1,468 results on '"Biophysique"'
Search Results
2. Aggregation properties of beta-amyloid and mutants in the presence of iron
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MOSBRI 3rd Scientific Conference, Machiels, Quentin, Waeytens, Jehan, Raussens, Vincent, MOSBRI 3rd Scientific Conference, Machiels, Quentin, Waeytens, Jehan, and Raussens, Vincent
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2024
3. FiTMuSiC: leveraging structural and (co)evolutionary data for protein fitness prediction
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Tsishyn, Matsvei, Cia Beriain, Gabriel, Hermans, Pauline, Kwasigroch, Jean-Marc, Rooman, Marianne, Pucci, Fabrizio, Tsishyn, Matsvei, Cia Beriain, Gabriel, Hermans, Pauline, Kwasigroch, Jean-Marc, Rooman, Marianne, and Pucci, Fabrizio
- Abstract
Systematically predicting the effects of mutations on protein fitness is essential for the understanding of genetic diseases. Indeed, predictions complement experimental efforts in analyzing how variants lead to dysfunctional proteins that in turn can cause diseases. Here we present our new fitness predictor, FiTMuSiC, which leverages structural, evolutionary and coevolutionary information. We show that FiTMuSiC predicts fitness with high accuracy despite the simplicity of its underlying model: it was among the top predictors on the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) target of the sixth round of the Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation challenge (CAGI6) and performs as well as much more complex deep learning models such as AlphaMissense. To further demonstrate FiTMuSiC’s robustness, we compared its predictions with in vitro activity data on HMBS, variant fitness data on human glucokinase (GCK), and variant deleteriousness data on HMBS and GCK. These analyses further confirm FiTMuSiC’s qualities and accuracy, which compare favorably with those of other predictors. Additionally, FiTMuSiC returns two scores that separately describe the functional and structural effects of the variant, thus providing mechanistic insight into why the variant leads to fitness loss or gain. We also provide an easy-to-use webserver at https://babylone.ulb.ac.be/FiTMuSiC ,which is freely available for academic use and does not require any bioinformatics expertise, which simplifies the accessibility of our tool for the entire scientific community., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2024
4. Complete 3D Kinematics Parameters of the Temporo-Mandibular Joints Using in Vivo Data Fusion
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Bescond, Gaël, Gales, Michèle, Glineur, Régine, Sholukha, Victor, Louryan, Stéphane, Van Sint Jan, Serge, Bescond, Gaël, Gales, Michèle, Glineur, Régine, Sholukha, Victor, Louryan, Stéphane, and Van Sint Jan, Serge
- Abstract
Objectives: The temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) has implications in vital functions and its disorder prevalence is between 5% and 12%. The mandible motions rely on two joints where mandibular condyles are generally asymmetric and highly individual. They rotate during jaw opening and closing and translate vertically and anteroposteriorly. Quantitative motion analysis tools are of interest to better understand normal and abnormal TMJ behavior. Previous studies have reported the asymmetrical behavior of the mandible compared to the skull as well as the synchronism of rotation and translation during its motions. But none of them has developed an experimental protocol using in vivo motion data fused with a tridimensional (3D) model. Therefore, we aim to provide the detailed kinematic parameters of the mandible compared to the skull, of the 2 condyles compared to their sockets and the instantaneous helicoidal axis (IHA) calculation through a clearly described new technology: in vivo data motion fused with virtual palpation on 3D models. We also compare the accuracy and the consistency of our results with the existing literature. Material and methods: Five healthy subjects fitted with a tailor-made dental and head clusters performed mouth opening/closing, diduction and chewing motions. 15 anatomical landmarks (ALs) were palpated on their skull and their mandible. The trajectory of the markers and ALs was recorded by opto-electronic cameras. 3D models created from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from the 5 subjects were processed through a segmentation procedure and imported into a musculo-skeletal data processing software. Virtual palpation was used to locate specific ALs and to build coordinate systems following the ISB recommendations. The ALs coordinates, the motion files and the morphological model were fused. Motion cycles were normalized from 1 to 100% of rotations and translations duration in coordinate systems, instantaneous helical axis (IHA) parameters were compu, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2023
5. Exploring chronomodulated radiotherapy strategies in a chaotic population model
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Ramírez-Ávila, Gonzalo Marcelo, Kurths, Juergen, Gonze, Didier, Dupont, Geneviève, Ramírez-Ávila, Gonzalo Marcelo, Kurths, Juergen, Gonze, Didier, and Dupont, Geneviève
- Abstract
We present a simple nonlinear model describing the population dynamics of cancerous, healthy, and effector cells submitted to ionizing radiation. We examine the situations in which intermittently high doses of radiation affect the cells as it occurs in radiotherapy. We characterize the effect of various irradiation parameters, such as the total delivered dose for a given standard dose rate and the number of treatment sessions seeking situations that optimize normal cells survival. In other words, we are interested in enhancing the effectiveness of a radiotherapy treatment by adjusting the temporal pattern of the dose deliverance through an exhaustive dynamical characterization of the system. This includes the study of the parameter planes, the populations’ dynamical behavior going from fixed points to chaotic oscillations, and the basins of attraction. This work leads to counter-intuitive predictions and constitutes a step towards a model of chronomodulated radiotherapy., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2023
6. Honey bees switch mechanisms to drink deep nectar efficiently
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Wei, Jiangkun, Rico-Guevara, Alejandro, Nicolson, Susan W., Brau, Fabian, Damman, Pascal, Gorb, Stanislav N., Wu, Zhigang, Wu, Jianing, Wei, Jiangkun, Rico-Guevara, Alejandro, Nicolson, Susan W., Brau, Fabian, Damman, Pascal, Gorb, Stanislav N., Wu, Zhigang, and Wu, Jianing
- Abstract
The feeding mechanisms of animals constrain the spectrum of resources that they can exploit profitably. For floral nectar eaters, both corolla depth and nectar properties have marked influence on foraging choices. We report the multiple strategies used by honey bees to efficiently extract nectar at the range of sugar concentrations and corolla depths they face in nature. Honey bees can collect nectar by dipping their hairy tongues or capillary loading when lapping it, or they can attach the tongue to the wall of long corollas and directly suck the nectar along the tongue sides. The honey bee feeding apparatus is unveiled as a multifunctional tool that can switch between lapping and sucking nectar according to the instantaneous ingesting efficiency, which is determined by the interplay of nectar–mouth distance and sugar concentration. These versatile feeding mechanisms allow honey bees to extract nectar efficiently from a wider range of floral resources than previously appreciated and endow them with remarkable adaptability to diverse foraging environments., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2023
7. Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform
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Chauvin, Adrien, Puglisi, Walter, Thiry, Damien, Satriano, Cristina, Snyders, Rony, Bittencourt, Carla, Chauvin, Adrien, Puglisi, Walter, Thiry, Damien, Satriano, Cristina, Snyders, Rony, and Bittencourt, Carla
- Abstract
Nanostructured noble metal thin films are highly studied for their interesting plasmonic properties. The latter can be effectively used for the detection of small and highly diluted molecules by the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. Regardless of impressive detection limits achieved, synthesis complexity and the high cost of gold restrict its use in devices. Here, we report on a novel two-step approach that combines the deposition of a silver–aluminum thin film with dealloying to design and fabricate efficient SERS platforms. The magnetron sputtering technique was used for the deposition of the alloy thin film to be dealloyed. After dealloying, the resulting silver nanoporous structures revealed two degrees of porosity: macroporosity, associated to the initial alloy morphology, and nanoporosity, related to the dealloying step. The resulting nanoporous columnar structure was finely optimized by tuning deposition (i.e. the alloy chemical composition) and dealloying (i.e. dealloying media) parameters to reach the best SERS properties. These are reported for samples dealloyed in HCl and with 30 atom % of silver at the initial state with a detection limit down to 10−10 mol·L−1 for a solution of rhodamine B., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2023
8. Heterogeneity of absorbed dose distribution in kidney tissues and dose–response modelling of nephrotoxicity in radiopharmaceutical therapy with beta-particle emitters: A review
- Author
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Saldarriaga Vargas, Clarita, Andersson, Ellen Michelle, Bouvier-Capely, Céline, Li, Wei Bo, Madas, Balázs, Covens, Peter, Struelens, Lara, Strigari, Lidia, Saldarriaga Vargas, Clarita, Andersson, Ellen Michelle, Bouvier-Capely, Céline, Li, Wei Bo, Madas, Balázs, Covens, Peter, Struelens, Lara, and Strigari, Lidia
- Abstract
Absorbed dose heterogeneity in kidney tissues is an important issue in radiopharmaceutical therapy. The effect of absorbed dose heterogeneity in nephrotoxicity is, however, not fully understood yet, which hampers the implementation of treatment optimization by obscuring the interpretation of clinical response data and the selection of optimal treatment options. Although some dosimetry methods have been developed for kidney dosimetry to the level of microscopic renal substructures, the clinical assessment of the microscopic distribution of radiopharmaceuticals in kidney tissues currently remains a challenge. This restricts the anatomical resolution of clinical dosimetry, which hinders a thorough clinical investigation of the impact of absorbed dose heterogeneity. The potential of absorbed dose–response modelling to support individual treatment optimization in radiopharmaceutical therapy is recognized and gaining attraction. However, biophysical modelling is currently underexplored for the kidney, where particular modelling challenges arise from the convolution of a complex functional organization of renal tissues with the function-mediated dose distribution of radiopharmaceuticals. This article reviews and discusses the heterogeneity of absorbed dose distribution in kidney tissues and the absorbed dose–response modelling of nephrotoxicity in radiopharmaceutical therapy. The review focuses mainly on the peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with beta-particle emitting somatostatin analogues, for which the scientific literature reflects over two decades of clinical experience. Additionally, detailed research perspectives are proposed to address various identified challenges to progress in this field., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2023
9. Bacterial morphology analysis by cryo-soft X-ray tomography and cryo-(scanning) transmission electron microscopy
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Cossa, Antoine, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (LLB - UMR 12), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Multimodal Imaging Center (Centre d'Imagerie Multimodale) (MIC), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Universidad autonóma de Madrid, Véronique Arluison, Jose Maria Carazo, Sylvain Trépout, and STAR, ABES
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Cryo-SXT ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,Bacterial imaging ,Biophysics ,High-resolution imaging ,Biophysique ,Microbiology ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,[INFO.INFO-TI] Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV] ,Microbiologie ,[INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV] ,Cryo-STEM ,Imagerie bactérienne ,[SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,Imagerie haute résolution - Abstract
In bacteria, DNA is not separated in the cell by a membrane, converse to eukaryotes, which have a nucleus. Therefore, DNA must be protected, while remaining accessible to allow for gene expression. The DNA structuring is achieved via proteins called NAPs (standing for "Nucleoid Associated Protein"). Among these NAPs, the Hfq protein is found. Hfq is a pleiotropic factor involved in bacterial physiology. Its best-known function is to regulate RNA-dependent processes. However, its ability to form an amyloid structure allows it to interact with DNA, to form bridges between distant parts of DNA and thus to compact it strongly. If this property was demonstrated in vitro, analyses were lacking in cellulo. This PhD work highlights the direct and indirect effects of Hfq on the compaction of the nucleoid. The complexes or the cells were observed using cryo-(scanning) transmission electron microscopy (cryo-(S)TEM) and cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) techniques. The latter is a three-dimensional imaging technique that permits to quantify the volume and density of the bacterial nucleoid. This PhD project made possible to characterize the impact of Hfq on the structure of DNA and bacterial morphology, which will make it possible to test in cellulo the effects of new antibiotics, which could be developed in connection with this property in the future., Chez les bactéries, l'ADN n'est pas séparé du reste de la cellule par une membrane, contrairement aux eucaryotes qui possèdent un noyau. Cet ADN a donc besoin d'être à la fois protégé tout en restant accessible pour permettre l'expression génétique. Cette structuration de l'ADN se fait via des protéines appelées NAPs (pour "Nucleoid Associated Protein"). Parmi ces NAPs, on trouve la protéine Hfq. Hfq est un facteur pléiotrope impliqué dans la physiologie bactérienne. Sa fonction la plus connue est de réguler des processus ARNs dépendants. Cependant, sa capacité à former une structure amyloïde lui permet d'interagir avec l'ADN, de former des ponts entre des parties éloignées de l'ADN et ainsi de le compacter fortement. Si cette propriété a pu être démontrée in vitro, les analyses in cellulo manquaient. Ce travail de thèse met en lumière les effets directs et indirects d'Hfq sur la l'état de compaction du nucléoïde. Ainsi les complexes ou les cellules ont pu être observés à l'aide de techniques de cryo-microscopie électronique en transmission (à balayage) (cryo-(S)TEM) et de cryo-tomographie à rayons-X mous (cryo-SXT). Cette dernière, est une technique d'imagerie tri-dimensionnelle qui permet de quantifier le volume et la densité du nucléoïde bactérien. Ce projet de thèse a permis de caractériser l'impact d'Hfq sur la structure de l'ADN et la morphologie bactérienne, ce qui permettra de tester in cellulo l'effet de nouveaux antibiotiques qui pourront être développés en lien avec cette propriété dans le futur.
