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U sklopu ocjene stanja i procjene rizika TPV na krškom području u Hrvatskoj zasebno su izrađene kemijska i količinska ocjena stanja i procjena rizika. Temeljem ocjene kemijskog stanja dva TPV su ocijenjena lošim stanjem čime automatski ulaze i u kategoriju „u riziku“ od nepostizanja dobrog stanja kod procjene rizika. To su TPV Južna Istra i TPV Bokanjac-Poličnik na širem zadarskom području. Procjenom količinskog stanja jedino je TPV Bokanjac-Poličnik ocijenjen da se nalazi “u lošem stanju” i “u riziku” od nepostizanja dobrog stanja zbog povremenog prodora mora u taj krški priobalni vodonosnik. Za TPV koja su ocjenjena lošim stanjem, provodi se daljnja karakterizacija uz propisivanje zaštitnih mjera i provođenje operativnog monitoringa. Nadamo se da će ove mjere poboljšati stanje podzemnih voda do kraja sljedećeg ciklusa planiranja.

Plitvička jezera su jedan od najznačajnijih i morfološki najatraktivnijih dijelova Hrvatske sa statusom Nacionalnog parka od 1949. i uvaženog mjesta na listi Svjetske prirodne baštine UNESCO-a od 1979. godine. Svojim velikim krškim izvorima, brojnim jezerima odvojenim sedrenim barijerama i slapovima, zajedno s izuzetnom bioraznolikošću predstavljaju jedinstveni ambijent atraktivan za razvoj turističke djelatnosti. Jezera se napajaju podzemnom vodom iz planinskog područja Male Kapele, a otjecanje iz sustava jezera je usmjereno prema Crnomorskom slivu. Cijelo područje parka je izgrađeno od karbonatnih stijena različitog stupnja vodopropusnosti i vrlo kompleksnih tektonskih odnosa, što je omogućilo izviranje vode, održanje jezera i konačno gubitak vode u krško podzemlje nakon prolaska vode kroz Gornja i Donja jezera. Značajnu hidrogeološku funkciju imaju slabo vodopropusni dolomiti trijaske starosti kao prirodna barijera preko koje se vode prelijevaju tvoreći prekrasna jezera i slapove. Jedno od najznačajnijih pitanja u Nacionalnom parku je zaštita vodnih resursa, jer samo visoko kvalitetna voda može osigurati stalno funkcioniranje prirodnih procesa neophodnih za osiguranje održivosti cjelokupnog ekosustava. U postupku zaštite se mogu izdvojiti tri važne skupine aktivnosti: 1) zaštita sliva krških izvora Plitvičkih jezera ; 2) zaštita jezera i slapova opterećenih brojnim posjetiteljima i 3) zaštita šireg okoliša od Nacionalnog parka. U zaštiti vodnih resursa korištena je multiparametarska GIS metoda ocjene prirodne ranjivosti, hazarda i rizika kao i elementi hrvatskog Pravilnika za zaštitu izvorišta pitke vode primjenjivih za jezera.

Croatia belongs to the group of the Mediterranean countries with large karst catchment areas. Recharge zones of these aquifers are in mountainous area where is the watershed between the Danube River Basin and the Adriatic Sea Basin. Discharge zones of Dinaric karst area are springs which form rivers flowing to Danube on the north, and springs which form rivers flowing to Adriatic Sea and coastal springs at the south. This typical carbonate karst area covers almost 50 % of the national territory of Croatia. The importance of Dinaric karst aquifers for Croatia is priceless for today's functioning of water supply systems, which includes the entire coastal touristic region and some of the towns in the inland. Also, karstic aquifers are the strategic reserves of drinking water for the future development of the Croatia. Because of the specificity of karst aquifers, in Croatia is developed a specific methodology of assessment of quality and quantity of karst aquifers that will be presented in this article. Karst area in Croatia is divided in 17 groundwater bodies (GWB) on which are performed quantity and quality status assessment. By assessing the chemical status two GWBs are declared as "in bad status" and are in the category “at risk”. These are the southern part of the Istrian peninsula and the wider area of Zadar city in Dalmatia. In southern part of Istria the problem is due to increased concentrations of nitrates and the problem in wider area of Zadar city is due to occasional saltwater intrusion to the aquifer. Assessing the quantitative status only wider area of Zadar city is declared as "in bad status" and “in risk” because of the occasional saltwater intrusion. Instead of that aquifer, the risk assessment additionally declared southern Istria also in the category "at risk" because of the possible saltwater intrusion. All other GWBs in karstic area in Croatia are in “good status” and “not in risk”. On these two GWBs the further characterization is performed with prescription of protection measures and operational monitoring system. We hope that these measures will provide improvement of the groundwater status by the end of the next planning cycle (next RBMP - 2021).

During 2013-2016, within the GEF UNEP/MAP and UNESCO-IHP’s MedPartnership Project, a new method for assessing the intrinsic vulnerability of catchments and springs in karst terrains was developed. The Karst Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment (KAVA) method was developed based on the analysis of parameters and experience from the fieldwork and protection system of karst areas in Croatia. For assessing of the intrinsic vulnerability of karst aquifers are used four basic factors: Overlay, Precipitation, Infiltration and Aquifer conditions. The overall result of the analysis is presented with two indices of vulnerability: SV index (source vulnerability index) – for karst springs vulnerability, and RV index (resource vulnerability index) – for karst aquifers vulnerability. Within this paper will be presented results of using this method at two very complex karst sites in Croatia, one large and one small catchment. Both catchments belong to the Adriatic Sea catchment and have discharge at the northern coastal area of the Adriatic Sea. The first site is the Novljanska Žrnovnica catchment, which is one of the largest karst catchment in Croatia. Part of this springing zone is fed from the Gorski kotar sinking zone, part from the mountain area in the hinterland of the main spring, and part from the Lika sinking area. The main spring Novljanska Žrnovnica is captured for the public water-supply. The second site is the Bakar Bay catchment area that occupies area of about 156 km2. This catchment area spreads from the discharge zone towards the mountain region of the Gorski kotar. However, in this discharge zone are captured even three springs for the public water supply. Water quality and quantity of these four springs are very important for the very wide coastal touristic area, especially during the tourist season. Sanitary protection zones of these springs were defined, and the use of the intrinsic vulnerability mapping as the KAVA method can contribute to the groundwater protection as an additional data which should be used for updating of the protection zones.

