by introducing a practice of consulting incident witnesses on FA provision by emergency dispatchers over the telephone. The developed universal dispatch algorithm, after its discussion and testing, could act as one of the basic components of the domestic program for FA distance support.

Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) is one of the most common causes of accidental death in adults and children. Probability of saving a life in severe FBAO depends on the ability of the bystander to quickly recognize the problem and correctly provide first aid (FA) to the victim. However, due to the lack of knowledge and skills of the FA, bystanders rarely attempt to give necessary help. Along with mass FA training, provision of instructions on the FA to untrained bystanders over the telephone by emergency medical services (EMS) dispatchers can facilitate active involvement of the population in the process of providing FA. In this study, a detailed analysis of the modern principles and approaches to the provision of the FA in FBAO was carried out and a draft of a universal Russian-language algorithm for remote dispatch support of the FA was developed. The developed algorithm can become a component of the domestic program for remotely instructing the population on provision of FA in life-threatening conditions and is proposed for further testing and implementation in the practice of EMS dispatchers.

RELEVANCE The problem of sudden cardiac arrest and sudden death among the students of educational institutions is highly relevant for the Russian Federation. In order to plan interventions aimed at improving effectiveness of management and reducing mortality from cardiac arrest in educational institutions, a clear understanding of level of readiness and motivation of teachers to provide help to a cardiac arrest victim is necessary. AIM OF STUDY To evaluate willingness of teachers of general education institutions to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of cardiac arrest, and to investigate factors and relationships that determine readiness of teachers to give help. MATERIAL AND METHODS In February–March 2021, an online questionnaire survey of teaching staff of general education institutions was conducted in the Republic of Crimea. As part of the survey, respondents were asked to evaluate their willingness to attempt CPR on a loved one, a stranger or a pupil on a five-point Likert scale, and to indicate potential barriers for performing CPR. The survey was voluntary and anonymous. RESULTS The questionnaire was completed by 5,921 teachers. Of all respondents, 9.2% were males, 31.6% — aged over 50 years, 32.3% — work in urban areas. The proportion of teachers who expressed absolute willingness to perform CPR on a loved one, a stranger or a pupil was 63.6% (n=3,766), 34.8% (2,058) and 41.0% (2,427), respectively. At the same time, 13.6% (804), 31.0% (1,836) and 30.6% (1,809), respectively, indicated that they would probably not or definitely not attempt CPR. A high readiness to perform resuscitation (4–5 points) was confirmed to be associated with previous CPR training (p

RELEVANCE In Russia, insufficient motivation and low readiness of laypeople to provide first aid (FA) stipulate low rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and, as consequence, high mortality from cardiac arrest (CA). News reports on real cases of CA, in addition to describing circumstances of the event, may carry important information promoting FA provision among a wide audience. However, existing practice of presenting such content in Russian media sphere is unknown.AIM To investigate contemporary trends for presentation of information on the problem of CA and provision of help in CA in reports of online news media on the example of a news sample about cases of pediatric CA in kindergartens and schools of Russia.MATERIAL AND METHODS In August 2021, Google and Yandex were searched for Russian-language news reports describing cases of CA that happened in children in Russian schools and kindergartens in 2020, and structured content analysis of the news was carried out.RESULTS The study sample consisted of 207 news reports describing 21 unique case of CA. In 76.2% cases (n=16) CA occurred in children at school, in 23.8% cases (5) — at kindergarten. At least in 28.6% of cases (6) Emergency Medical Services providers did not attempt CPR at arrival on scene. FA provision by bystanders was described in two cases (9.5%), provision of help by medical employees of educational organizations — in six cases (28.6%). Only in one case (4.8%) the child was transferred to a hospital after successful resuscitation. In the rest of cases (n=20; 95.2%) biological death was verified on scene. Information on the value of FA for saving life in CA was present in one out of 207 news reports (0.5%); and there were no reports mentioning legal aspects of FA provision, describing procedure of FA in CA, or highlighting the importance of mass public resuscitation education.CONCLUSIONS News reports that describe cases of CA confirm high relevance of the problem, but do not carry important information related to popularization of FA knowledge. Inclusion of information on significance, principles and procedures of providing FA to CA victims into the content of the news reports is necessary for establishing positive public opinion and increasing motivation of the general population of Russia towards training in FA and FA provision. This in turn indicates the necessity for enhancing awareness of the professional journalistic community on the problem of FA provision in CA.