- Published
- 2022
10. Candida albicans sur puce : approche biomécanique de la plasticité morphogénétique de C. albicans
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Albert, Lucie, Équipe Micro-Nanofluidique pour les sciences de la vie et de l’environnement (LAAS-MILE), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie [Institut Curie] (PCC), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université PSL (Paris Sciences & Lettres), Catherine Villard, and Morgan DELARUE (co-encadrant)
- Subjects
Microfluidique ,plasticité phénotypique ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,contraintes mécaniques ,microfluidics ,yeasts ,Biophysique ,hyphes ,mechanical stresses ,phenotypic plasticity ,C. albicans ,biophysics ,hyphae ,levures - Abstract
National audience; The filamentous yeast Candida albicans is a benign member of the healthy human microbiota but can also turn into an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. The morphological plasticity of C. albicans is a major virulence factor. Hyphae i.e. elongated multi-cellular invasive filaments, and unicellular ovaloid yeasts, respectively participate toinvasion and dissemination in the tissues and bloodstream. The reversible yeast-to-hypha phenotypic switches depend on the physicochemical properties of C. albicans environment, notably pH, temperature and growth factors. C. albicans also secretes farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule that is involved in inhibiting hyphal induction.In contrast to the impact of chemical parameters, little is known about how mechanical forces affect the growth phenotype. To this end, we have developed dedicated microfluidic devices allowing both live-cell imaging and high-throughput experiments to quantify the impact of compressive stress on the yeast-to-hypha transition. The principle of our devices isbased on the emergence of growth-induced pressure when cells proliferate in confined space.Using these devices, we observed expression of the hyphal-specific gene HWP1 under small compressive stress intensities. Yeast-to-hypha transition probability in the confined population seems modulated by the concentration of secreted farnesol and cell-division rate under pressure. To describe the local accumulation of farnesol in the dense population, wepropose a theoretical model of 1D advection-diffusion in a porous medium, based in particular on the Kozeny-Carman approximation. The results obtained suggest a significant underestimation of the hydrodynamic resistance of the porous material. This limitation opens new questions about the transport in a porous environment, composed of deformable and growing yeasts. The model predicts the temporal dynamics when advection is effective. Our results suggest that, taking inhibition into account, the efficiency of induction by pressure is as strong as a known inductive stress such as the addition of serum at 37°C.Single-cell characterization of HWP1 gene expression suggests a regulated mechanism during induction that compensates for biophysical pressure limitation. Single-cell reporter expression also showed that higher compressive stress values (hundreds of kPa) limits hyphal-growth maintenance. In contrast, observation of hyphae in a second uncompressed chamber showed that hyphal epigenetic program is maintained upon mechanical relaxation. Together, the results of this thesis suggest that growth-induced pressure promotes phenotype change in C. albicans, and that this transition is stable. These results pave the way for the investigation of the mechanical regulation of the yeast-to-hypha transition and its link with the pathogenicity of C. albicans.; La levure filamenteuse Candida albicans est un membre bénin du microbiote chez l'humain en bonne santé. Cependant, cet organisme peut devenir un pathogène opportuniste, particulièrement chez les patients immunodéprimés. La plasticité morphologique de C. albicans est un facteur majeur de sa virulence. Les hyphes, de longs filaments multicellulaires et invasifs, et les levures unicellulaires de forme ovaloïde, supportent respectivement l'invasion et la dissémination dans les tissues et le système sanguin. La transition de phénotype réversible levure-vers-hyphe dépend de multiples paramètres physico-chimiques de l'environnement de Candida, notamment le pH, la température et des facteurs de croissance. C. albicans sécrète également du farnésol, une molécule de quorum-sensing qui est impliquée dans l'inhibition de l'induction hyphale. Contrairement à l'impact des paramètres chimiques, la manière dont les for! ces mécaniques peuvent affecter le phénotype adopté reste peu renseignée. Nous avons utilisé des dispositifs microfluidiques permettant l'imagerie de cellules vivantes et des expériences à haut débit afin de quantifier l'impact de contraintes compressives sur la transition levure-hyphe. Le principe de ce dispositif repose sur l'émergence de la pression induite par la croissance des cellules sous confinement spatial. En utilisant ces dispositifs, nous avons observé l'expression d'un gène spécifique à la croissance hyphale (HWP1) sous de faibles intensités de forces compressives. La probabilité d'induction levure-hyphe dans la population confinée semble modulée par la concentration de farnésol sécrété, et par le taux de division sous pression. Pour décrire l'accumulation locale de farnésol dans la population dense, nous proposons un modèle théorique d'advection-diffusion 1D en milieu poreux reposant notamment sur l'approximation de Kozeny-Carman. Les ! résultats obtenus suggèrent une sous-estimation importante de la résistance hydrodynamique du poreux. Cette limitation ouvre de nouvelles questions sur le transport dans un poreux constitué de levures déformables et en croissance. Le modèle prédit la dynamique temporelle lorsque l'advection est efficace. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'en dehors de toute inhibition, l'efficacité d'induction par la pression est aussi forte qu'un stress inductif connu tel que l'addition de sérum à 37°C. La caractérisation de l'expression du gène HWP1 en cellule-unique suggère que la dynamique d'induction est régulée et compense la limitation biophysique de la pression. En parallèle, la maintenance du programme épigénétique hyphal semble limitée sous plus forte pression (centaine de kPa) via un ralentissement de la croissance. En revanche, la croissance hyphale est maintenue lorsque les hyphes accèdent à un second compartiment permettant la relaxation mécanique. Ensemble, ! les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que la pression induite par l! a croissance confinée favorise le changement de phénotype chez C. albicans et que cette transition est stable. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles investigations sur la régulation par la mécanique de cette transition et son lien avec la pathogénicité de C. albicans.
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- 2022
11. Analyse de la morphologie bactérienne par cryo-tomographie à rayons-X mous et cryo-microscopie électronique en transmission (à balayage)
- Author
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Cossa, Antoine, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (LLB - UMR 12), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LLB - Matière molle et biophysique (MMB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Multimodal Imaging Center (Centre d'Imagerie Multimodale) (MIC), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Universidad autonóma de Madrid, Véronique Arluison, Jose Maria Carazo, and Sylvain Trépout
- Subjects
Cryo-SXT ,Microbiologie ,[INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV] ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,Cryo-STEM ,Bacterial imaging ,Biophysics ,High-resolution imaging ,Biophysique ,Imagerie bactérienne ,Microbiology ,Imagerie haute résolution ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology - Abstract
In bacteria, DNA is not separated in the cell by a membrane, converse to eukaryotes, which have a nucleus. Therefore, DNA must be protected, while remaining accessible to allow for gene expression. The DNA structuring is achieved via proteins called NAPs (standing for "Nucleoid Associated Protein"). Among these NAPs, the Hfq protein is found. Hfq is a pleiotropic factor involved in bacterial physiology. Its best-known function is to regulate RNA-dependent processes. However, its ability to form an amyloid structure allows it to interact with DNA, to form bridges between distant parts of DNA and thus to compact it strongly. If this property was demonstrated in vitro, analyses were lacking in cellulo. This PhD work highlights the direct and indirect effects of Hfq on the compaction of the nucleoid. The complexes or the cells were observed using cryo-(scanning) transmission electron microscopy (cryo-(S)TEM) and cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) techniques. The latter is a three-dimensional imaging technique that permits to quantify the volume and density of the bacterial nucleoid. This PhD project made possible to characterize the impact of Hfq on the structure of DNA and bacterial morphology, which will make it possible to test in cellulo the effects of new antibiotics, which could be developed in connection with this property in the future.; Chez les bactéries, l'ADN n'est pas séparé du reste de la cellule par une membrane, contrairement aux eucaryotes qui possèdent un noyau. Cet ADN a donc besoin d'être à la fois protégé tout en restant accessible pour permettre l'expression génétique. Cette structuration de l'ADN se fait via des protéines appelées NAPs (pour "Nucleoid Associated Protein"). Parmi ces NAPs, on trouve la protéine Hfq. Hfq est un facteur pléiotrope impliqué dans la physiologie bactérienne. Sa fonction la plus connue est de réguler des processus ARNs dépendants. Cependant, sa capacité à former une structure amyloïde lui permet d'interagir avec l'ADN, de former des ponts entre des parties éloignées de l'ADN et ainsi de le compacter fortement. Si cette propriété a pu être démontrée in vitro, les analyses in cellulo manquaient. Ce travail de thèse met en lumière les effets directs et indirects d'Hfq sur la l'état de compaction du nucléoïde. Ainsi les complexes ou les cellules ont pu être observés à l'aide de techniques de cryo-microscopie électronique en transmission (à balayage) (cryo-(S)TEM) et de cryo-tomographie à rayons-X mous (cryo-SXT). Cette dernière, est une technique d'imagerie tri-dimensionnelle qui permet de quantifier le volume et la densité du nucléoïde bactérien. Ce projet de thèse a permis de caractériser l'impact d'Hfq sur la structure de l'ADN et la morphologie bactérienne, ce qui permettra de tester in cellulo l'effet de nouveaux antibiotiques qui pourront être développés en lien avec cette propriété dans le futur.
- Published
- 2022
12. Études structurale et fonctionnelle d'un canal à potassium humain, Kir2.1. Mécanisme et conséquences des mutations
- Author
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Zuniga, Dania, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, and Catherine Venien-Bryan
- Subjects
[SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM] ,Molecular biology ,Biochimie ,Biophysics ,Biologie structurale ,Biologie moléculaire ,Biophysique ,Function ,Structural biology ,Cryo EM 2 ,Biochemistry ,Fonction ,Cryo-EM - Abstract
The ability of a cell to facilitate the selective and rapid movement of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane is one of the most fundamental biological processes. Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels are integral membrane proteins that provide K+-selective pathways across the otherwise impermeable cell membrane along the electrochemical gradients. Kir channels support the flow of K+ ions into and out of the cell and regulate various functions in the human body, including heart rate, vascular tone, insulin secretion, and salt and fluid balance. The physiological significance of Kir channels is highlighted by the fact that genetically-inherited defects in these genes result in human diseases (channelopathies). We are particularly interested in Andersen’s syndrome, where mutations in the KCNJ2 gene coding for Kir2.1 protein are directly involved. Andersen’s syndrome (AS) is a rare disease characterized by cardiac arrhythmias, dysmorphic features, and periodic paralysis. The available treatment for AS patients is empirical rather than rational due to the lack of knowledge of this Kir2.1 channel. This thesis aimed to identify the differences between the wild-type Kir2.1 channel and two mutant AS-causing channels to find links between the structure and the function of human Kir2.1 using a combination of biochemical, structural, and functional approaches. In this study, we recombinantly expressed the human Kir2.1 channel in yeast and purified it in detergent. We characterized the interaction between Kir2.1 and the essential activator PIP2, solved the first human Kir channel structure by cryo-EM, and explored reconstitution in detergent-free systems like amphipols and nanodiscs. The findings of this study will provide a structural and functional base to understand better the mechanisms involved in Kir channels and the effects of their mutations. This manuscript is divided into three parts. The first part introduces Kir channels and state-of-the-art. The second part focuses on the characterization of the human potassium channel Kir2.1, the determination of its structure by cryo-EM, and the impact of mutations on its structure and function. The third part presents two mutations in the bacterial homolog KirBac3.1, which shares structural features with Kir2.1, to provide insight into the gating mechanism of Kir channels.; La capacité d'une cellule à faciliter le mouvement sélectif et rapide des ions et des petites molécules à travers la membrane plasmique est un processus biologique indispensable. Les canaux potassiques à rectification entrante (Kir) sont des protéines membranaires intégrales qui fournissent des voies sélectives aux ions K+ à travers la membrane cellulaire autrement imperméable, le long des gradients électrochimiques. Les canaux Kir permettent le passage des ions K+ dans les deux sens et régulent diverses fonctions chez les humains, notamment la fréquence cardiaque, le tonus vasculaire, la sécrétion d'insuline et l'équilibre salin et hydrique. L'importance physiologique des canaux Kir est mise en évidence par le fait que des défauts génétiquement héréditaires de ces gènes entraînent des maladies humaines (canalopathies). Nous nous intéressons particulièrement au syndrome d'Andersen, où des mutations du gène KCNJ2 codant pour la protéine Kir2.1 sont directement impliquées. Le syndrome d'Andersen (AS) est une maladie rare caractérisée par des arythmies cardiaques, des dysmorphies multiples et des paralysies périodiques. Le traitement disponible pour les patients atteints d’AS est empirique plutôt que rationnel en raison de la manque de connaissance de ce canal Kir2.1. Cette thèse visait à identifier les différences entre le canal Kir2.1 de type sauvage et deux canaux mutants causant l’AS afin de trouver des liens entre la structure et la fonction du Kir2.1 humain en utilisant une combinaison d'approches biochimiques, structurelles et fonctionnelles. Dans cette étude, nous avons exprimé le canal Kir2.1 humain dans la levure et l'avons purifié dans un détergent. Nous avons caractérisé l'interaction entre Kir2.1 et l'activateur essentiel PIP2, résolu par cryo-EM la première structure d'un canal Kir humain et exploré la reconstitution dans des systèmes modèles sans détergent comme les amphipols et les nanodisques. Les résultats de cette étude fourniront une base structurale et fonctionnelle pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans les canaux Kir et les effets de leurs mutations. Ce manuscrit est divisé en trois parties. La première partie présente les canaux Kir et l'état de l'art. La deuxième partie porte sur la caractérisation du canal potassique humain Kir2.1, la détermination de sa structure par cryo-EM et l'impact des mutations sur sa structure et sa fonction. La troisième partie présente deux mutations dans l'homologue bactérien KirBac3.1, qui partage des caractéristiques structurelles avec Kir2.1, pour donner un aperçu du mécanisme d’ouverture et fermeture des canaux Kir.