Downstream of the Plitvice Lakes National Park, water that pass through the water system of the lakes begins its flow as the Korana River. A few hundred meters downstream of the source zone, during the summer dry periods, there are losses of water in the riverbed resulting in its total drying. The sinking zone in that area is built of high permeable carbonate rocks and with the appearance of less permeable dolomite rocks, about 17 km downstream, the Korana River becomes a permanent river. This paper focuses on the explanation of hydrogeological relations in the zone where losses of water occur in the riverbed, relationship to the neighbouring Una River catchment, as well as possibilities of relocating the source of water supply from the Kozjak Lake (Plitvice Lakes) to the new site in the sinking zone of the Korana River. For this purpose hydrogeological researches were performed, with drilling of several piezometric boreholes and two tracing tests to determine the direction of groundwater flow during the dry season. The results show that during the dry periods in the sinking zone of the Korana River the groundwater level with active aquifer is about 25 m below the riverbed. This opens up the possibility of additional research to solve the problem of water- supply and relocation of water-supply capture in this area. Two tracing tests showed a connection with the Klokot spring (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the neighbouring Una River catchment, which points to the transboundary character of this aquifer. At the source of the Klokot minimum discharge is around 3 m3/s and the maximum more than 75 m3/s. The capturing of about 60 l/s for water- supply in the Korana River sinking zone will not have impact on the amount of discharge at the Klokot spring.

U radu je dat osvrt na značaj krških vodonosnika u Hrvatskoj, njihove geološke građe, hidrogeoloških karakteristika, te kratki pregled vodnih resursa i njihove zaštite u Hrvatskoj.

The observed Plitvice Lakes Catchment area is located in the central part of the Dinaric karst. It is the largest catchment within the Plitvice Lakes National Park. Due to its specific hydrogeological conditions, it can be divided into specific subcatchments. Their determination was carried out through the synthesis of research results that includes hydrogeological characteristics of the catchment area, hydrochemical and isotopic analysis of water springs, and hydrological analysis of the surface water system. The result is delineation into three main subcatchment areas: Matica, Plitvica and Jezera.

Vulnerability mapping is one of the methods which are widely used in the complex hydrogeological research as an additional method for the groundwater protection studies, spatial planning or impact and pressure assessment projects. Two basic types of vulnerability map methods are developed: specific and intrinsic vulnerability mapping. Throughout the period of the last fifteen years, numerous of vulnerability methods were developed, but only few of them are suitable for the karst aquifers vulnerability analyses. Just some of them were applied for specific types of karst terrains. This paper represents the results of the UNESCO study "Vulnerability mapping of Novljanska Žrnovnica karstic spring catchment area (Croatia)" which was chosen as an example for the application of four well known intrinsic vulnerability mapping methods and tested on the karstic aquifer of the Novljanska Žrnovnica spring. That catchment has been selected because of the quantity of pre- existing researched hydrogeological data, and in the same time is the catchment typical for the Mediterranean karstic areas. Four methods were applied for the same pilot area: the PI method, the COP method, the SINTACS method and the European Approach method (COST 620). Those methods have many advantages and disadvantages for the vulnerability mapping of the karstic environment, some parameters are not suitable, some should be modified, and some could be used in the original way. On the base of used original, modified or completely new parameters on the same pilot area the new method has been proposed. That method tested on the catchment area of Novljanska Žrnovnica could be tested and used for other karst areas in the Mediterranean region. Karst aquifers represent a large portion of the groundwater resources in the Mediterranean region and the determination of the appropriate method can greatly contribute to the efficiency of groundwater protection in that area.

Krški vodonosnici Dinarida su jedan od najvažnijih prirodnih resursa naše države, a krška područja vizualno najatraktivniji dio Hrvatske. Područje Dinarida obuhvaća više od polovice teritorija Republike Hrvatske i u njemu živi gotovo polovica stanovnika. To je područje bogato oborinama i podzemnim vodonosnicima iz kojih se pitkom vodom opskrbljuju brojni gradovi, a disolucijskim radom vode stvoreni su vizualno atraktivni prostori čiji su dijelovi proglašeni nacionalnim parkovima i otvoreni za posjetitelje. Krško područje Dinarida oplakuje Jadransko more čime je stvoren izniman prirodni ambijent s brojnim uvalama i otocima, vrlo atraktivan za razvitak turizma. To je dio teritorija koji otvara državu prema međunarodnim morskim putovima, čime se stvara cijeli niz prednosti u korištenju prirodnih resursa među kojima voda ima važnu ulogu. Za efikasno korištenje i zaštitu krških vodnih resursa potrebna su specifična znanja koja svakodnevnim razvojem sve više približavaju kompleksnu problematiku dinamike vode u heterogenim krškim vodonosnicima istraživačima i korisnicima toga prirodnog resursa. Autori su nastojali prikazati razinu današnjih hidrogeoloških saznanja o krškim terenima Dinarida u Hrvatskoj i metode koje se koriste ili bi trebalo koristiti u istraživanjima tog vrijednog resursa. Težište je prvoga dijela knjige stavljeno na opis procesa “stijena – voda” (stvaranje krških morfoloških i vodnih pojava) i način i svrha korištenja različitih metoda istraživanja s brojnim primjerima. U drugome je dijelu knjige dan opći pregled geološkoga razvoja i hidrogeoloških odnosa Dinarida u Hrvatskoj kao cjeline, položaj razvodnice između jadranskoga i crnomorskoga sliva te raspodjela i opis vodnih cjelina u jadranskome i crnomorskome slivu. U trećem je dijelu knjige prikazan današnji način zaštite vodnih resursa krških područja Dinarida i jedan od mogućih pristupa ocjeni prirodne ranjivosti, hazarda i rizika krških vodonosnika. Knjiga je prvenstveno namijenjena studentima, ali i stručnjacima koji se bave problematikom podzemnih voda u krškim područjima Dinarida.

