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1. India’s Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Review

Author

Bipradeep Mondal, Kuldeep Bauddh, Amit Kumar, and Nirmali Bordoloi

Subjects
greenhouse gases, freshwater ecosystems, rivers, reservoirs, lakes, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
Abstract

In the modern era, due to urbanization, industrialization, and anthropogenic activities in the catchment, greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions from freshwater ecosystems received scientific attention because of global warming and future climate impacts. A developing country such as India contributes a huge share (4% of global) of GHGs from its freshwater ecosystems (e.g., rivers, lakes, reservoirs) to the atmosphere. This is the first comprehensive review dealing with the GHG emissions from Indian freshwater bodies. Literature reveals that the majority of GHG from India is emitted from its inland water, with 19% of CH4 flux and 56% of CO2 flux. A large part of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) is manipulated by its rivers. As a matter of fact, 117.8 Tg CO2 year−1 of CO2 is released from its major riverine waters. The potential of GHG emissions from hydropower reservoirs varies between 11–52.9% (mainly CH4 and CO2) because of spatio-temporal variability in the GHG emissions. A significant contribution was also reported from urban lakes, wetlands, and other inland waters. Being a subtropical country, India is one of the global GHG hotspots, having the highest ratio (GHG: GDP) of 1301.79. However, a large portion of India’s freshwater has not been considered yet, and there is a need to account for precise regional carbon budgets. Therefore, in this review, GHG emissions from India’s freshwater bodies, drivers behind GHG emissions (e.g., pH, mean depth, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients), and long-term climatic risks are thoroughly reviewed. Besides research gaps, future directions and mitigation measures are being suggested to provide useful insight into the carbon dynamics (sink/source) and control of GHG emissions.

Published
2022
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2. List of contributors

Author

Ritu Aggrawal, Ayobami Omozemoje Aigberua, Sweety Nath Barbhuiya, Dharmeswar Barhoi, Kuldeep Bauddh, Preetismita Borah, Nirmali Bordoloi, Sudipta Chattaraj, Amrita Daripa, Kamal Dua, Himanshu Dwivedi, Shriya Garg, Mangesh Gauns, Ajay Giri, Deen Dayal Giri, Sarbani Giri, Ajmer Singh Grewal, Paschal Okiroro Iniaghe, Sylvester Chibueze Izah, Dharmendra Kumar Jigyasu, Deepak Kashyap, Gagandeep Kaur, Jyotsna Kaushal, Juhi Khan, Sushil Kumar Kharia, Aman Kumar, Harshbardhan Kumar, Lawrence Kumar, Manish Kumar, P. Sravan Kumar, Pawan Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Khushbu Kumari, Neeta Kumari, Sughosh Madhav, Lal Chand Malav, Priyanka Mishra, Rahul Mishra, Virendra Kumar Mishra, Bipradeep Mondal, null Mritunjay, Priya Mukherjee, Clement Takon Ngun, Tamaraukepreye Catherine Odubo, Soumya Pandey, Sanjeet Kumar Paswan, Majid Peyravi, Abdur Quaff, Mahesh Rachamalla, Ankita Rani, Lata Rani, Hossein Rezaei, Biswa Mohan Sahoo, Pichiah Saravanan, Anjali Sharma, Devkant Sharma, Uttkarshni Sharma, Vaishali Sharma, Sushil Kumar Shukla, Akshay Kumar Singh, Bhaskar Singh, Ekta Singh, Gurudatta Singh, Munendra Singh, Pardeep Singh, Priyanka Singh, Ram Kishore Singh, Ravindra Pratap Singh, Sandeep Singh, Shobha Singh, Arun Lal Srivastav, B.H. Sunil, null Sweta, Rinkey Tiwari, Nitin Verma, Brijesh Yadav, and Dinesh K. Yadav

Published
2023

4. Formulation of Water Sustainability Index for India as a performance gauge for realizing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6

Author

Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Bipradeep Mondal, Priya Priyadarshini, Purushothaman Chirakkuzhyil Abhilash, Soma Biswas, and Amit Bhatnagar

Subjects
United Nations, Ecology, Geography, Planning and Development, Humans, India, Water, Environmental Chemistry, Seawater, General Medicine, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Sustainable Development, Ecosystem, Research Article
Abstract

Anthropogenic activities targeting economic progress have triggered changes in the Earth system processes causing depletion of resources and degradation of ecosystems. Water is a critical natural resource which has been severely impacted through groundwater depletion, surface water contamination and ocean acidification resulting in repercussions on human health and biodiversity losses. Likewise, India, a mega biodiversity nation has been critically affected by degradation and drawdown of water resources with far-reaching consequences on environmental vitality and socio-economic development. In order to prevent extreme water scarcity in the near future, the country needs to promote sustainable utilisation of water resources by adhering to the targets of Goal 6 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs). The present work, therefore, has focussed on the development of a Water Sustainability Index (WSI) for India that would help attaining the targets of SDG 6. A total of 12 indicators categorized under biophysical and social development dimensions and synonymous with the targets of SDG 6 have been used for the formulation of WSI and thereby understanding how much water resources are used annually in a sustainable manner. The study also highlights the interrelationship between the diverse social development and health indicators (SDG 3) of Indian community. The research has the potential to provide guidance for efficient use of water resources in India. Acting as a yardstick and guiding star, the sustainability metric will help the nation to monitor whether it is on the right track and navigate its journey towards achieving water sustainability. It also calls for cautious course correction and restructuring of current Indian policy and operational instruments for effective green governance and sustainable water management.

Published
2021

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