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- 2022
13. Trade-off mechanism of honey bee sucking and lapping
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Wei, Jiangkun, Brau, Fabian, Damman, Pascal, Draux, Ayrton, Hua, Hoa Ai Béatrice, Wu, Zhigang, Wu, Jianing, Wei, Jiangkun, Brau, Fabian, Damman, Pascal, Draux, Ayrton, Hua, Hoa Ai Béatrice, Wu, Zhigang, and Wu, Jianing
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info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2022
14. Characterization of vagus nerve stimulation-induced pupillary responses in epileptic patients
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Vespa, Simone, Stumpp, Lars, Liberati, Giulia, Delbeke, Marie Jeanne, Nonclercq, Antoine, Mouraux, André, El Tahry, Riëm, Vespa, Simone, Stumpp, Lars, Liberati, Giulia, Delbeke, Marie Jeanne, Nonclercq, Antoine, Mouraux, André, and El Tahry, Riëm
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Background: Modulation of the locus coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system is a key mechanism of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Activation of the LC produces pupil dilation, and the VNS-induced change in pupil diameter was demonstrated in animals as a possible dose-dependent biomarker for treatment titration. Objective: This study aimed to characterize VNS-induced pupillary responses in epileptic patients. Methods: Pupil diameter was recorded in ten epileptic patients upon four stimulation conditions: three graded levels of VNS intensity and a somatosensory control stimulation (cutaneous electrical stimulation over the left clavicle). For each block, the patients rated the intensity of stimulation on a numerical scale. We extracted the latency of the peak pupil dilation and the magnitude of the early (0–2.5 s) and late components (2.5–5 s) of the pupil dilation response (PDR). Results: VNS elicited a peak dilation with longer latency compared to the control condition (p = 0.043). The magnitude of the early PDR was significantly correlated with the intensity of perception (p = 0.046), whereas the late PDR was not (p = 0.19). There was a significant main effect of the VNS level of intensity on the magnitude of the late PDR (p = 0.01) but not on the early PDR (p = 0.2). The relationship between late PDR magnitude and VNS intensity was best fit by a Gaussian model (inverted-U). Conclusions: The late component of the PDR might reflect specific dose-dependent effects of VNS, as compared to control somatosensory stimulation. The inverted-U relationship of late PDR with VNS intensity might indicate the engagement of antagonist central mechanisms at high stimulation intensities., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2022
15. Rhodnius prolixus Hemolymph Immuno-Physiology: Deciphering the Systemic Immune Response Triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi Establishment in the Vector Using Quantitative Proteomics
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Ouali, Radouane, Vieira, Larissa Rezende, Salmon, Didier, Bousbata, Sabrina, Ouali, Radouane, Vieira, Larissa Rezende, Salmon, Didier, and Bousbata, Sabrina
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Understanding the development of Trypanosoma cruzi within the triatomine vector at the molecular level should provide novel targets for interrupting parasitic life cycle and affect vectorial competence. The aim of the current study is to provide new insights into triatomines immunology through the characterization of the hemolymph proteome of Rhodnius prolixus, a major Chagas disease vector, in order to gain an overview of its immune physiology. Surprisingly, proteomics investigation of the immunomodulation of T. cruzi-infected blood reveals that the parasite triggers an early systemic response in the hemolymph. The analysis of the expression profiles of hemolymph proteins from 6 h to 24 h allowed the identification of a broad range of immune proteins expressed already in the early hours post-blood-feeding regardless of the presence of the parasite, ready to mount a rapid response exemplified by the significant phenol oxidase activation. Nevertheless, we have also observed a remarkable induction of the immune response triggered by an rpPGRP-LC and the overexpression of defensins 6 h post-T. cruzi infection. Moreover, we have identified novel proteins with immune properties such as the putative c1q-like protein and the immunoglobulin I-set domain-containing protein, which have never been described in triatomines and could play a role in T. cruzi recognition. Twelve proteins with unknown function are modulated by the presence of T. cruzi in the hemolymph. Determining the function of these parasite-induced proteins represents an exciting challenge for increasing our knowledge about the diversity of the immune response from the universal one studied in holometabolous insects. This will provide us with clear answers for misunderstood mechanisms in host–parasite interaction, leading to the development of new generation strategies to control vector populations and pathogen transmission., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2022
16. Single molecule unfolding of a multidrug transporter in native membranes by Atomic Force Spectroscopy
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Govaerts, Cédric, Prévost, Martine, Martens, Chloé, Alsteens, David, Dupres, Vincent, Van Oene, Thomas, Govaerts, Cédric, Prévost, Martine, Martens, Chloé, Alsteens, David, Dupres, Vincent, and Van Oene, Thomas
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Les protéines membranaires (PM) évoluent dans l’environnement complexe qu’est la membrane cellulaire. Leur fonctionnement et leur structure sont intrinsèquement liés aux interactions qu’elles ont avec les lipides environnants. Parmi les résultats de ces interactions, leur stabilisation semble une évidence étant donné qu’extraites de cet environnement, elles s’agrègent et perdent leur fonction. Ce phénomène intuitif de stabilisation n’en demeure pas moins particulièrement complexe à étudier, analyser et comprendre. Malgré les avancées apportées par la transposition de techniques de mesure de stabilité des protéines solubles aux PM, ces méthodes ne permettent pas la dénaturation complète de la protéine. Des parties importantes de leur structure secondaire restent présentes. De plus ces études ne prennent pas en compte l’extraction de la membrane. Pour pallier à ce problème nous proposons d’utiliser une technique de déstabilisation mécanique :la mesure de Single Molecule Force Spectrosocpy. En tirant sur des protéines individuelles à l’aide d’une pointe de Microscope à Force Atomique, celles-ci peuvent être déployées et extraites de leur environnement lipidique. Nous avons pu montrer que les énergies mesurées nous permettaient d’avoir une méthode comparative de mesure de stabilité en étudiant les effets stabilisateurs de la formation d’un complexe entre une PM et un nanobody. Nous avons pu constater une réduction de la stabilité, induite par la modification de l’environnement lipidique et accentuée lors de l’enlèvement de tous lipides. Ce qui souligne l’importance des lipides natifs des PM. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons montré la possibilité d’utiliser une nouvelle technologie de solubilisation des PM utilisant des copolymères amphiphiles. Après une optimisation nécessaire en fonction de la protéine et de son environnement lipidique, il a été montré que cette nouvelle technique permettait l’obtention de structures similaires à des nanodiscs traditionnels mais de, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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- 2022
17. Comparison of PMT-based TF64 and SiPM-based Vereos PET/CT systems for 90Y imaging and dosimetry optimization: A quantitative study
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Trotta, Nicola, Collette, Benoit, Mathey, Céline, Vierasu, Irina, Bucalau, Ana-Maria, Verset, Gontran, Moreno Reyes, Mario Rodrigo, Goldman, Serge, Trotta, Nicola, Collette, Benoit, Mathey, Céline, Vierasu, Irina, Bucalau, Ana-Maria, Verset, Gontran, Moreno Reyes, Mario Rodrigo, and Goldman, Serge
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Background: Selective internal radiotherapy based on transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres is an established treatment for primary or metastatic liver disease. Purpose: The objective of this work is to optimize the dosimetry of patients treated with 90Y TARE, using positron emission tomography (PET) images. Methods: The NEMA 2012 PET phantom was filled with nearly 3.9 GBq of 90Y activity and acquired at days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 on a classic time-of-flight PET/computed tomography (CT) scanner (Philips TF64) and on a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based PET/CT scanner (Philips Vereos). Acquisitions were carried on following the guidelines proposed in a previously published multicentric trial and images were reconstructed by varying and combining the available parameters. Comparisons were performed to identify the best set(s) of parameters leading to the most accurate 90Y-PET image(s), in terms of activity distribution. Then, for both scanners, the best images were analyzed with Simplicit90Y, a personalized dosimetry software using multicompartmental Medical Internal Radiation Dose model. The comparison between measured and true doses allowed to identify the image granting the most consistent dose estimations and, therefore, to designate the set of parameters to be applied on patients’ data for the reconstruction of optimized clinical images. Posttreatment dosimetry of four patients was then realized with Simplicit90Y using optimized imaging datasets. Results: Based on activity distribution comparisons and dose estimations over phantom and patients data, the SiPM-based PET/CT system appeared more suitable than the photomultiplier tube-based TF64 for 90Y-PET imaging. With the SiPM-based PET/CT system, reconstructed images with a 2-mm voxel size combined with the application of the point spread function correction led to the most accurate results for quantitative 90Y measures. Conclusions: For the SiPM-based PET/CT scanner, an optimized, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2022
18. Measurement of global mechanical properties of human thorax: Costal cartilage
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Gradischar, Andreas, Lebschy, Carola, Krach, Wolfgang, Krall, Marcell, Fediuk, Melanie, Gieringer, Anja, Smolle-Jüttner, Freyja, Hammer, Niels, Beyer, Benoît, Smolle, Josef, Schäfer, Ute, Gradischar, Andreas, Lebschy, Carola, Krach, Wolfgang, Krall, Marcell, Fediuk, Melanie, Gieringer, Anja, Smolle-Jüttner, Freyja, Hammer, Niels, Beyer, Benoît, Smolle, Josef, and Schäfer, Ute
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Surgical resection of chest wall tumours may lead to a loss of ribcage stability and requires reconstruction to allow for physical thorax functioning. When titanium implants are used especially for larger, lateral defects, they tend to break. Implant failures are mainly due to specific mechanical requirements for chest-wall reconstruction which must mimic the physiological properties and which are not yet met by available implants. In order to develop new implants, the mechanical characteristics of ribs, joints and cartilages are investigated. Rib loading is highly dependent on the global thorax kinematics, making implant development substantially challenging. Costal cartilage contributes vastly to the entire thorax load-deformation behaviour, and also to rib loading patterns. Computational models of the thoracic cage require mechanical properties on the global stiffness, to simulate rib kinematics and evaluate stresses in the ribs and costal cartilage. In this study the mechanical stiffness of human costal cartilage is assessed with bending, torsion and tensile tests. The elastic moduli for the bending in four major directions ranged from 2.2 to 60.8 MPa, shear moduli ranged from 5.7 to 24.7 MPa for torsion, and tensile elastic moduli ranging from 5.6 to 29.6 MPa. This article provides mechanical properties for costal cartilage. The results of these measurements are used for the development of a whole thorax finite element model to investigate ribcage biomechanics and subsequently to design improved rib implants., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2022
19. Heterogeneity of dose distribution in normal tissues in case of radiopharmaceutical therapy with alpha-emitting radionuclides
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Li, Wei Bo, Bouvier-Capely, Céline, Saldarriaga Vargas, Clarita, Andersson, Ellen Michelle, Madas, Balázs, Li, Wei Bo, Bouvier-Capely, Céline, Saldarriaga Vargas, Clarita, Andersson, Ellen Michelle, and Madas, Balázs
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Heterogeneity of dose distribution has been shown at different spatial scales in diagnostic nuclear medicine. In cancer treatment using new radiopharmaceuticals with alpha-particle emitters, it has shown an extensive degree of dose heterogeneity affecting both tumour control and toxicity of organs at risk. This review aims to provide an overview of generalized internal dosimetry in nuclear medicine and highlight the need of consideration of the dose heterogeneity within organs at risk. The current methods used for patient dosimetry in radiopharmaceutical therapy are summarized. Bio-distribution and dose heterogeneities of alpha-particle emitting pharmaceutical 223Ra (Xofigo) within bone tissues are presented as an example. In line with the strategical research agendas of the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS), future research direction of pharmacokinetic modelling and dosimetry in patient radiopharmaceutical therapy are recommended., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2022
20. Viral hijacking of PDZ-containing proteins
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Caillet-Saguy, Célia, Récepteurs Canaux - Channel Receptors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris-Saclay, and Herman Van-tilbeurgh
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protein-protein interaction ,biologie structurale ,biophysique ,biophysics ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,virologie ,structural biology ,[SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology ,interaction protéine-protéine ,PDZ-domain proteins ,virology ,protéines à domaines PDZ - Abstract
J’ai intégré l'Institut Pasteur en 2014 en proposant un projet sur la perturbation par les virus des voies de signalisation impliquant les protéines à PDZ. En effet, de nombreuses protéines virales issues de virus de familles différentes (virus de l'hépatite B, du papillome humain, de la grippe, de la dengue, de l'encéphalite à tiques, de la rage, virus respiratoire aigu sévère) codent pour des motifs de liaison aux domaines PDZ (PBMs) permettant des interactions avec les protéines à PDZ cellulaires. L'examen des protéines à PDZ cellulaires ciblées par les PBM viraux révèle que les protéines virales interagissent avec des protéines contrôlant par exemple : l'apoptosecomme nous l’avons identifié chez le virus de la Rage, la formation de jonctions serrées et l'établissementde la polarité cellulaire comme nous l’avons déterminé chez le SARS-CoV-2. L’étude de la perturbation de la fonction des protéines cellulaires à PDZ par les virus codant pour des protéines virales ayant un PBM met en évidence une stratégie largement utilisée par les virus pour améliorer leur réplication, la dissémination dans l'hôte et la transmission à de nouveaux hôtes. Ces interactions PDZ/PBM sont importantes que ce soit dans lavirulence, la malignité ou la réplication virale. Cet axe de recherche pourrait donc accroître notre compréhension des différents aspects de la physiopathologie de l'infection par différents virus. Je concentre mes recherches sur la compréhension de la fonction des protéines contenant des domaines PDZ dans la signalisation cellulaire etleur perturbation par les virus à travers l'étude de leurs structures, interactions et dynamiques. Les aspects fonctionnels et structuraux de ces protéines sont étudiés.