U radu je prikazano stanje zaštite crpilišta pitke vode u krškim područjima Hrvatske temeljem postojećeg Pravilnika o zaštitnim mjerama i uvjetima za određivanje zona sanitarne zaštite izvorišta vode za piće (NN 22/86), gdje je područje krških vodonosnika obuhvaćeno člankom 4, u kojem je ostavljena sloboda istraživačima u definiranju kriterija i zaštitnih mjera, ali i istraživačkih metoda korištenih pri definiranju zona zaštita. Posljedica je šarenilo pristupa, vrlo često preklapanje zona zaštite i konačno nedovoljna učinkovitost. Želimo li efikasno zaštititi krške vodonosnike neophodno je definirati kriterije novim Pravilnikom i započeti proces novelacije zaštitnih mjera izvorišta pitke vode u krškom području Hrvatske.

Zaštita izvorišta vode za piće zakonska je obveza već više od dvadeset godina svih županija, gradova i općina i njihovih komunalnih poduzeća, koja se bave eksploatacijom i distribucijom vode za piće u Republici Hrvatskoj. Posebno je to važno i osjetljivo pitanje za krška područja Dinarida, koja svojim prirodnim karakteristikama upućuju na visok stupanj ranjivosti prirodnih sustava. Velike brzine podzemnih tokova i nizak stupanj samopročišćavanja podzemne vode razlog su velikih dimenzija potrebnih zaštitnih prostora, koji ponekad dosižu dimenzije i do više desetaka km2, gdje pažljivo odabranim restriktivnim mjerama i posebno aktivnim odnosom u zaštiti prostora treba osigurati održivost izvorišta, koja se koriste u javnoj vodoopskrbi stanovništva, a pritom ne zaustaviti neophodan razvoj. Hrvatska je već 1986. godine (NN 22/86) donijela svoj prvi Pravilnik o određivanju zona sanitarne zaštite izvorišta vode za piće, međutim u tom Pravilniku su krški vodonosnici zbog kompleksnosti dinamike površinske i podzemne vode ostavljeni slobodnoj procjeni istraživača (članak 4). Iskustva istraživača u Hrvatskoj, ali i iskustva naših istraživača u međunarodnim projektima postepeno su fokusirala tu kompleksnu problematiku prema standardima iskazanim u novom Pravilniku o zaštiti izvorišta vode za piće (NN 55/02). Obvezu novelacije svojih zona sanitarne zaštite izvorišta do 2007. godine izradilo je relativno malo vodoopskrbnih sustava u državi, ali danas je već situacija bolja i najveći dio komunalnih sustava je zadovoljio tu važnu zakonsku obvezu. Zašto je određivanje zona sanitarne zaštite mjera zaštite važno? U prvom redu radi zaštite vode koje stanovništvo koristi za piće, jer zdrava pitka voda je garancija dobrog zdravlja stanovništva, ali i mogućnosti profitnog razmišljanja kroz turizam i uključenje u tržište vode na Mediteranu. Zaštitne zone i mjere zaštite su obvezna podloga prostornih planova, pa prekasno donošenje Odluka o zaštiti izvorišta može imati trajni negativni utjecaj na kvalitetu vode. Veliki problem zaštite izvorišta vode za piće u našem krškom području je prostiranje zaštitnih zona u susjedne države, gdje naše jednostrane odluke više nemaju nikakve vrijednosti. To je upravo slučaj u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji, gdje se najveći dio slivova nalazi u susjednoj državi BiH, a izvorišta od vitalne važnosti za vodoopskrbu stanovništva su u Hrvatskoj. Jedan od najvećih krških izvora u Hrvatskoj Ombla i ostali izvori šireg Dubrovačkog područja (Slano, Zaton, Duboka Ljuta, Konavovska Ljuta) samo su svojim izvorišnim dijelom i zaista neposrednim slivom u našoj državi, a najveći dio sliva je u susjednoj državi BiH. Slična je situacija i s izvorištem Prud i vodoopskrbnim izvorom grada Metkovića. Na žalost svi ti izvori (osim izvorišta Prud) nemaju definirane zaštitne zone niti donesene županijske odluke o zaštiti i to je veliki rizik za izvorišta pitke vode cijele županije. Bilo je pokušaja izrade stručnih podloga za definiranje zaštitnih zona izvorišta Omble i drugih izvora još kasnih osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, međutim Domovinski rat je prekinuo sve aktivnosti i grad Dubrovnik još danas nema Odluku o zaštiti izvorišta Omble iako cijeli svoj razvoj planira upravo na vodoopskrbi s tog izvora. Sreća je da u slivu još nema velikih opterećenja, koja su do danas mogla ugroziti kvalitetu vode izvorišta, međutim u budućnosti se planira izgradnja Jadransko-jonske autoceste i cijelog niza sadržaja, koji prate takove objekte. Kako danas prići problemu izrade stručnih podloga za efikasnu zaštitu izvorišta Ombla i drugih izvorišta u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji? Nije to isti pristup kao prije osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske. Ranije republičke granice u bivšoj državi nisu stvarali ograničenja u istraživanjima cjelovitog prostora sliva. Danas je situacija potpuno drugačija, jer su bivše republičke granice dobile status državnih, a pravila za formiranje istraživačkih projekata, izradu stručnih podloga i procedure donošenja odluka o zaštiti su potpuno različita. Republika Hrvatska je pred ulaskom u EU, a susjedna država BiH je pred otvaranjem postupka pridruživanja i naša je obveza prilagodbe svojih propisa o upravljanju vodnim resursima propisima EU (Okvirna direktiva o vodama – WFD ; ODV, 2000). Direktiva EU upućuje na bilateralnu suradnju u upravljanju vodnim resursima, pa i njihovoj zaštiti kao dijelu upravljanja kroz formiranje zajedničkih Povjerenstava. Jedan od zadataka Povjerenstva je usklađivanje Pravilnika o zaštiti izvorišta vode za piće za prekogranična područja, koji postupak je u tijeku. Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija treba svoju Odluku o zaštiti izvorišta pitke vode pripremati i donositi u skladu s Pravilnikom za prekogranične vodonosnike između BiH i Hrvatske, što podrazumijeva formiranje zajedničkog istraživačkog projekta sa istraživačima iz BiH. Za takav tip projekata je moguće osigurati financijska sredstva pristupnih i strukturnih fondova EU, a postoji mogućnost financiranja iz Svjetske banke. Međutim, u pitanju su sadržaji tih projekata, koji zasigurno ne smiju biti temeljeni na znanjima od prije dvadesetak godina, već u projekte treba unijeti nove metode i tehnologije, koje o prirodnim sustavima mogu dati daleko više informacija od nekadašnjih istraživanja. Sadržaji istraživanja i faze pripreme podloga i donošenja Odluka o zaštiti bit će propisani novim Pravilnikom o zaštiti izvorišta pitke vode u graničnim područjima BiH i Hrvatske. Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija je izuzetno bogata vodama, u ovom momentu relativno dobre kvalitete, koja se danas koristi isključivo za potrebe vodoopskrbe stanovništva županije i privrednih aktivnosti u regiji. Kada kažemo relativno dobre kvalitete tada uključujemo sve normalne probleme krških izvora i specifične u području delte rijeke Neretve, gdje su vodoopskrbni izvori ili pod povremenim utjecajem mora ili opterećenja iz sliva, prvenstveno iz susjedne države. Osim prirodnih izvora, u Dubrovačko primorje dotječu velike količine vode kroz hidroenergetski sustav HE Plat (oko 90 m3/s), koje se nakon proizvodnje električne energije otpuštaju u more. Prema tome, s jedne strane velike količine vode dobre kvalitete i s druge relativno malo korištenje te vode, što već odavna upućuje na razmišljanja o komercijalizaciji dijela tih rezervi na tržištu Mediterana, gdje voda nedostaje, ali do sada bez većih uspjeha. Novo društveno-političko preslagivanje država zasigurno će otvoriti nove mogućnosti plasiranja vode u vrlo osjetljivo tržište Mediterana. Vode su jedan od najznačajnijih prirodnih resursa Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije i stoga njihova zaštita u skladu sa pravilima EU i UN znači dugotrajnu sigurnost razvitka i ono što je za Dubrovnik i cijelu Hrvatsku sigurno najvažnije prosperitet turističkog razvoja u budućnosti.

