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A study was conducted in summer season of 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the effect of different mulching materials on late leaf spot disease of groundnut caused by Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & Curt.) v. Arx at Oilseed Research Program, Sarlahi, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 7 treatments viz. rice husk, rice straw, black polythene sheet, Lantana camara, living mulch, sawdust and control in three replications with fertilizer dose 20:40:20 NPK kg per hectare. The disease was scored in 1-9 scale and severity and AUDPC was calculated. In 2020, Lantana camara mulched plot showed significantly the lowest disease severity and the lowest AUDPC value (66.67% and 1556) followed by rice husk (70.37% and 1556) and black plastic (70.37% and 1611) mulched plot. Similarly in 2021, Lantana camara mulched plot showed significantly lowest disease severity and the lowest AUDPC value (62.96% and 1500) followed by rice husk (66.67% and 1574) and black plastic (66.67% and 1574) mulched plot. Significantly the highest pod yield was obtained in rice husk mulched plot (2.35 t/ha in 2020 and 2.07 t/ha in 2021) followed by living mulch treated plot (2.13 t/ha in 2020 and 1.84 t/ha in 2021). The highest disease severity (81.4% same as rice straw and saw dust mulched plot) with highest AUDPC value (1981) was observed in plot with no mulch during 2020 where as in 2021, the highest disease severity (77.78 same as plot with no mulch) with highest AUDPC value (1889) was observed in rice straw mulched plot. This study shows that organic mulches like rice husk could be better option for reducing disease severity with better yield in groundnut. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 11(1): 37-41.

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted intensive attention due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. With a massive leap of efficiency from 3.8% to 25.2% in a decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been considered the most promising next-generation photovoltaic technology. Recently, the methylamine (MA)-gas-mediated approach has been widely studied for preparing precursor solutions to deposit large scale perovskite thin films for PSCs. In this article, high-quality MAPbI3 films were spin-coated using a MA-gas-mediated perovskite precursor. The deposited MAPbI3 films showed larger crystal grains, lower surface roughness, and a preferred (110) crystal orientation compared to the films deposited by the Lewis adduct method. Planar PSC devices fabricated using the MA-gas-mediated precursor showed a high efficiency of 19.28% and a higher average efficiency than the devices fabricated by the Lewis adduct method.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted intensive attention due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. With a massive leap of efficiency from 3.8% to 25.2% in a decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been considered the most promising next-generation photovoltaic technology. Recently, the methylamine (MA)-gas-mediated approach has been widely studied for preparing precursor solutions to deposit large scale perovskite thin films for PSCs. In this article, high-quality MAPbI

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles using lysozyme (L:TiO2) were prepared through a facile synthesis. Structural, morphological and optical properties of L: TiO2 were compared with synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles prepared without lysozyme. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns showed dominance of anatase phase in L:TiO2 whereas rutile phase in TiO2. Their grain size was reduced from 38 to 17 nm on using lysozyme. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) study revealed the existence of chemical bonding of Titanium and Oxygen in both phases. The band gap energy was decreased from 3.3 to 3.1 eV on employing lysozyme. L:TiO2 nanoparticles showed better performance than TiO2 in photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Methyl Orange (MO) under ultraviolet irradiation.

Thin films of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) with different molar concentrations of thiourea were prepared on glass substrates using spray pyrolysis technique. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the CZTS thin films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy and sheet resistance measurement respectively. The XRD analysis demonstrated the polycrystalline nature of the CZTS. We observed better crystallanity in CZTS film prepared with thiourea concentration of 0.20 M and optical band gap value at this concentration was observed to be 1.60 eV. The optical study showed that band gap increased with an increase in thiourea concentration. The sheet resistance of the sample prepared with 0.20 M concentration of thiourea was 10.73 Kohm/sq.