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- 2022
21. Matière molle et biophysique
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Jean-François Joanny
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Environmental Engineering ,physique statistique hors-équilibre ,biophysique ,matière active ,matière molle ,physique des tissus ,physique ,physique statistique - Abstract
Enseignement Cours – Physique des tissus biologiques Introduction Après un cours sur la matière active en 2019, les deux cours de 2020 et 2021 seront consacrés à la physique des tissus qui peuvent être considérés comme des exemples de matière active. Les cours mettent en avant le caractère actif des tissus, mais ils essaient de montrer aussi ce qu’une approche de physicien peut apporter à la biologie des tissus en discutant essentiellement deux types de tissus : les tissus cancéreux et les ti...
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- 2022
22. Structural studies of the cytoplasmic dyneins and the BicD2 cargo adaptor
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Fagiewicz, Robert, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Helgo Schmidt, and STAR, ABES
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BicD2 ,[SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Dynein-1 ,Biophysics ,Biophysique ,Dynéine-1 ,Dynéine-2 ,CryoEM ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Dynéin-2 - Abstract
Cytoplasmic dyneins drive the majority of the retrograde microtubule transport events in eukaryotic cells. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is involved in cell division, transport of organelles and vesicles, brain and muscle development, while cytoplasmic dynein-2 facilitates flagella assembly in mammalian cells. In the developing cortex, dynein-1, dynactin, and the BicD2 cargo adaptor are recruited to the nucleus, to move it from the apical to the basal side of the neocortex. The BicD2 cargo adaptor is an elongated, flexible linker protein mediating interaction with the minus-end directed dynein motor, the plus-end motor kinesin-1, nuclear pore components, RNA, and viral particles. This work focuses on two fundamental aspects of dynein-mediated transport : how does dynein generate force for movement via linker remodeling, and second how does human cargo adaptor BicD2 mediates the interaction with its cargo., Les dynéines cytoplasmiques dirigent la majorité des événements de transport rétrograde des microtubules dans les cellules eucaryotes. La dynéine cytoplasmique-1 est impliquée dans la division cellulaire, le transport des organelles et des vésicules, le développement du cerveau et des muscles, tandis que la dynéine cytoplasmique-2 facilite l'assemblage des flagelles dans les cellules de mammifères. Dans le cortex en développement, la dynéine-1,la dynactine et l'adaptateur de cargaison BicD2 sont recrutés vers le noyau, pour les déplacer du côté apical vers le côté basal du néocortex. L'adaptateur de cargaison BicD2 est une protéine de liaison allongée et flexible qui interagit avec le moteur dynéine dirigé vers l'extrémité négative, le moteur kinésine-1 dirigé vers l'extrémité positive, les composants du pore nucléaire, l'ARN et les particules virales. Ce travail se concentre sur deux aspects fondamentaux du transport médié par la dynéine : comment la dynéine génère-t-elle la force nécessaire au mouvement via le remodelage de la liaison, et comment l'adaptateur de cargaison humain BicD2 médiatise-t-il l'interaction avec sa cargaison ?
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- 2022
23. Etudes structurales de pompe anionique cyanobactérienne
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Astashkin, Roman, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS - UMR 5075), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....], Valentin Gordeliy, and STAR, ABES
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[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,Optique ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,Membrane proteins ,Biophysics ,Biologie struturale ,Optics ,Biophysique ,[SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM] ,Structural biology ,Protéines membranaires ,[SDV.BBM.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM] - Abstract
Ion transport across the cell membrane is an essential process for living cells. Active transport of ions is carried out by various ion transporters, including microbial rhodopsins (MRs).Microbial rhodopsins are light-driven membrane proteins that can perform various functions such as proton or ion pumping, photo-sensing, ion channeling, and others. Ion pumps MRs are known to be able to pump various monovalent ions such as Na+, K+, Cl-, I-. However, until recently, no microbial rhodopsin was known capable of pumping divalent ions.In 2017 first microbial rhodopsin able to pump divalent ions was described. It is rhodopsin from cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 7509 called Synechocystis halorhodopsin or SyHR. This protein belongs to the family of cyanobacterial anion pumps. It is a chloride pump with a unique ability to pump sulfate in the absence of chloride.In this thesis, the author obtained high-resolution three-dimensional structures of different states of this protein for the first time. There are chloride-bound form, sulfate-bound form, and two structures of active states: O and presumably K. All four structures have resolution better than 2.0 Å resolution. Obtained results give insights into the unique ability of this protein to pump divalent ions. In addition, the structures of active states explain the molecular mechanism of chloride transport in cyanobacterial anion pumps. This mechanism is incredibly similar to archaeal halorhodopsins, despite the fact that these two groups of MRs are not the closest relatives.The results obtained make it possible to understand better the molecular principles of ion transport by cyanobacterial anion pumps and assume that proteins from this family can become promising tools for optogenetics., Le transport des ions à travers la membrane cellulaire est un processus essentiel pour les cellules vivantes. Le transport actif des ions est assuré par divers transporteurs d'ions, dont les rhodopsines microbiennes (MR). Les rhodopsines microbiennes sont des protéines membranaires lumineuses qui peuvent remplir diverses fonctions telles que le pompage de protons ou d'ions, la photodétection, la canalisation des ions et autres. Les pompes à ions Les MR sont connues pour être capables de pomper divers ions monovalents tels que Na+, K+, Cl-, I-. Cependant, jusqu'à récemment, aucune rhodopsine microbienne n'était connue capable de pomper des ions divalents.En 2017, la première rhodopsine microbienne capable de pomper des ions divalents a été décrite. Il s'agit de la rhodopsine de la cyanobactérie Synechocystis sp. PCC 7509 appelé Synechocystis halorhodopsin ou SyHR. Cette protéine appartient à la famille des pompes à anions cyanobactériennes. C'est une pompe à chlorure avec une capacité unique à pomper le sulfate en l'absence de chlorure.Dans cette thèse, l'auteur a obtenu pour la première fois des structures tridimensionnelles à haute résolution de différents états de cette protéine. Il existe une forme liée au chlorure, une forme liée au sulfate et deux structures d'états actifs : O et vraisemblablement K. Les quatre structures ont une résolution meilleure que la résolution 2,0 Å. Les résultats obtenus donnent un aperçu de la capacité unique de cette protéine à pomper des ions divalents. De plus, les structures des états actifs expliquent le mécanisme moléculaire du transport du chlorure dans les pompes à anions cyanobactériennes. Ce mécanisme est incroyablement similaire aux halorhodopsines archéennes, malgré le fait que ces deux groupes de MR ne sont pas les plus proches parents. Les résultats obtenus permettent de mieux comprendre les principes moléculaires du transport d'ions par les pompes à anions cyanobactériennes et supposent que les protéines de cette famille peuvent devenir des outils prometteurs pour l'optogénétique.
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- 2022
24. Études structurales des dynéines cytoplasmiques et de l'adaptateur cargo BicD2
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Fagiewicz, Robert and STAR, ABES
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BicD2 ,[SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Dynein-1 ,Biophysics ,Biophysique ,Dynéine-1 ,Dynéine-2 ,CryoEM ,Dynéin-2 - Abstract
Cytoplasmic dyneins drive the majority of the retrograde microtubule transport events in eukaryotic cells. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is involved in cell division, transport of organelles and vesicles, brain and muscle development, while cytoplasmic dynein-2 facilitates flagella assembly in mammalian cells. In the developing cortex, dynein-1, dynactin, and the BicD2 cargo adaptor are recruited to the nucleus, to move it from the apical to the basal side of the neocortex. The BicD2 cargo adaptor is an elongated, flexible linker protein mediating interaction with the minus-end directed dynein motor, the plus-end motor kinesin-1, nuclear pore components, RNA, and viral particles. This work focuses on two fundamental aspects of dynein-mediated transport : how does dynein generate force for movement via linker remodeling, and second how does human cargo adaptor BicD2 mediates the interaction with its cargo., Les dynéines cytoplasmiques dirigent la majorité des événements de transport rétrograde des microtubules dans les cellules eucaryotes. La dynéine cytoplasmique-1 est impliquée dans la division cellulaire, le transport des organelles et des vésicules, le développement du cerveau et des muscles, tandis que la dynéine cytoplasmique-2 facilite l'assemblage des flagelles dans les cellules de mammifères. Dans le cortex en développement, la dynéine-1,la dynactine et l'adaptateur de cargaison BicD2 sont recrutés vers le noyau, pour les déplacer du côté apical vers le côté basal du néocortex. L'adaptateur de cargaison BicD2 est une protéine de liaison allongée et flexible qui interagit avec le moteur dynéine dirigé vers l'extrémité négative, le moteur kinésine-1 dirigé vers l'extrémité positive, les composants du pore nucléaire, l'ARN et les particules virales. Ce travail se concentre sur deux aspects fondamentaux du transport médié par la dynéine : comment la dynéine génère-t-elle la force nécessaire au mouvement via le remodelage de la liaison, et comment l'adaptateur de cargaison humain BicD2 médiatise-t-il l'interaction avec sa cargaison ?