Na području hrvatskog krša za potrebe implementacije Okvirne direktive o vodama (ODV) i izrade Plana upravljanja vodnim područjima izdvojeno je 17 cjelina podzemnih voda (CPV). Za te je cjeline provedena analiza količinskog i kvalitativnog stanja i procjena rizika. U procjeni količinskog stanja korišteni su mjereni klimatološki i hidrološki podaci, kao i podaci o različitim oblicima korištenja voda, provedene su regionalne hidrološke obrade i procjene kao i ocjena vremenskih trendova stanja. Za 13 CPV je količinsko stanje ocijenjeno dobrim. Za dvije CPV procijenjeno je loše kvantitativno stanje, a kod dviju vjerojatno loše stanje. Procjenom rizika neispunjavanja uvjeta ODV, osim spomenutih dvije CPV u riziku i dvije u vjerojatnom riziku, dodatne dvije CPV uvrštene su u kategoriju "u potencijalnom riziku". Ocjena kvalitativnog stanja CPV rađena je obradom analiza kakvoće vode (podaci od 2000. do 2007. godine) sa 55 krških izvora. Obrađeni su parametri prema zahtjevima ODV, Direktive o podzemnim vodama i neki dodatni parametri. Utvrđeno je da 13 CPV ima dobro kvalitativno stanje, dvije CPV loše, a za preostale dvije CPV je zbog nedostatka podataka, temeljem ekspertne procjene, utvrđeno vjerojatno dobro stanje. Na temelju ekstrapolacije zabilježenih trendova dane su procjene kretanja značajki pojedinih parametara kakvoće. Utvrđeno je da se jedanaest CPV ne nalazi u riziku, tri CPV su u riziku, a za tri CPV utvrđeno je da se nalaze u potencijalnom riziku.

As basis for water resources quantity assessment which is being conducted in accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive, the regional hydrological and hydrogeological analyses have been conducted in the Croatian karst area. The Croatian karst areas are a part of Croatia and its hinterland as well as the Adriatic islands. Almost half of the Croatian territory belongs to the karst area characterized by specific surface and underground morphological features and discharge conditions. What prevails in the geological structure are carbonate rocks with fully developed karst forms. Seventien groundwater bodies were outlined in Croatian karst area. The largest part of the Croatian karst area belongs to the Adriatic catchment area and is subterraneously drained towards the coastal springs and hydrologically uncontrolled vruljas along the Adriatic coast. The measured climatological and hydrological data as well as data of different water usage have been used when assessing the quantity of water. The regional hydrological analyses and assessments as well as assessments of time trends of water state have been conducted. The period used for the assessment of the recent quantity amount is the one from 2000-2007. The hydrological conditions of this period were compared to the referential 30 year period from 1961-1990. Due to the prominent heterogeneity of karst area drainage and the presence of significant unlocalized groundwater discharges directly to the Adriatic Sea, the hydrological monitoring covers only a smaller part of water resources. Therefore, in order to make a water quantity assessment of hydrological conditions, a series of regional hydrological analyses have been conducted also by using original approach in hydrologic interrelationships analysis. The results have shown that the smaller catchment areas, that is, the catchment areas with smaller flows show greater sensitivity to such water balance decrease occurrences.