A scoping review was conducted to identify, map, and analyze international evidence from studies investigating the prevalence of community cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. We searched major bibliographic databases and grey literature for original studies evaluating the prevalence of CPR training in the general population. Studies published from January 2000 to October 2020 were included without language or publication type restrictions. Seventy-three eligible papers reported a total of 61 population-based surveys conducted in 29 countries. More than three-fourths of the surveys were conducted in countries with high-income economies, and none in low-income countries. Over half of the surveys were at a subnational level. Globally, the proportion of laypeople trained in CPR varied greatly (median, 40%). For high-income countries, the median percentage was twice as high as that of upper middle-income countries (50% vs. 23%). The studies used heterogeneous survey methods and reporting patterns. Key methodological aspects were frequently not described. In summary, few studies have assessed CPR training prevalence among the general public. The rates of resuscitation training for the vast majority of countries remain unknown. High heterogeneity of studies precludes a reliable interpretation of the research. International Utstein-style consensus guidelines are needed to inform future research and reporting of public resuscitation training worldwide.

Chest pain is a typical manifestation of acute myocardial ischemia. The likelihood of death in myocardial infarction increases significantly as the pain to hospital times increase, Therefore, timely recognition of this symptom as a possible manifestation of ischemia, calling an ambulance and first aid before the arrival of ambulance team can play a vital role in saving lives. A review of modern principles and rules for first aid to patients with chest pain is presented, based on an analysis of international and national guidelines. We demonstrated the need and identified directions for improving the organization of first aid in this condition in Russia, as well as analyzed approaches to remote questioning and provision of instructions on first aid for chest pain by ambulance dispatchers by phone, Based on the comparative analysis of dispatcher guidelines and protocols and international guidelines on first aid for chest pain, a universal Russian-language dispatcher algorithm for remote care for chest pain has been developed, which is proposed for discussion and further testing as a potential component of a unified domestic dispatcher support program for first aid.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a serious social and economic problem, and control over it is highly dependent from the overall performance of the system of public first aid and resuscitation training. Coverage of the population with theoretical and practical training in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is significantly limited in the Russian Federation, and the quality of training is generally low. Based on the analysis of international scientific literature and current international guidelines, this review is delineating modern organizational approaches and technologies of resuscitation training that help to enhance the efficiency and increase the accessibility of CPR training for lay people. In particular, the paper discusses methods of resuscitation training utilizing distant learning technologies, technical means for CPR skills training using feedback and virtual reality technologies, target audience and retraining intervals. Guided by the results of analysis of the cumulative experience, the directions for optimization of the resuscitation training system in Russia are proposed, that offer a perspective to improve coverage of the population with basic CPR training, increase the rates of bystander resuscitation and decrease mortality from OHCA.

Although first aid research is a wide-ranging and diverse field within medical science, so far no attempts have been made to provide a holistic view of international scientific outputs in the first aid domain. To determine strategic directions for conducting future studies, it is important to understand the status of the research, including its frontiers and blind spots. This study explored the global landscape of first aid research using bibliometric visualization analysis of relevant literature published within the last 20 years. The search yielded a total of 2,057 relevant papers. There was a trend of increasing annual numbers of publications throughout the 20 year period. The following topics were identified as the mainstream directions of first aid research: cross-sectional studies on attitudes and knowledge of first aid; cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; bleeding and hemorrhage control; burns, scalds, and their management; envenomations and their management; and systematic evaluation of the scientific evidence. Evidence evaluation is one of the main frontiers of first aid research. Studies concerning first aid for the most common and deadliest diseases, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are not in the scope of contemporary international first aid research. Considering that effective implementation of first aid can reduce morbidity and mortality, it is advisable to advance research on first aid management of major emergencies that are the most common potentially avoidable causes of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The likelihood of life recovery in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) critically depends on the speed of providing care. Basic bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in case of OHCA and automatic external defibrillation greatly increase the chances of survival. To ensure a high level of readiness of the population to provide first aid (FA), effective legal regulation is required. The article presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the current regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation governing the provision of FA in case of OHCA, as well as domestic and foreign scientific publications dedicated to legal support in the field of FA. In particular, the issues of protection of persons providing FA from legal liability in case of harm to the victim are discussed, the obligations established by the legislation to provide FA and train FA, suggestions are made to optimize the relevant legal framework in order to increase the efficiency of first aid for OHCA and reduce mortality from OHCA in Russia.