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- 2022
25. Mécanisme d'assemblage des centres fer-soufre, rôle de la frataxine
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Gervason, Sylvain, Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, and Benoît D'Autréaux
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[SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM] ,Frataxin ,Metalloenzymes ,Biochimie ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,Biophysics ,Friedreich's ataxia ,Biophysique ,Ataxie de Friedreich ,Frataxine ,Biochemistry ,Métalloenzymes ,[SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM] ,Iron-sulfur ,Fer-soufre - Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters biogenesis is a process involving numerous proteins and the defects of one of them lead to severe diseases such as anaemia, neurodegenerative process, diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy and cancers. Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are critical prosthetic groups of proteins involved in redox processes such as ATP production, enzymatic catalysis, protein synthesis and maintenance of genome integrity. Therapeutic strategies based on the development of drugs mimicking the function of the proteins that perform the synthesis of these clusters are still in their infancy due to the lack of understanding of the exact molecular and biochemical mechanisms of their synthesis. The PhD project has mainly focused on the mechanism of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis by the ISC machinery and the functional role of frataxine in this process, a key regulator of the whole process, for which a defective expression leads to Friedreich's ataxia, a severe neurodegenerative and cardiac disease. Indeed, the assembly sequence of these Fe-S clusters was poorly defined, especially on the coordination of the insertion of iron and sulfur to form a polynuclear Fe-S cluster. Moreover, the nature of the final product of this ISC machinery was subject to debate: [2Fe2S] or [4Fe4S]. The global aim of the PhD project was to reconstitute the Fe-S cluster assembly machinery, eukaryote and prokaryote, with purified proteins to determine the structural basis of the assembly process using a panel of biochemical (kinetics, alkylation assay) and biophysical (Mössbauer, NMR, circular dichroism and EPR spectroscopies and native mass spectrometry) techniques, in order to understand how Fe-S clusters are synthesized and how frataxin regulates this process.; La biosynthèse des centres Fe-S est un processus impliquant un très grand nombre de protéines et la déficience de l’une de ces protéines conduit à des pathologies sévères : anémie, processus neurodégénératif, diabètes, hypertrophie cardiaque et même cancers. Ces centres Fe-S sont des groupements prosthétiques de protéines impliquées dans une multitude de processus redox tels que la production d'ATP, la catalyse enzymatique, la synthèse protéique ou encore la maintenance de l'intégrité du génome. Les stratégies thérapeutiques basées sur le développement de composés capable de mimer la fonction des protéines assurant la synthèse des centres Fe-S sont peu développées en raison du manque d'information sur les mécanismes moléculaires et biochimiques de synthèse de ces cofacteurs métalliques particulièrement versatiles. Le projet de thèse s’est principalement intéressé à l’élucidation du mécanisme de biosynthèse des centres Fe-S par la machinerie ISC et au rôle fonctionnel de la frataxine dans ce processus qui est une protéine centrale dont le défaut d'expression conduit à l'ataxie de Friedreich, une maladie neurodégénérative et cardiaque. En effet, la séquence d’assemblage de ces centres Fe-S était mal défini notamment sur la coordination de l’insertion du fer et du soufre pour former un centre polynucléaire Fe-S. De plus, la nature du produit final de cette machinerie ISC était sujette à débat : [2Fe2S] ou [4Fe4S]. L'objectif principal de ce projet de thèse était de reconstituer in vitro la machinerie d'assemblage des centres Fe-S, eucaryote et procaryote, à partir des protéines purifiées afin de déterminer les bases biochimiques et structurales du processus d'assemblage en utilisant un panel de techniques biochimiques (cinétique d’assemblage, test d’alkylation) et biophysiques (spectroscopies Mössbauer, RMN, RPE, spectrométrie de masse native et dichroïsme circulaire), dans le but de comprendre comment les centres Fe-S sont synthétisés et comment la frataxine régule ce processus.
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- 2021
26. Directional transport through nanopore
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Molcrette, Bastien, Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Fabien Montel, and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Ratchet brownien ,Nanopores ,Pore nucléaire ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,DNA translocation ,Biophysics ,Brownian ratchet ,Translocation d’ADN ,Zero-Mode Waveguide ,Biophysique ,Nuclear Pore Complex - Abstract
Some natural systems known as Brownian ratchets use thermal fluctuations to extractmechanical power. In these systems, diffusion is biased in order to achieve unidirectionalbiological processes. Good examples are the molecular motors as kinesins or myosinsthat walk on the cytoskeleton and use ATP to bias their movement. Another case isthe transport of mRNA between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through Nuclear PoreComplexes (NPC). The NPC is a large molecular complex which selects molecules thatenter or exit the nucleus. It has been shown to be highly selective and directional. To studythe directional transport of biomolecules through the NPC, a simplified mimetic devicebased on nanoporous membranes was designed. Our approach used near-field microscopytechnique, Zero Mode Waveguide for Nanopores. With this method single DNA moleculestranslocation through nanopores was observed in real time. Ratchet agents which arepolycations that bind strongly to the DNA and cannot diffuse through the pore wereadded on the exit side of the membrane. We quantified the effect of the ratchet agent onthe translocation frequency of DNA molecules and established the proof of principle ofthe translocation ratchet. From these measurements, we defined a ratchet efficiency thatwe characterized according to its geometrical and kinetics parameters and compared withcoarse grained modeling. We observed a critical length of 3 kbp for the DNA molecule totrigger the ratchet effect, that we explained according to a DNA loop formation model.; Il existe dans la nature des systèmes connus sous le nom de ratchets browniens qui utilisent les fluctuations thermiques pour extraire un travail mécanique. Dans ces systèmes, la diffusion est biaisée de manière à rendre possible des processus biologiques unidirectionnels. Les moteurs moléculaires en sont de bons exemples, comme la kinésine et la myosine qui se déplacent sur le cytosquelette et utilisent l’ATP pour biaiser leurs mouvements. Un autre cas est le transport d’ARNm entre le noyau et le cytoplasme à travers le pore nucléaire (NPC). Le pore nucléaire est un complexe moléculaire massif sélectionnant les molécules qui peuvent entrer ou sortir à travers le noyau. Le pore nucléaire a été prouvé comme très sélectif et directionnel. Pour étudier la directionnalité du transport de biomolécules à travers le pore nucléaire, nous avons développé un système simplifié mimétique basé sur les membranes nanoporeuses. Notre approche s’est basée sur une technique de microscopie de champ proche, le Zero-Mode Waveguide pour nanopores. Avec cette méthode, nous avons observé la translocation en temps réel de molécules d’ADN uniques à travers des nanopores. Des agents de ratchet, constitués de polycations se liant fortement à l’ADN et ne pouvant pas diffuser à travers le pore, ont été ajoutés à la sortie des nanopores. Nous avons quantifié l’effet de ces agents de ratchet sur la fréquence de translocation des molécules d’ADN et mis en évidence le fonctionnement expérimental du mécanisme de ratchet de translocation. A partir de ces mesures, nous avons défini une efficacité de ratchet que nous avons caractérisée par rapport à ses paramètres géométriques et cinétiques puis nous l’avons comparée à des modèles phénoménologiques. Nous avons notamment observé l’existence d’une longueur critique de 3 kbp pour la taille de la molécule d’ADN pour activer l’effet de ratchet, ce que nous avons expliqué à partir d’un modèle de formation de boucles d’ADN.
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- 2021
27. Elasticity of self assembling bio-materials
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Le Roy, Hugo, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques (LPTMS), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Martin Lenz, and STAR, ABES
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[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,Auto-assemblage ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,Biophysics ,Biophysique ,Elasticity ,Rhéologie ,[PHYS.COND.CM-SCM] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft] ,Self-Assembly ,[PHYS.COND.CM-SM] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Statistical Mechanics [cond-mat.stat-mech] ,[PHYS.COND.CM-SM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Statistical Mechanics [cond-mat.stat-mech] ,Rheology ,[PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft] ,Elasticité - Abstract
Self organization is crucial for the wealth of living systems, both at the molecular and cellular level. To correctly achieve their role, a tight control over the shape and structure of the protein, for instance, is required. Any mistake can lead to various diseases like Alzheimer, where proteins aggregate into fibrous structures. On a larger scale, cells need to probe the mechanical response of their environment -the extra cellular matrix- and to adapt their own rigidity to collectively orientate. In this thesis, we are looking at two different models. In the first part, we study protein aggregation beyond the microscopical details. By considering elastic assembling particles, we are able to derive generic laws and understand the persistent formation of fibers. In the second part, we model the dynamical response of a fashionable class of hydrogels for their biocompatibility. Material engineers are now able to synthesize materials with more and more subtle behavior, although understanding certain emergent properties -such as non-exponential relaxation- can be a major challenge. We design a simple model for the dynamical response of hydrogels connected by large multivalent crosslinkers. We are able to account for experimental results, and rationalize their origin., Les systèmes biologiques sont entièrement auto-assemblés, à la fois à l’échelle moléculaire et cellulaire. Pour réussir la forme et la structure de chaque protéine par exemple, doit être précisément contrôlée. La moindre erreur conduit à des maladies telles qu’Alzheimer où des protéines s’agrègent entre elles pour former des structures fibreuses. À une échelle plus large les cellules ont besoin de sonder la réponse mécanique de leur environnement -la matrice extra cellulaire- et d’adapter leur propre rigidité pour être capable de s’orienter collectivement. Dans cette thèse nous étudions deux modèles différents. Dans la première partie, nous étudions l’agrégation de protéines au-delà des détails microscopiques. En considérant l’assemblage de particules élastiques, nous sommes capables de comprendre la formation générique de structures fibreuses. Dans la seconde partie, nous modélisons la réponse dynamique d’une catégorie d’hydrogel qui suscite beaucoup d’intérêt en raison de leur compatibilité biologique. Les ingénieurs en matériaux sont aujourd’hui capables de synthétiser des matériaux aux propriétés surprenantes, néanmoins comprendre l’origine de ces propriétés émergentes peut s’avérer compliqué. Nous modélisons la réponse dynamique des hydrogels connectés par de gros agents réticulants multivalent. Ceci nous permet de reproduire les résultats expérimentaux et d’en comprendre l’origine.
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- 2021
28. Morphology control of the hair-cell bundle for frequency-selective auditory detection
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Chaiyasitdhi, Atitheb, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie [Institut Curie] (PCC), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres, Pascal Martin, Christine Petit, and STAR, ABES
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Mechanoelectrical transduction ,Transduction mécanoélectrique ,Actin cytoskeleton ,Biophysics ,Touffe ciliaire ,Cellule ciliée ,macromolecular substances ,Biophysique ,Hair bundle ,Mechanosensitivity ,Mécanosensibilité ,Audition ,Hearing ,Cytosquelette d'actine ,[SDV.BBM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,[SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology ,sense organs ,Hair cell - Abstract
Hair cells of the inner ear operate as cellular microphones that convert sound-evoked vibrations into electrical signals. Each hair cell is endowed with a mechanosensitive hair bundle—a tuft of actin-filled and cylindrical stereocilia. Hearing starts when sound evokes deflections of the hair bundle. Deflections modulate tension in the tip links that interconnect stereocilia and convey force to mechanosensitive ion channels, resulting in ionic influx. The hair-bundle morphology is tightly coupled to hair-cell function as a frequency-selective detector: high-frequency hair cells have shorter hair bundles and morphological defects in the hair bundles are associated with deafness. Because hair cells do not regenerate in mammals, the mechanism that maintains the hair-bundle morphology throughout life is of great importance, yet has remained elusive. This PhD project aims at studying a feedback mechanism between mechanoelectrical transduction and hair-bundle morphology. With hair cells excised from a frog’s ear, we found that blocking the transduction channels or disrupting the tip links resulted in shortening (~15%) and widening (~17-60%) of the stereocilia. Hair bundles with blocked transduction channels showed a 2-fold increase in their stiffness, a change too large to be explained by shortening only. Electron microscopy revealed that spacing of the parallel actin filament in the core of the stereocilia does not change with blocked transduction channels or disrupted tip links. Widening thus probably resulted from an increase in the number of actin filaments constituting the stereociliary core. Inhibiting formins—proteins that promote actin polymerization—resulted in thinner stereocilia in control cells and nearly abolished stereocilia widening upon blockage of the MET channels. These observations suggest that the control of actin polymerization by the transduction channels is likely to be formin-dependent., Les cellules ciliées de l'oreille interne convertissent les vibrations induites par le stimulus sonore en signaux électriques. Chaque cellule ciliée est dotée d’une touffe de ‘stéréocils’ cylindriques remplis de filaments d’actine. Une déflexion de la touffe ciliaire module la tension dans les liens de bout-de-cil qui interconnectent les stéréocils et transmettent une force à des canaux ioniques, entraînant l’apparition d’un courant. La morphologie de la touffe ciliaire est étroitement liée à la fonction des cellules ciliées: les touffes ciliaires sont plus courtes pour la détection des hautes fréquences et des défauts morphologiques de la touffe ciliaire sont associés à des pertes auditives. Le mécanisme qui maintient la morphologie de la touffe ciliaire tout au long de la vie est donc d'une grande importance mais demeure obscur. Ce projet de thèse vise à étudier une rétroaction entre la transduction mécanoélectrique et la morphologie de la touffe ciliaire. Nous avons observé chez la grenouille que bloquer les canaux de transduction ou couper les liens de bout-de-cil entraîne un raccourcissement (~15%) et un épaississement (~17-60%) des stéréocils. En conséquence, la rigidité de la touffe ciliaire est deux fois plus grande que dans les cellules non perturbées. La microscopie électronique a de plus révélé que l'espacement entre filaments d'actine dans chaque stéréocil n’est pas modifié. L'épaississement d’un stéréocil résulte donc d'une augmentation du nombre de filaments d'actine. Enfin, l'inhibition des formines—des protéines impliquées dans la polymérisation de l'actine—produit des stéréocils plus minces dans les cellules témoins et aboli presque complètement l'épaississement des stéréocils résultant du blocage des canaux de transduction. Ces observations sont suggèrent que le contrôle de la polymérisation de l'actine par les canaux de transduction pourrait dépendre de la formine.