U radu je prikazan opći hidrogeološki opis Istre kao i pregled raspoloživih vodni resursa i njihova zaštita nakon novelacije zona sanitarne zaštite prema novom Pravilniku iz 2002. godine (NN 55/02). Ukratko je dat i pregled kvalitete vode na nekim značajnijim izvorima.

Vodosprema Streljana na Drenovi predstavlja središnju građevinu riječkog sustava vodoopskrbe, a služi za skladištenje vode koja se puni gravitacijskim cjevovodom iz povremenog izvora Rječine. Ukupna zapremina vodospreme iznosi 20.000 m3. U razdobljima presušivanja izvora Rječine vodosprema se puni tlačnim cjevovodom iz izvora Zvir, koji ima najveću izdašnost na području "sliva grada Rijeke" i čini okosnicu vodoopskrbe u uvjetima presušivanja izvora Rječine. Najveća izdašnost mu iznosi 20, 3 m3/s. U sklopu izgradnje građevine izvedena su detaljna istraživanja u svrhu rješavanja problema upoja vode koji nastaje prilikom povremenih pražnjenja vodospreme i/ili gravitacijskog cjevovoda s izvora Rječine prilikom čišćenja prašinasto-pjeskovitog taloga iz spremnika ili pri možebitnim nepredvidljivim kvarovima na objektima. Građevina vodospreme smještena je u morfološki izraženoj uleknini, oblikovanoj unutar izmjene dolomita i vapnenaca gornje kredne starosti, a nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 270 m. Zbog malog kapaciteta postojeće kanalizacijske mreže naselja Drenove za potrebe povremenog pražnjenja vodospreme Streljana izvedena je upojna građevina s mogućnošću kontroliranog upuštanja vode u krško podzemlje. Upojna građevina se sastoji od pet negativnih upojnih zdenaca linijski poredanih, međusobnog razmaka od oko 4 m te dovodnog betonskog korita koje je povezano s temeljnim ispustom preljeva vodospreme. Projektirana i izvedena dubina četiri upojna zdenca iznosi 20 m, dok jedan upojni zdenac ima dubinu od 17 m. Otvoreni presjek zdenaca iznosi 300 mm. Testiranje upojne građevine je obavljeno 10. listopada 2001. godine pražnjenjem vodospreme s poniranjem vode u negativne zdence. Prosječna količina poniranja vode u krško podzemlje iznosila je 593, 70 L/s. Neposredno poslije ispuštanja vode u podzemlje naglo se pojavilo jako zamućenje izvorišta Zvir, što je bilo neočekivano i izazvalo veliku zabrinutost uprave KD Vodovoda i kanalizacije - Rijeka. Budući se u kratkom vremenu ispustila relativno velika količina vode u podzemlje, nametnula se sumnja i pretpostavka, da je samim testiranjem upojne građevine izazvana i pojava zamućenja izvorišta Zvir. Kako bi se odbacila ili potvrdila pretpostavka o utjecaju pražnjenja vodospreme Streljana na moguće pojavljivanje zamućenja izvorišta Zvir i dobili egzaktni podaci o tečenju ponirajuće vode unutar krškog podzemlja, obavljeno je trasiranje podzemne vode iz upojne građevine. Trasiranje Na- fluoresceinom je izvedeno iz zdenca DZ-3 u 11 sati 15. veljače 2002. godine s istovremenim ispuštanjem vode iz vodospreme. U upojne zdence je kontinuirano poniralo 150 L/s vode, ukupno 18.000 m3 do potpunog pražnjenja vodospreme. Na osnovi podataka opažanja i rezultata analize uzoraka vode svih opažanih vodnih pojava utvrđeno je usko i koncentrirano istjecanje trasera s vodom prema priobalnoj izvorišnoj zoni Mlaka "sliva izvora grada Rijeke". Prividne brzine podzemnih tokova prema izvoru Podpinjol i INA-zdencu bile su u rasponu od 1, 22 cm/s do 1, 43 cm/s. Za vrijeme trasiranja i tijekom praćenja istjecanja trasera na priobalnim izvorima Riječkog zaljeva, istodobno se na izvorištu Zvir svakodnevno mjerila mutnoća izvorske vode koja se kretala u dopuštenim vrijednostima za pitke vode. Tijekom opažanja i mjerenja nije bilo kiše u slivnom području "sliva izvora grada Rijeke". Temeljem polučenih rezultata, režim pražnjenja vodospreme Streljana treba biti kontroliran, najviše sa 150 l/s poniranja vode, kako se ne bi izazivalo turbulentno strujanje vode unutar krškog podzemlja, a time ispiranje pukotinskih sustava i šupljina, čime se uzrokuje jako zamućenje vode. Glavni vodoopskrbni izvor Zvir nije ugrožen s povećanom pojavom zamućenja izvorske vode s mjesta upojne građevine vodospreme Streljana-Drenova u uvjetima ispuštanja vode granično od 150 l/s u krško podzemlje. To potvrđuju, ne samo rezultati trasiranja, već i rezultati mjerenja mutnoće u izvorskoj vodi koji su se tijekom opažanja kretali unutar dopuštenih vrijednosti za pitke vode.