Introduction. The choice of the ways for optimizing management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by emergency medical services (EMS) should be based on the evidence from existing practice of resuscitation care. The study was aimed at evaluating personal experience of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance, timing of last training in resuscitation and level of self-perceived knowledge and skills of CPR among the employees of the EMS of the Republic of Crimea, as well as to assess their beliefs on significance of individual CPR procedures in terms of influence on success of resuscitation and to study their perceptions on factors that may have positive or negative impact on effectiveness of resuscitation care.Material and methods. An anonymous survey of the EMS personnel of the Republic of Crimea was conducted in July–December 2019. The questionnaire was utilized to collect demographic data, information on experience of conducting CPR for the last year, on a current practice of CPR debriefings and timing of last CPR training. The participants assessed their knowledge and skills of CPR and their perception of influence of early implementation of individual CPR procedures on success of resuscitation on a 5-point Likert scale, and indicated factors, that may limit or enhance the effectiveness of resuscitation.Results. A total of 251 specialist of the EMS participated in the survey, including 63 physicians, 129 feldshers and 4 nurses of ambulance teams, 45 dispatchers and 5 senior officers of the EMS stations, which corresponds to 28.8% of physicians, 13.0% of feldsher/nursing staff and 17.4% of dispatcher specialists of the republic. Percentage of male respondents was 35.5%, mean age — 41.5 years, mean duration of EMS work experience — 15.5 years. The mean declared number of cases of CPR conducted in the last 12 months was 2.2 (range: 0–20), and 23.5% specialists of the ambulance teams have not participated in any CPR attempt over the last year. About 60.2% respondents were trained in CPR within the last year. When compared to other specialists of ambulance teams, feldshers who work alone (without a coworker), were significantly less commonly performing a real-life resuscitation (p=0.008) or receiving training in CPR (p=0.020). Dispatchers were least covered with resuscitation training (only 33.3% were trained within the last year) and had the lowest level of CPR knowledge and skills. 25.9% of the specialists had an erroneous judgement that early drug administration and/or tracheal intubation have higher influence on success of resuscitation when compared to chest compressions and/or defibrillation. The level of knowledge and skills of CPR depend on the timing of last training (p

The article focuses on the need for developing an evidence-based dispatcher algorithm for providing telephone advice on first aid during hypoglycemia emergencies. It highlights the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the associated rise in hypoglycemia cases, which pose significant risks and contribute to the burden on emergency medical services (EMS).

Despite the progress in the modern resuscitation science, optimal duration of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) attempt is not defined yet.It seems appropriate to initiate an open discussion within the Russian medical research community, concerning the development of uniform legislated criteria for stopping resuscitation, considering the best scientific evidence and current international guidelines, with subsequent introduction of harmonized amendments to the clinical practice guidelines for CPR.

Introduction. Efficient organization of measures aimed at decreasing mortality from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) warrants a clear understanding of OHCA epidemiology and performance of the prehospital care system in such cases. The study was aimed at performing respective analysis and identifying the ways for improving prehospital management of OHCA in the Republic of Crimea.Material and methods. Annual data from the Crimean OHCA and Resuscitation Registry for 2018 were utilized. All OHCA cases attended by emergency medical services (EMS) with attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were included, regardless of cardiac arrest etiology or patients’ age (n=419). For ensuring conformity and comparability of the study results, data collection and analysis were executed in correspondence with the statements of the Utstein recommendations.Results. The overall incidence of EMS-attended OHCA in the Republic of Crimea was 673.3 per 100,000 population per year, the incidence of OHCA with attempted CPR – 21.9 per 100,000 population per year, the proportion of CPR attempts out of all OHCA cases – 3.3%. Mean patient age was 66.9 years, and 52.7% were male. The etiology was cardiac in 42.5% cases. In 71.8% cases OHCA was witnessed by EMS, in 25.5% – by a bystander before EMS arrival. Bystanders initiated CPR in 5.7% cases. The initial rhythm was asystole in 80.4% of all cases. When excluding EMS-witnessed cases, the mean EMS response time was 13 min. 5.0% patients had a sustained return of spontaneous circulation at hospital admission. Survival was associated with lower EMS response time (p=0.027), administration of shock (p

Aim. To study the demand for the massive open online course on basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and to evaluate effects of the training based on the socio-demographic profile of the audience.Material and methods. The data obtained from a survey conducted on participants of the online course «First Aid in Cardiac Arrest (Basic Resuscitation)» during a one-year period (07.2018–07.2019) were analyzed, including demographic data, initial and final levels of knowledge on CPR, and willingness to resuscitate a stranger. The 5-point Lickert scale was used for self-assessment of knowledge and willingness to attempt CPR.Results. The analysis includes data collected from 11,924 people, out of which 3,445 (29%) have completed the training. Eighty percent of participants live in the Russian Federation. The mean age of trainees, who completed the course, was 25.7 years, 45% of them were males, 42% had learnt CPR previously, 12% had medical education. As a result of the training, a significant increase (P

Significant decrease in death rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) can be achieved by developing and implementing an integrated program of administrative interventions focused on improvements in the provision of the first aid and emergency medical care. However, both identification of the foreground and reasonable components of the program, and evaluation of its efficiency are impossible in the absence of reliable tools for collecting and analyzing data on epidemiology of OHCA and performance of the prehospital care system. This paper discusses the development of unified form for collecting data on cases of OHCA with attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), addresses the promising data form “The protocol of CPR” that is recommended by the Specialized Board on Emergency Medical Care of the Ministry of Health of Russia, and offers a set of proposals for optimizing the form with consideration for the international guidelines for uniform reporting of data from OHCA.Author declare lack of the conflicts of interests.