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- 2021
29. The origin of the allometric scaling of lung ventilation in mammals: How mammals adapt their breath to body activity – and how this depends on body size
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Noel, Frédérique FN, Karamaoun, Cyril, Dempsey, Jerome JD, and Mauroy, Benjamin
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Ecologie [animale] ,Mécanique des fluides ,Biophysique - Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2021
30. Recent developments in the study of insect flight1.
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Hedrick, Tyson L., Combes, Stacey A., and Miller, Laura A.
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INSECT flight , *BIOMECHANICS , *INSECT morphology , *BIOPHYSICS , *AERODYNAMICS - Abstract
Here we review recent contributions to the study of insect flight, in particular those brought about by advances in experimental techniques. We focus particularly on the following areas: wing flexibility and deformation, the physiology and biophysics of asynchronous insect flight muscle, the aerodynamics of flight, and stability and maneuverability. This recent research reveals the importance of wing flexibility to insect flight, provides a detailed model of how asynchronous flight muscle functions and how it may have evolved, synthesizes many recent studies of insect flight aerodynamics into a broad-reaching summary of unsteady flight aerodynamics, and highlights new insights into the sources of flight stability in insects. The focus on experimental techniques and recently developed apparatus shows how these advancements have occurred and point the way towards future experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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- View/download PDF
31. Recent developments in the study of insect flight1.
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Hedrick, Tyson L., Combes, Stacey A., and Miller, Laura A.
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INSECT flight ,BIOMECHANICS ,INSECT morphology ,BIOPHYSICS ,AERODYNAMICS - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Zoology is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2015
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32. RelA-SpoT Homologue toxins pyrophosphorylate the CCA end of tRNA to inhibit protein synthesis
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Kurata, Tatsuaki, Brodiazhenko, Tetiana, Oliveira, Sofia Raquel Alves, Roghanian, Mohammad, Turnbull, Kathryn Jane, Bulvas, Ondrej, Takada, Hiraku, Tamman, Hedvig, Ainelo, Andres, Pohl, Radek, Rejman, Dominik, Tenson, Tanel, Suzuki, Tsutomu, Garcia-Pino, Abel, Atkinson, Gemma Catherine, Hauryliuk, Vasili, Kurata, Tatsuaki, Brodiazhenko, Tetiana, Oliveira, Sofia Raquel Alves, Roghanian, Mohammad, Turnbull, Kathryn Jane, Bulvas, Ondrej, Takada, Hiraku, Tamman, Hedvig, Ainelo, Andres, Pohl, Radek, Rejman, Dominik, Tenson, Tanel, Suzuki, Tsutomu, Garcia-Pino, Abel, Atkinson, Gemma Catherine, and Hauryliuk, Vasili
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress
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- 2021
33. Organoids as a model to study the impact of EDCs on the prostate gland.
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Bokobza, Emma, Tiroille, Victor, Karamaoun, Cyril, Argentina, Médéric MA, Mauroy, Benjamin, Hinault, Charlotte, Bost, Frédéric, Clavel, Stephanie, Chevalier, Nicolas, Bokobza, Emma, Tiroille, Victor, Karamaoun, Cyril, Argentina, Médéric MA, Mauroy, Benjamin, Hinault, Charlotte, Bost, Frédéric, Clavel, Stephanie, and Chevalier, Nicolas
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
34. Improving generalization in MR-to-CT synthesis in radiotherapy by using an augmented cycle generative adversarial network with unpaired data
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Brou Boni, Kévin, Klein, John J.P., Gulyban, Akos, Reynaert, Nick, Pasquier, David, Brou Boni, Kévin, Klein, John J.P., Gulyban, Akos, Reynaert, Nick, and Pasquier, David
- Abstract
Purpose: MR-to-CT synthesis is one of the first steps in the establishment of an MRI-only workflow in radiotherapy. Current MR-to-CT synthesis methods in deep learning use unpaired MR and CT training images with a cycle generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) to minimize the effect of misalignment between paired images. However, this approach critically assumes that the underlying interdomain mapping is approximately deterministic and one-to-one. In the current study, we use an Augmented CycleGAN (AugCGAN) model to create a robust model that can be applied to different scanners and sequences using unpaired data. Materials and methods: This study included T2-weighted MR and CT pelvic images of 38 patients in treatment position from five different centers. The AugCGAN was trained on 2D transverse slices of 19 patients from three different sites. The network was then used to generate synthetic CT (sCT) images of 19 patients from the two other sites. Mean absolute errors (MAEs) for each patient were evaluated between real and synthetic CT images. Original treatment plans of nine patients were recalculated using sCT images to assess the dose distribution in terms of voxel-wise dose difference, gamma, and dose–volume histogram analysis. Results: The mean MAEs were (Formula presented.) Hounsfield units ((Formula presented.)) and 65.8 HU for the first and second test sites, respectively. The maximum dose difference to the target was (Formula presented.) with a gamma pass rate using the 3%, 3 mm criteria above 99%. The average time required to generate a complete sCT image for a patient on our GPU was 8.5 s. Conclusion: This study suggests that our unpaired approach achieves good performance in generalization with respect to sCT image generation., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2021
35. A biomimetic model of 3D fluid extracellular macromolecular crowding microenvironment fine-tunes ovarian cancer cells dissemination phenotype
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Bascetin, Rumeyza, Laurent-Issartel, Carine, Blanc-Fournier, Cécile, Vendrely, Charlotte, Kellouche, Sabrina, Carreiras, Franck, Gallet, Olivier, Leroy-Dudal, Johanne, Bascetin, Rumeyza, Laurent-Issartel, Carine, Blanc-Fournier, Cécile, Vendrely, Charlotte, Kellouche, Sabrina, Carreiras, Franck, Gallet, Olivier, and Leroy-Dudal, Johanne
- Abstract
An early fundamental step in ovarian cancer progression is the dissemination of cancer cells through liquid environments, one of them being cancer ascites accumulated in the peritoneal cavity. These biological fluids are highly crowded with a high total macromolecule concentration. This biophysical property of fluids is widely used in tissue engineering for a few decades now, yet is largely underrated in cancer biomimetic models. To unravel the role of fluids extracellular macromolecular crowding (MMC), we exposed ovarian cancer cells (OCC) to high molecular weight inert polymer solutions. High macromolecular composition of extracellular liquid presented a differential effect: i) it impeded non-adherent OCC aggregation in suspension and, decreased their adhesion; ii) it promoted adherent OCC migration by decreasing extracellular matrix deposition. Besides, there seemed to be a direct link between the extracellular MMC and intracellular processes, especially the actin cytoskeleton organization and the nucleus morphology. In conclusion, extracellular fluid MMC orients OCC dissemination phenotype. Integrating MMC seems crucial to produce more relevant mimetic 3D in vitro fluid models to study ovarian dissemination but also to screen drugs., SCOPUS: ar.j, DecretOANoAutActif, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2021
36. Curvature-induced motion of a thin Bingham layer in airways bifurcations
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Karamaoun, Cyril, Kumar, Haribalan HK, Clamond, Didier DC, Argentina, Médéric MA, Mauroy, Benjamin, Karamaoun, Cyril, Kumar, Haribalan HK, Clamond, Didier DC, Argentina, Médéric MA, and Mauroy, Benjamin
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On the bronchi walls, the bronchial mucus forms a thin layer that protects the lung by capturing inhaled pollutants. Due to the curvature of its interface with air, the layer is submitted to curvature effects that interact with its rheology. Based on lubrication theory and 3D simulations, we show that these effects might move overthick mucus layers in the airway bifurcations. This movement could disrupt the mucociliary clearance and break the layer thickness homogeneity., info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2021
37. Investigating the two regimes of fibrin clot lysis: an experimental and computational approach
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Raynaud, Franck, Rousseau, Alexandre, Monteyne, Daniel, Perez-Morga, David, Zouaoui Boudjeltia, Karim, Chopard, Bastien, Raynaud, Franck, Rousseau, Alexandre, Monteyne, Daniel, Perez-Morga, David, Zouaoui Boudjeltia, Karim, and Chopard, Bastien
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It has been observed in vitro that complete clot lysis is generally preceded by a slow phase of lysis during which the degradation seems to be inefficient. However, this slow regime was merely noticed, but not yet quantitatively discussed. In our experiments, we observed that the lysis ubiquitously occurred in two distinct regimes, a slow and a fast lysis regime. We quantified extensively the duration of these regimes for a wide spectrum of experimental conditions and found that on average, the slow regime lasts longer than the fast one, meaning that during most of the process, the lysis is ineffective. We proposed a computational model in which the properties of the binding of the proteins change during the lysis: first, the biochemical reactions take place at the surface of the fibrin fibers, then in the bulk, resulting in the observed fast lysis regime. This simple hypothesis appeared to be sufficient to reproduce with a great accuracy the lysis profiles obtained experimentally., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
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- 2021
38. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with alcohol cue inhibitory control training reduces the risk of early alcohol relapse: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial
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Dubuson, Macha, Kornreich, Charles, Vanderhasselt, Marie Anne, Baeken, Chris, Wyckmans, Florent, Dousset, Clémence, Hanak, Catherine, Veeser, Johannes, Campanella, Salvatore, Chatard, Armand, Jaafari, Nematollah, Noël, Xavier, Dubuson, Macha, Kornreich, Charles, Vanderhasselt, Marie Anne, Baeken, Chris, Wyckmans, Florent, Dousset, Clémence, Hanak, Catherine, Veeser, Johannes, Campanella, Salvatore, Chatard, Armand, Jaafari, Nematollah, and Noël, Xavier
- Abstract
Background: Approximately half of all people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) relapse into alcohol reuse in the next few weeks after a withdrawal treatment. Brain stimulation and cognitive training represent recent forms of complementary interventions in the context of AUD. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of five sessions of 2 mA bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for 20 min over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (left cathodal/right anodal) combined with alcohol cue inhibitory control training (ICT) as part of rehabilitation. The secondary outcomes were executive functioning (e.g. response inhibition) and craving intensity, two mechanisms strongly related to abstinence. Methods: A randomized clinical trial with patients (n = 125) with severe AUD at a withdrawal treatment unit. Each patient was randomly assigned to one of four conditions, in a 2 [verum vs. sham tDCS] x 2 [alcohol cue vs. neutral ICT] factorial design. The main outcome of treatment was the abstinence rate after two weeks or more (up to one year). Results: Verum tDCS improved the abstinence rate at the 2-week follow-up compared to the sham condition, independently of the training condition (79.7% [95% CI = 69.8–89.6] vs. 60.7% [95% CI = 48.3–73.1]; p = .02). A priori contrasts analyses revealed higher abstinence rates for the verum tDCS associated with alcohol cue ICT (86.1% [31/36; 95% CI = 74.6–97.6]) than for the other three conditions (64% [57/89; 95% CI = 54–74]). These positive clinical effects on abstinence did not persist beyond two weeks after the intervention. Neither the reduction of craving nor the improvement in executive control resulted specifically from prefrontal-tDCS and ICT. Conclusions: AUD patients who received tDCS applied to DLPFC showed a significantly higher abstinence rate during the weeks following rehabilitation. When combined with alcohol specific ICT, brain stimulation may provide better clinical outcomes. Trial Registration: Cli, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