Osvrt na stanje zaštite u Republici Hrvatskoj, prikaz postojećih zona zaštite, problema prekograničnih vodonosnika i primjer zaštite u području Imotske krajine

Izvođenje višenamjenske akumulacije Bjelolasica zamišljeno je izgradnjom nasute brane 300-tinjak metara nizvodno od izvora Vrelo čime bi se stvorio uspor tečenju Jasenačkog potoka, odnosno formiralo akumulacijsko jezero koje bi sezalo do izvorišne zone i potapalo izvor Vrelo. Najveća dubina budućega akumulacijskog jezera je 10-tak metara kod pregradnoga mjesta. Izvor Vrelo kaptiran je za potrebe Olimpijskoga centra Bjelolasica bušenim zdencem neposredno kod samoga izvora zahvaćajući vode izvora. Tijekom većega dijela godine kapacitet izvora je dostatan za potrebe Olimpijskoga centra, ali istjecanje na izvoru nedostatno je tijekom sušnih razdoblja, a izvor povremeno presuši što stvara velike probleme u osiguranju normalne vodoopskrbe Olimpijskog naselja, naselja Vrelo i Jasenak i skijaškog centra, koji treba velike količine vode za proizvodnju umjetnog snijega. Izgradnjom višenamjenske akumulacije omogućilo bi se zaustavljanje dijela velikih voda i produžilo normalnu vodoopskrbu tijekom sušnih razdoblja. Kada se govori o sušnom razdoblju na području Jasenka onda treba uzeti u obzir dva kritična razdoblja s vodom. To su ljetna sušna razdoblja, kada generalno nema padalina više mjeseci ili barem ne takovih koje utječu na pozitivnu promjenu bilance voda i zimska, kada je sve zamrznuto, a vodne rezerve u obliku snijega visoko u planinskom području, a upravo tada treba najviše vode za pripremu umjetnog snijega na skijalištima.

Karst areas in Croatia are a part of the regional geologic structure of Dinarides which cover an area from Slovenia across Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina up to Montenegro. Almost half of the Croatian territory belongs to the karst area of specific surface and underground morphological characteristics. In Croatia the karst groundwater quantities make a little less than a half of total disposable state potable water quantities. Geologically speaking, those are mostly carbonate rocks with fully developed karst forms. It is exceptionally difficult to separate the groundwater from surface waters in karst areas. Therefore the groundwater and surface water interaction is extremely large. Particular rivers start their flow at karst springs, flow partly on the surface, then swallow when facing the well permeable carbonate rocks, only to resurface again as ground waters at springs in the lower catchment area parts. The similar situation occurs in karst fields which, in the rainy parts seasons, are partly flooded due to the ground water level rise, while in the dry periods the springs in the fields run dry or are significantly reduced in the water amount. The water flows and disappears underground several times within the same catchment area, accepting all catchment area loadings created by human activities. From that reasons karst areas require an integrated water quality and quantity assessment as well as water resources risk assessment for each groundwater bodies (GWB). A part of Croatian karst waters is accumulated and used for electric power production, which causes changes in both outflow regime and dynamics and even changes of groundwater outflow directions. The largest part of karst area belongs to the Adriatic catchment and is subterraneously drained towards coastal springs and hydrologically uncontrolled submarine springs in the Adriatic littoral area. Consequently, the karst catchment areas are neither unambiguous (they depend on hydrological conditions), nor easily determinable. In heterogeneous karst conditions there are considerable difficulties in delineation of GWB's as well as in assessment the groundwater quality and quantity status which must be performed according to the EU Water Framework Directives (WFD). The fact that the groundwater monitoring is in Croatia in a developmental stage is an additional problem, so that the initial characterization and groundwater risk assessment have been performed according to data from the 2000–2007 period. This paper presents the methodological approach which was applied on Croatian karst area as well as the abbreviated summary of conducted analyses. Seventeen GWB's have been delineated in the Croatian karst area, nine of which are of transboundary character due to the characteristic shape of Croatia. In the quantity status assessment has been used the measured climatological and hydrological data as well as data of different forms of water usage, the regional hydrological analyses and estimations have been conducted as well as the time trends assessment. The regression relations between different hydrological elements have been established from which has been separated the catchment surface, mean annual flows and lowest mean monthly flows. The hydrological catchment area data have been extrapolated to the GWB level. It has been established that the global water resource utilization for water supply needs, industry and irrigation is extremely low compared to the total water potential — it amounts to an average of 2.3% only. Despite this fact there are two GWB's with an estimated poor quantity state and two GWB's with a probable poor state. The quantity status has been assessed as good for thirteen ground water areas. By estimating the risk of not meeting the WFD requirements additional two GWB's have been listed as “at risk”. In order to asses the quality status spatial analyses of natural vulnerability, hazard and pollution risk have been conducted. The GWB quality status assessment was performed by analyzing the water quality within the 2000–2007 period, taking water samples from 55 karst springs in monthly intervals (the total of 3887 analyses). The monitoring network mostly uniformly covers the singled out karst GWB's. For quality status assessment the following parameters have been used: the dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity, nitrates and ammonia according to the WFD requirements, as well as the entire pesticides, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chloride, sulphate, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene according to the Groundwater Directive requirements. Regarding the specificity of karst water system, the quality status analysis has also included the free CO2, the temperature, the orthophosphates, the turbidity, iron, manganese and mineral oils. It has been established that thirteen GWB's have a good quality status, two poor. In case of the remaining two the status has been assessed to be probably good based on an expert estimation since there were no or not enough data. An important element in assessment of the quality risk in accordance with the Article 4 of the WFD was the natural background level (BL) and threshold value (TV) for the selected parameters. Based on extrapolation of observed trends during the referential period of 2000–2007, the changes in several quality parameter characteristics have been established. At that time the value of 75% of the boundary value determined when estimating the groundwater quality status was taken as a risk indicator. It has been established that eleven GWB's are at no risk while four are at a potential risk. The paper points out the need to discuss the applied methodological procedures used for ground water state and risk estimation within the framework of their application on specific conditions of karst aquifers and under conditions of a limited fundus of available data.