Introduction. Early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical factor in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival, and the readiness of bystanders to provide the first aid is known to be positively influenced by effective training. It is recommended to use alternative teaching methods in order to increase the accessibility of CPR training. The study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the blended approach to resuscitation training, where classroom training hours are partially substituted with remote learning.Material and methods. This prospective randomized study was conducted in November-December 2018. Nursing students and nonmedical university students underwent classroom training (1 hour of lecture, 3 hours of hands-on training) or blended training (1 hour of on-line course, 3 hours of hands-on training) in basic CPR with automated external defibrillation (AED). CPR knowledge and willingness to attempt resuscitation were evaluated before and after the training, and resuscitation skills were assessed as well after training in a simulation scenario. CPR quality measures were registered using the skills checklist when analyzing video recordings, and automatically by means of the Resusci Anne QCPR manikin.Results. The training and the study assessments were completed by 94 participants: 55 - classroom training, 39 - blended training. The mean age was 19 years and 17 years, respectively, 24% and 31% were male. Whereas there were more participants with previous training in CPR in the classroom training group (36% vs. 13%; p

Rapid recognition of cardiac arrest based on the data reported by a bystander, and delivering telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions by emergency medical services (EMS) dispatcher promote timely provision of frst aid by people who witness the emergency, and this may signifcantly influence the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This review is aimed to analyze the up-to-date scientifc literature on EMS dispatcher recognition of OHCA. In particular, general concept and experience of algorithm-based diagnosis of cardiac arrest, diffculties of telephone OHCA recognition, approaches for dispatcher diagnosis quality evaluation and assurance are discussed herein. Based on the analysis results, recommendations on organizing and improving the effectiveness of EMS dispatcher recognition of cardiac arrest are formulated. The review is designed primarily for EMS and public health specialists.

Background. The chances of fatal outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are exceeding 90%. However, the early initiation of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) substantially improves the probability of survival. The study was aimed to determine the extent of community CPR training, level of CPR knowledge, willingness and motivation to learn CPR among the population of the Crimea.Materials and methods.The representative sample of adult residents of the Crimean Peninsula (n=384) has been surveyed by means of individual structured interview from November 2017 to January 2018. The results were analyzed with social statistics.Results. According to the survey, 53% of respondents were previously trained in CPR. The training was performed mainly (82%) at work, school, college/technical school or university, or when acquiring a driver's license. The majority of females, people over 60, unemployed and retired, widowed and those with monthly income lower than 20,000 roubles are not trained. Of previously trained, 44% respondents attended a single CPR course, 72% were trained more than one year ago, 47% of participants had no previous training in CPR, mostly never thinking about the need to go for training. Being dependent from previous CPR training, the knowledge of CPR is generally poor: the proportions of correct answering as of the proper location and rate of chest compressions were 46% and 4%, respectively. Among the respondents, 56% expressed their willingness to attend CPR training. The main motivating factors to attend CPR training were awareness of importance of CPR training, potential health problems in relatives/friends and free-of-charge training.Conclusion. The Crimean population is insufficiently and non-uniformly trained in CPR, has limited knowledge of CPR and low motivation to learn. In order to increase the commitment of the community to provide first aid in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, mass CPR training programs should be implemented with active involvement of the least trained and motivated social strata.

Despite significant progress in medicine, out-of-hospital cardiac (OHCA) remains one of the leading causes of death around the world. Epidemiological data suggest wide distribution of OHCA, low incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts and low efficiency of resuscitation in the Russian Federation. Both implementation of measures for reducing mortality from OHCA and monitoring of their efficiency should be based on up-to-date, reliable data on national and regional OHCA epidemiology and performance of emergency medical services. The aim of this review is to provide a rationale for establishment of the national OHCA registry as a main instrument of collection, arrangement, storage, processing and presentation of data on OHCA epidemiology and efficiency of care provided. The review includes the analysis of OHCA epidemiological studies carried out in Russia, describes general concept and international experience of developing OHCA registries, and discusses Utstein guidelines for uniform reporting of OHCA data.