39. Unfolding of the chromatin fiber driven by overexpression of noninteracting bridging factors
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Malhotra, Isha, Oyarzun Rivera, Bernardo, Mognetti, Bortolo Matteo, Malhotra, Isha, Oyarzun Rivera, Bernardo, and Mognetti, Bortolo Matteo
- Abstract
Nuclear molecules control the functional properties of the chromatin fiber by shaping its morphological properties. The biophysical mechanisms controlling how bridging molecules compactify chromatin are a matter of debate. On the one side, bridging molecules could cross-link faraway sites and fold the fiber through the formation of loops. Interacting bridging molecules could also mediate long-range attractions by first tagging different locations of the fiber and then undergoing microphase separation. Using a coarse-grained model and Monte Carlo simulations, we study the conditions leading to compact configurations both for interacting and noninteracting bridging molecules. In the second case, we report on an unfolding transition at high densities of the bridging molecules. We clarify how this transition, which disappears for interacting bridging molecules, is universal and controlled by entropic terms. In general, chains are more compact in the case of interacting bridging molecules because interactions are not valence limited. However, this result is conditional on the ability of our simulation methodology to relax the system toward its ground state. In particular, we clarify how, unless using reaction dynamics that change the length of a loop in a single step, the system is prone to remain trapped in metastable, compact configurations featuring long loops., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
40. Monte Carlo as quality control tool of stereotactic body radiation therapy treatment plans
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Alhamada, H., Simon, Stéphane, Gulyban, Akos, Gastelblum, Pauline, Pauly, Nicolas, Van Gestel, Dirk, Reynaert, Nick, Alhamada, H., Simon, Stéphane, Gulyban, Akos, Gastelblum, Pauline, Pauly, Nicolas, Van Gestel, Dirk, and Reynaert, Nick
- Abstract
Purpose/objective: The objective of this study was to verify the accuracy of treatment plans of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and to verify the feasibility of the use of Monte Carlo (MC) as quality control (QC) on a daily basis. Material/methods: Using EGSnrc, a MC model of Agility™ linear accelerator was created. Various measurements (Percentage depth dose (PDD), Profiles and Output factors) were done for different fields sizes from 1x1 up to 40x40 (cm2). An iterative model optimization was performed to achieve adequate parameters of MC simulation. 40 SBRT patient's dosimetry plans were calculated by Monaco™ 3.1.1. CT images, RT-STRUCT and RT-PLAN files from Monaco™ being used as input for Moderato MC code. Finally, dose volume histogram (DVH) and paired t-tests for each contour were used for dosimetry comparison of the Monaco™ and MC. Results: Validation of MC model was successful, as <2% difference comparing to measurements for all field's sizes. The main energy of electron source incident on the target was 5.8 MeV, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Gaussian electron source were 0.09 and 0.2 (cm) in X and Y directions, respectively. For 40 treatment plan comparisons, the minimum absolute difference of mean dose of planning treatment planning (PTV) was 0.1% while the maximum was 6.3%. The minimum absolute difference of Max dose of PTV was 0.2% while the maximum was 8.1%. Conclusion: SBRT treatment plans of Monaco agreed with MC results. It possible to use MC for treatment plans verifications as independent QC tool., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
41. Early post-prandial regulation of protein expression in the midgut of chagas disease vector rhodnius prolixus highlights new potential targets for vector control strategy
- Author
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Ouali, Radouane, Vieira, Larissa Rezende, Salmon, Didier, Bousbata, Sabrina, Ouali, Radouane, Vieira, Larissa Rezende, Salmon, Didier, and Bousbata, Sabrina
- Abstract
Chagas disease is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted to humans by a large group of bloodsucking triatomine bugs. Triatomine insects, such as Rhodnius prolixus, ingest a huge amount of blood in a single meal. Their midgut represents an important interface for triatomine–trypanosome interactions. Furthermore, the development of parasites and their vectorial transmission are closely linked to the blood feeding and digestion; thus, an understanding of their physiology is essential for the development of new strategies to control triatomines. In this study, we used label-free quantitative proteomics to identify and analyze the early effect of blood feeding on protein expression in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus. We both identified and quantified 124 proteins in the anterior midgut (AM) and 40 in the posterior midgut (PM), which vary significantly 6 h after feeding. The detailed analysis of these proteins revealed their predominant involvement in the primary function of hematophagy, including proteases, proteases inhibitors, amino acids metabolism, primary metabolites processing, and protein folding. Interestingly, our proteomics data show a potential role of the AM in protein digestion. Moreover, proteins related to detoxification processes and innate immunity, which are largely accepted to be triggered by blood ingestion, were mildly modulated. Surprisingly, one third of blood-regulated proteins in the AM have unknown function. This work contributes to the improvement of knowledge on the digestive physiology of triatomines in the early hours post-feeding. It provides key information for selecting new putative targets for the development of triatomine control tools and their potential role in the vector competence, which could be applied to other vector species., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
42. From circadian clock mechanism to sleep disorders and jet lag: Insights from a computational approach
- Author
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Goldbeter, Albert, Leloup, Jean-Christophe, Goldbeter, Albert, and Leloup, Jean-Christophe
- Abstract
We present ten insights that can be gained from computational models based on molecular mechanisms for the mammalian circadian clock. These insights range from the conditions in which circadian rhythms occur spontaneously to their entrainment by the light–dark (LD) cycle and to clock-related disorders of the sleep-wake cycle. Endogenous oscillations originate spontaneously from transcription-translation feedback loops involving clock proteins such as PER, CRY, CLOCK and BMAL1. Circadian oscillations occur in a parameter domain bounded by critical values. Outside this domain the circadian network ceases to oscillate and evolves to a stable steady state. This conclusion bears on the nature of arrhythmic behavior of the circadian clock, which may not necessarily be due to mutations in clock genes. Entrainment by the LD cycle occurs in a certain range of parameter values, with a phase that depends on the endogenous period of the circadian clock. A decrease in PER phosphorylation is accompanied by a decrease in endogenous period and a phase advance of the clock; this situation accounts for the familial, advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS). The mirror delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) can be accounted for, similarly, by an increase in PER phosphorylation and a rise in autonomous period. Failure of entrainment by the LD cycle in the model corresponds to the non-24 h sleep-wake cycle syndrome, in which the phase of the circadian clock drifts in the course of time. Quasi-periodic oscillations that develop in these conditions sometimes correspond to long-period patterns in which the circadian clock is nearly entrained for long bouts of time before its phase rapidly drifts until a new regime of quasi-entrainment is re-established. In regard to jet lag, the computational approach accounts for the two modes of re-entrainment observed after an advance or delay which correspond, respectively, to an eastward or westward flight: the clock adjusts in a direction similar (orthodro, SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
43. The positive circadian regulators CLOCK and BMAL1 control G2/M cell cycle transition through Cyclin B1
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Jie Yan, Albert Goldbeter, Elham Aida Farshadi, Gijsbertus T. J. van der Horst, Inês Chaves, Pierre Leclere, and Molecular Genetics
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,endocrine system ,Cell division ,Circadian clock ,Regulator ,CLOCK Proteins ,G2/M transition ,Biophysique ,Biology ,Cell cycle phase ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Circadian rhythm ,Cyclin B1 ,Molecular Biology ,ARNTL Transcription Factors ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,CLOCK/BMAL1 ,Cell Biology ,Cell cycle ,Circadian Rhythm ,3. Good health ,Cell biology ,G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints ,CLOCK ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,NIH 3T3 Cells ,cell cycle ,Research Paper ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
We previously identified a tight bidirectional phase coupling between the circadian clock and the cell cycle. To understand the role of the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex, representing the main positive regulator of the circadian oscillator, we knocked down Bmal1 or Clock in NIH3T33C mouse fibroblasts (carrying fluorescent reporters for clock and cell cycle phase) and analyzed timing of cell division in individual cells and cell populations. Inactivation of Bmal1 resulted in a loss of circadian rhythmicity and a lengthening of the cell cycle, originating from delayed G2/M transition. Subsequent molecular analysis revealed reduced levels of Cyclin B1, an important G2/M regulator, upon suppression of Bmal1 gene expression. In complete agreement with these experimental observations, simulation of Bmal1 knockdown in a computational model for coupled mammalian circadian clock and cell cycle oscillators (now incorporating Cyclin B1 induction by BMAL1) revealed a lengthening of the cell cycle. Similar data were obtained upon knockdown of Clock gene expression. In conclusion, the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex controls cell cycle progression at the level of G2/M transition through regulation of Cyclin B1 expression., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2019
44. Asymétrie de la membrane plasmique végétale : caractérisation et rôle dans la signalisation immunitaire des plantes
- Author
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Naret, Stéphie, Der, Christophe, Fromentin, Jérôme, Robert, Franck, Gerbeau-Pissot, Patricia, Simon-Plas, Françoise, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and EL Mjiyad, Noureddine
- Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,signalisation immunitaire ,biophysique ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,organisation membranaire ,biologie cellulaire végétale ,membrane plasmique - Abstract
National audience; La membrane plasmique (MP) forme une barrière sélective entre la cellule et le milieu extérieur.C’est un senseur des modifications environnementales et une plateforme orchestrant latransduction du signal permettant de déployer une réponse adaptée. Elle joue donc un rôleessentiel dans la physiologie cellulaire. Décrypter les bases moléculaires de l’organisation dela MP apparaît donc nécessaire pour comprendre comment les plantes s’adaptent auxmodifications environnementales. La MP est une bicouche de lipides à laquelle des protéinessont associées, et les données accumulées sur ce modèle ont révélé son organisation complexeet dynamique et le rôle essentiel joué par les lipides qui la composent dans cette organisation.Un point crucial pour lequel les données disponibles chez l’animal sont encore absentes chezles plantes concerne l’asymétrie entre les deux feuillets de la MP et leur couplage : comment laMP coordonne-t-elle la transduction du signal détecté par le feuillet externe, en une réponseopérée par la machinerie cellulaire au contact du feuillet interne. Mon projet de thèse propose(i) de mettre au point des outils (sondes fluorescentes) permettant de caractériser les propriétésbiophysiques de chacun des deux feuillets de la MP de cellules d’Arabidopsis thaliana (ii) decoupler l’utilisation d’outils pharmacologiques et génétiques pour tester in vivo l’influence desdifférents lipides sur les caractéristiques biophysiques des deux feuillets (iii) d’analyser cesparamètres lors des étapes précoces de la signalisation de défense des plantes.