Termin održivi razvoj je znanstveno vrlo kompleksno pitanje i često je u uporabi u rječniku stručnjaka različitih profesija, što ga uvrštava u kategoriju visokog stupnja multidisciplinarnosti. Kada se govori o krškim područjima Dinarida u Hrvatskoj tada se kompleksnost ovog pojma bitno proširuje, jer se radi vrlo često o atraktivnim prostorima visokog stupnja prirodne ranjivosti, gdje je razvoj tek u začetku, a zadatak stručnjaka je usklađivanje razvoja sa zaštitom prirodnih resursa. Pritom je jedan od najvažnijih prirodnih resursa voda i njena zaštiti, ali i njena uloga u razvoju pojednih područja.

Šire područje Dubrovnika s gradom Dubrovnikom i naseljima Općine Dubrovačko primorje, iako bogato izvorima vode, ima značajnih problema s vodom u sadašnjim i budućim razvojnim programima zbog nedostatne distribucijske mreže, pa tzv. visoke zone, pa čak i naselja u priobalju, imaju problema s vodoopskrbom. Centralna točka vodnih resursa je izvorište Omble, koje svojim prirodnim kapacitetima prelazi ukupne potrebe za vodom cijelog dubrovačkog područja, ali sa priljevnim područjima u susjednoj državi Bosni i Hercegovini, pa zaštita izvorišta u velikoj mjeri ovisi o mjerama, koje treba poduzeti u susjednoj državi, čime se otvara problem upravljanje prekograničnim vodonosnicima.

The National Park Plitvice Lakes (NPPL) has been placed in the central part of Croatia, in Dinaric karst region. Plitvice lakes are one of the most remarkable and attractive karst features in Croatia with the status of national park from 1949 and maintain a prominent place on the UNESCO list of World Heritage of Nature from 1979. With huge karst springs, numerous lakes separated by tufa barriers and hundreds of waterfalls, together with extraordinary biodiversity is a unique natural ambience, attracting up to the nearly one million visitors yearly. The discharge area of the lakes is placed on the northern side of the Dinaric carbonate platform in the Lika region and belongs to the Danube catchment area. One of the most important questions is the protection of water resources, because only high water quality can ensure the sustainability of entire eco-system. The research programme have had three main goals - protection of the main karst springs of Plitvice lakes from the catchment, protection of the lakes and waterfalls burdened by the great number of visitors, and protection of wider karst environment from NPPL. The entire area of NPPL is built from carbonate rocks. The tectonic picture is very complex with prevailing NW-SE direction of dominant faults. An important hydrogeological role in the recharge zone has the anticlinal form of Mala Kapela Mountain, in discharge and lakes zone so called penetration tectonic structure built from dolomites and in sinking zone the synclinal structure of Lička Plješivica Mountain. Dolomites are the hydrogeological barrier for groundwater flowing from karst high permeable aquifer of Mala Kapela Mountain. After discharge zone, water flows over the barrier toward the strong longitudinal fault on the NE side of the largest Kozjak Lake practically without any water loss. Passing the fault zone begin the gradual sinking, which at least is manifested with complete drying of Korana River downstream of the administrative border of NPPL. Groundwater from the catchment area, of about 150 km2, flow toward the spring zone with relatively high apparent velocities, what is the indicator of low retention capability of karst aquifer and high vulnerability of the catchment. Hydrogeochemical investigations had very important role in the identification of water dynamic model of the system. That is very important for the oxygen enrichment of water in the bottom parts of lakes and maintenance of the water quality of entire eco-system. Hydrogeological investigations have opened the problem of naturally high vulnerable Kozjak Lake. Existing of the lake depends of the changeable thickness of tufa sediments, which cover the fault zone and fill the caverns and cracks in karstified limestones. The research results have pointed out several important facts and problems which have to be solved urgently, but in spite of that the water resources in NPPL are in very good condition. In definition of protection scheme of Plitvice Lakes were used the adapted EU methodology (COST 620) with the combined vulnerability, hazard and risk analyses and the elements of Croatian regulation for the definition of protection zones in karst areas.

Plitvice Lakes has been placed in the central part of Croatia, in Dinaric karst region. It consists from 16 lakes separated with tufa barriers. It became the National park 1949 and 1979 entered into the UNESCO list of World Natural Heritage. One of the most important problems of the Park is water resources protection, because only stabile water quality can ensure the sustainability of the entire eco-system. To solve this important problem the Park has started the international research project with the active participation of (1) Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering (2) Joanneum Research and (3) Research Centre "Ivo Pevalek" through Centre of Competence from Graz co-financed by Austrian Government and the Park as economic partner. The research project is divided in two parts. Regional part is directed on the protection of the Park from the catchment and the impact of the Park on karst environment in downstream parts. Detail part is oriented on the protection of the lakes and waterfalls.

The Vransko Polje catchment, situated in the Middle Dalmatia near the town of Biograd is potentially one of the most vulnerable areas of the Croatian coast to climate change. Whole area is composed of well permeable karstified limestones, some dolomites and alongated impermeable flysch deposits which partly as a barrier prevent direct seawater intrusion into the inland aquifer. The study aims to recognize the principal hydrogeological relations and hydrogeochemical processes that affect the salinisation by sea water influence caused to climate change of hydrology balance and human impact. Hydrogeochemical processes were described by major ion ratios, comprising together with Li and stable isotope content while basic hydrogeological background describe conceptual model of potential changes of hydrology budget caused by climate changes.