- Published
- 2021
45. Early Post-Prandial Regulation of Protein Expression in the Midgut of Chagas Disease Vector Rhodnius prolixus Highlights New Potential Targets for Vector Control Strategy
- Author
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Didier Salmon, Radouane Ouali, Larissa Rezende Vieira, and Sabrina Bousbata
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Chagas disease ,Proteases ,hematophagy ,Hematophagy ,Protein digestion ,030231 tropical medicine ,Sciences de la matière vivante ,vector control ,Biophysique ,Microbiology ,Article ,label-free shotgun ,Rhodnius prolixus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Virology ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Trypanosoma cruzi ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,chagas disease ,Parasitologie ,biology ,Agronomie générale ,fungi ,Label-free shotgun ,Midgut ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Technologie brassicole ,Vector control ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Vector (epidemiology) ,Biologie - Abstract
Chagas disease is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted to humans by a large group of bloodsucking triatomine bugs. Triatomine insects, such as Rhodnius prolixus, ingest a huge amount of blood in a single meal. Their midgut represents an important interface for triatomine–trypanosome interactions. Furthermore, the development of parasites and their vectorial transmission are closely linked to the blood feeding and digestion; thus, an understanding of their physiology is essential for the development of new strategies to control triatomines. In this study, we used label-free quantitative proteomics to identify and analyze the early effect of blood feeding on protein expression in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus. We both identified and quantified 124 proteins in the anterior midgut (AM) and 40 in the posterior midgut (PM), which vary significantly 6 h after feeding. The detailed analysis of these proteins revealed their predominant involvement in the primary function of hematophagy, including proteases, proteases inhibitors, amino acids metabolism, primary metabolites processing, and protein folding. Interestingly, our proteomics data show a potential role of the AM in protein digestion. Moreover, proteins related to detoxification processes and innate immunity, which are largely accepted to be triggered by blood ingestion, were mildly modulated. Surprisingly, one third of blood-regulated proteins in the AM have unknown function. This work contributes to the improvement of knowledge on the digestive physiology of triatomines in the early hours post-feeding. It provides key information for selecting new putative targets for the development of triatomine control tools and their potential role in the vector competence, which could be applied to other vector species., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Integration of the M6 Cyberknife in the Moderato Monte Carlo platform and prediction of beam parameters using machine learning
- Author
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Wagner, Antoine, Brou Boni, Kévin, Rault, Erwann, Crop, Frederik, Lacornerie, Thomas, Van Gestel, Dirk, Reynaert, Nick, Wagner, Antoine, Brou Boni, Kévin, Rault, Erwann, Crop, Frederik, Lacornerie, Thomas, Van Gestel, Dirk, and Reynaert, Nick
- Abstract
Purpose: This work describes the integration of the M6 Cyberknife in the Moderato Monte Carlo platform, and introduces a machine learning method to accelerate the modelling of a linac. Methods: The MLC-equipped M6 Cyberknife was modelled and integrated in Moderato, our in-house platform offering independent verification of radiotherapy dose distributions. The model was validated by comparing TPS dose distributions with Moderato and by film measurements. Using this model, a machine learning algorithm was trained to find electron beam parameters for other M6 devices, by simulating dose curves with varying spot size and energy. The algorithm was optimized using cross-validation and tested with measurements from other institutions equipped with a M6 Cyberknife. Results: Optimal agreement in the Monte Carlo model was reached for a monoenergetic electron beam of 6.75 MeV with Gaussian spatial distribution of 2.4 mm FWHM. Clinical plan dose distributions from Moderato agreed within 2% with the TPS, and film measurements confirmed the accuracy of the model. Cross-validation of the prediction algorithm produced mean absolute errors of 0.1 MeV and 0.3 mm for beam energy and spot size respectively. Prediction-based simulated dose curves for other centres agreed within 3% with measurements, except for one device where differences up to 6% were detected. Conclusions: The M6 Cyberknife was integrated in Moderato and validated through dose re-calculations and film measurements. The prediction algorithm was successfully applied to obtain electron beam parameters for other M6 devices. This method would prove useful to speed up modelling of new machines in Monte Carlo systems., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2020
47. Statistical biophysics of hematopoiesis and growing cell populations
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Lenaerts, Tom, De Buyl, Sophie, Mognetti, Bortolo Matteo, Maes, Dominique, Gelens, Lendert, Werner, Benjamin, Mon Père, Nathaniel, Lenaerts, Tom, De Buyl, Sophie, Mognetti, Bortolo Matteo, Maes, Dominique, Gelens, Lendert, Werner, Benjamin, and Mon Père, Nathaniel
- Abstract
Cell populations in the human body form highly complex systems, their behavior driven by countless processes within the cells themselves as well as their interactions with each other and their environment. A mathematical approach to describing their emergent phenomena on the tissue level typically requires abstractions of these underlying systems in order to obtain tractable and interpretable models, which in turn often leads to descriptions involving stochastic processes.In this doctoral thesis two such cellular systems are investigated. The first is the human hematopoietic system: the machinery by which precursor cells of the blood are cultivated and matured in the bone marrow. This process is essential to enable mammalian physiology, from providing oxygen-carrying erythrocytes to ensuring regular upkeep and preservation of the immune system. Obtaining a quantitative understanding of key aspects of this system can provide valuable insights and testable predictions concerning the origin and dynamics of various blood-related diseases, however, in vivo studies of maturing blood cells pose significant challenges and in vitro studies provide only limited predictive power. The system’s hierarchical architecture is on the other hand well fit to the application of mathematical techniques relying only on a few basic assumptions and parameters. This research aims to contribute to two broader questions concerning hematopoiesis, the first being “What is the shape of this system?” and the second “How does it behave?”. Both questions must be answered sufficiently before quantitative models can be developed with enough predictive power to aid in clinical research and applications.The second project stems from questions in oncology concerning the locomotive capabilities of various cancerous cell types, but ultimately poses these in a broader context, attempting to understand cell motion in the context of a growing but spatially restricted population. Drawing from the domain of no, Les populations cellulaires du corps humain forment des systèmes complexes, leur comportement étant déterminé par d'innombrables processus au sein des cellules elles-mêmes ainsi que par leurs interactions entre elles et avec leur environnement. Une approche mathématique de la description de leurs phénomènes émergents au niveau des tissus nécessite généralement l'abstraction de ces systèmes sous-jacents afin d'obtenir des modèles traitables et interprétables, ce qui à son tour conduit souvent à des descriptions impliquant des processus stochastiques. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, deux de ces systèmes cellulaires sont étudiés.Le premier est le système hématopoïétique humain :la machinerie par laquelle les cellules précurseurs du sang sont cultivées et maturées dans la moelle osseuse. Ce processus est essentiel pour permettre la physiologie des mammifères, depuis la fourniture d'érythrocytes porteurs d'oxygène jusqu'à la préservation du système immunitaire. L'obtention d'une compréhension quantitative des aspects clés de ce système peut fournir des informations précieuses et des prévisions vérifiables concernant l'origine et la dynamique de diverses maladies liées au sang. Cependant, les études in vivo de la maturation des cellules sanguines posent des défis importants, et les études in vitro n'offrent qu'un pouvoir prédictif limité. Par ailleurs, l'architecture hiérarchique du système est bien adaptée à l'application de techniques mathématiques reposant uniquement sur quelques hypothèses et paramètres. Cette recherche vise à contribuer à deux questions plus larges concernant l'hématopoïèse, la première étant "Quelle est la forme de ce système" et la seconde "Comment se comporte-t-il ?Ces deux questions doivent recevoir une réponse suffisante avant que des modèles quantitatifs puissent être développés avec un pouvoir prédictif suffisant pour faciliter la recherche clinique et les applications.Le deuxième projet découle de questions en oncologie concernant les capacités, Celpopulaties in het menselijk lichaam vormen complexe systemen. Het individuele celgedrag wordt gedreven door zowel talloze processen binnenin de cellen zelf, als door interacties met elkaar en hun omgeving. Een wiskundige beschrijving van fenomenen op het niveau van de weefsels vereist abstracties van deze onderliggende systemen om hanteerbare en interpreteerbare modellen te verkrijgen, waarbij vaak stochastische processen betrokken zijn. In dit proefschrift worden twee van dergelijke cellulaire systemen onderzocht. Het eerste is het menselijke hematopoëtische systeem: de machinerie waarmee voorlopercellen van het bloed worden ontwikkeld in het beenmerg. Dit proces is essentieel om de fysiologie van zoogdieren mogelijk te maken, van het leveren van zuurstofdragende rode bloedcellen tot het onderhoud van het immuunsysteem. Het verkrijgen van een kwantitatief inzicht in aspecten van dit systeem kan waardevolle inzichten en testbare voorspellingen opleveren met betrekking tot de oorsprong en de dynamiek van verschillende bloedgerelateerde ziekten. Echter, in vivo studies van ontwikkelende bloedcellen vormen een aanzienlijke uitdaging en in vitro studies leveren slechts een beperkt voorspellend vermogen op. De hiërarchische architectuur van het systeem verleent zich daarentegen handig naar het toepassen van wiskundige technieken op basis van slechts enkele aannames en parameters. Dit onderzoek heeft als doel bij te dragen aan twee bredere vragen met betrekking tot hematopoëse, de eerste zijnde "Wat is de structuur van dit systeem?" en de tweede "Hoe gedraagt het zich?". Beide vragen moeten voldoende worden beantwoord voordat kwantitatieve modellen kunnen worden ontwikkeld met voldoende voorspellende kracht om klinisch onderzoek te kunnen bijstaan.Het tweede project komt voort uit vraagstukken in de oncologie over de motorische capaciteiten van verschillende kankerceltypes, maar plaatst deze uiteindelijk in een bredere context, waarbij getracht wordt de stochastische b, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
- Published
- 2020
48. Topical Issue on Dielectric Spectroscopy Applied to Soft Matter
- Author
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Napolitano, Simone and Napolitano, Simone
- Abstract
SCOPUS: ed.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2020
49. Silk fibroin nanoscaffolds for neural tissue engineering
- Author
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Boni, Rossana, Ali, Azam, Giteru, Stephen Gitonga, Shavandi, Amin, Clarkson, Andrew A.N., Boni, Rossana, Ali, Azam, Giteru, Stephen Gitonga, Shavandi, Amin, and Clarkson, Andrew A.N.
- Abstract
The nervous system is a crucial component of the body and damages to this system, either by injury or disease, can result in serious or potentially lethal consequences. An important problem in neural engineering is how we can stimulate the regeneration of damaged nervous tissue given its complex physiology and limited regenerative capacity. To regenerate damaged nervous tissue, this study electrospun three-dimensional nanoscaffolds (3DNSs) from a biomaterial blend of silk fibroin (SF), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The 3DNSs were characterised to ascertain their potential suitability for direct implant into the CNS. The biological activity of 3DNSs was investigated in vitro using PC12 cells and their effects on reactive astrogliosis were assessed in vivo using a photothrombotic model of ischaemic stroke in mice. Results showed that the concentration of SF directly affected the mechanical characteristics and internal structure of the 3DNSs, with formulations presenting as either a gel-like structure (SF ≥ 50%) or a nanofibrous structure (SF ≤ 40%). In vitro assessment revealed increased cell viability in the presence of the 3DNSs and in vivo assessment resulted in a significant decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the peri-infarct region (p < 0.001 for F2 and p < 0.05 for F4) after stroke, suggesting that 3DNSs could be suppressing reactive astrogliosis. The findings enhanced our understanding of physiochemical interactions between SF, PEG, and PVA, and elucidated the potential of 3DNSs as a potential therapeutic approach to stroke recovery, especially if these are used in conjunction with drug or cell treatment. [Figure not available: see fulltext.], SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2020
50. A Computational Model for the Cold Response Pathway in Plants
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Zhang, Ruqiang, Gonze, Didier, Hou, Xilin, You, Xiong, Goldbeter, Albert, Zhang, Ruqiang, Gonze, Didier, Hou, Xilin, You, Xiong, and Goldbeter, Albert
- Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which plants respond to cold stress and strengthen their tolerance to low temperatures is an important and challenging task in plant sciences. Experiments have established that the first step in the perception and transduction of the cold stress signal consists of a transient influx of Ca2+. This Ca2+ influx triggers the activation of a cascade of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions that eventually affects the expression of C-repeat-binding factors (CBFs, notably CBF3), which were shown in many plants to control resistance to cold stress by regulating the expression of cold-regulated (COR) genes. Based on experimental observations mostly made on Arabidopsis thaliana, we build a computational model for the cold response pathway in plants, from the transduction of the cold signal via the transient influx of Ca2+ to the activation of the phosphorylation cascade leading to CBF3 expression. We explore the dynamics of this regulatory network by means of numerical simulations and compare the results with experimental observations on the dynamics of the cold response, both for the wild type and for mutants. The simulations show how, in response to cold stress, a brief Ca2+ influx, which is over in minutes, is transduced along the successive steps of the network to trigger the expression of cold response genes such as CBF3 within hours. Sometimes, instead of a single Ca2+ spike the decrease in temperature brings about a train of high-frequency Ca2+ oscillations. The model is applied to both types of Ca2+ signaling. We determine the dynamics of the network in response to a series of identical cold stresses, to account for the observation of desensitization and resensitization. The analysis of the model predicts the possibility of an oscillatory expression of CBF3 originating from the negative feedback exerted by ZAT12, a factor itself controlled by CBF3. Finally, we extend the model to incorporate the circadian control of CBF3 expression, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2020
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