Network of Competence WATERPOOL is one of very important support to the development of the water resources research activities in southeastern Europe. Regardless that the first attempt included just a small part of this area (Austria, North Italy, Slovenia and Croatia), it has been activated the important research capacities and economic partners, who with their own financial resources and the direct participations in the research processes have established their own research institutions and human capacities, and what is the most important they have understood very well the value of the research results for their future development processes. The special value for the southeastern Europe countries have the research projects through which have been formed the joint research teams, which have enabled the transfer of knowledge and high research technology in the areas of lower financial detachment for the development of science and research, especially water resources. In joint research teams were included many young researchers and students, who have converged in the preparation of PhD theses and diploma works very important knowledge and experiences for their own further development and further development of water management in their countries. The exchange of the knowledge and experiences inside the projects, except its direct values in water resources management, had a direct influence on the preparation of the new universities’ programmes congruently to the Bologna processes, and indirectly on the organization of Joint PhD study of the Universities in Graz, Maribor, Budapest and Zagreb. Expanding of the Knet toward the huge area of southeastern Europe is for sure the chance for lower developed countries in this area, and the chance and risk for the organization of such intervention, which in that case surpass of the existing forms. All countries in southeastern Europe are generally connected through the Associations of European Union or Western Balkan, and for the majority of the states are opened the European Union projects, about what is necessary to consider in further expanding of Knet idea toward those area. EU Framework program is for sure the most attractive program solution for all countries in southeastern Europe because of the possibility of getting relatively high financial support, but entering in FP is very complex for this region, and there are very few research teams involved in water resources management which succeeded to activate their capacities through this program direction. This is for sure the chance for some more simple organization form, which can establish the network of quality research teams from this area and than with their knowledge and experience on EU level to entere in interesting EU program directions. The first job would be the establishment of the potential network of relevant research teams and potential ideas for the projects, which could in the area of southeastern Europe could give the positive shift in the field of water management. It’ s necessary to point out that some of the countries are the full or associated member of EU, and in the field of water management are using the EU Water Directives, which is the mitigation circumstances in the expanding process of Knet organization. From hydrogeological point of view the countries of southeastern Europe cover large part of Danube river catchment and numerous relatively small catchments of rivers which directly inflow in Mediterranean sea or marginal seas linked with it. In this area live few hundreds of milions inhabitants, it has the developed industrial production, and huge areas are covered with agricultural production. The protection of water resources in this region is of the extremely importance for the sustainable development of entire European space, because the water from this area inflow in Mediterranean sea, which from day to day becoming more and more overloaded by pollutions, which partly coming from southeastern Europe. The developed EU countries have done a great efforts in waste water treatments for the urban areas and management of solid wastes, but the situation in southeastern Europe is much more delicate, and in this area there are the enormous reserves for the keeping of sustainability of all Mediterranean area in future development plans of entire European area. The water in such consideration has extraordinary importance, because this the medium with fastest expanding in the space of the positive and unfortenatelly the negative influences toward end recipient. In the southeastern Europe presently exist many states with different development plans and degree of development, what concern the water management too. The transfer of knowledge and technologies could for sure bring the new necessary values in the protection of one of the most important natural resource, especially in time of future development programmes in those countries. The chances of Knet idea are the research of groundwater (aquifers), because the surface waters are generally covered with numerous EU programmes active for Danube river and the protection of Medterranean sea. Aquifers in the most cases cover the areas of two or more states, and joint research programmes of transboundary aquifers coordinated and partly financed through organized network of Knet connected by EU programme orientations could be the great step in the protection and utilization of water resources in southeastern Europe. It’ s necessary to point out that in southeastern Europe exist important research capacities, which have to be firstly recognized and involved in the network, and secondly through joint research projects and relevant specializations assured the results level, which will make possible the sustainability of this area and which will positively influence on the sustainability of entire Medterranean space.

Main objectives of the project were: hydrogeological level of knowledge in the function of usage and protection of karst aquifers in border area of Croatia and Slovenia ; improvement and using of hydrogeological research methods (geological- morphostructural analyze, groundwater tracing tests, hydrogeochemical researches, hydrological research, continual monitoring of physical-chemical parameters on main springs etc.) ; presentation of all data in GIS – common GIS ; equalizing of criteria for groundwater protection for the border area according to WFD ; common assessment of qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater in aquifers in the border area ; monitoring of qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater in aquifers in the border area ; physical and regional planning in the function of aquifer protection ; optimal usage of existing water-supply springs and plans for capturing of new ones, especially in the recharge zones of catchments.

The Republic of Croatia in the Adriatic beIt has at its disposal considerable water quantities on the natural springs and on hydro energetic structures, whose power houses are in the coastal area. After the production of electric energy more than 260 m3/s of water run off into the sea today. The natural spring zones can practically supply enough surpluses of high quality water for export with more rational usage and with the recovery of losses in the distribution nets. It is especially important because of the protection, because the hydro energetic systems have no obligation of preventive protection if a part of water is not used in water supply. The problem of protection is the stretching of the catchment areas into the neighbouring state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, specially referring to the spring Ombla and hydroelectric power plant Plat, where the whole catchment areas are practically in the neighbouring state and the protection of water resources depends on regulations which are not under the control of Croatia. From the considered spring zones, the spring Novljanska Žrnovnica has the highest quality evaluation, which, with its free capacities can be appropriate for the water supply of the north and medium Adriatic islands in combination with the Rijeka springs and for transports at distant destinations. But for long transports the spring Ombla and the hydroelectric power plant Plat near Dubrovnik have advantage because of the shorter transport, but with the protection problems and the possible division of interests. Potential market is surely the Mediterranean where the water transports already exist and all the strength and knowledge should be used to introduce our water surpluses on the free water market. Water transports are modernized from day to day and they become more effective and consequently more economic and according to our opinion the usage of the plasticbags of different sizes offers the best solutions. The water supply of the outer islands in the Adriatic which have not sufficient water shouldbe included into the system. That which can be concluded is the fact that the water surpluses in Croatia should be involved into the economical activities as the renewable natural resource of high value as soon as possible.

U radu su u kratko prikazane hidrogeološke karakteristike krških terena u Hrvatskoj, kao i očekivani problemi u pogledu dostupnosti vodnih resursa u njima, kao i prijedlog mogućeg programa aktivnosti u pogledu njihovog iskorištavanja.

National Park Plitvice Lakes has been placed in the central part of Croatia, in Dinaric karst region. It consists from 16 lakes separated with tufa barriers, originated from water activities throughout Quaternary period. Discharge area of the lakes is placed on the northern side of carbonate massif of Lika region and belongs to the Danube catchment area. From Plitvice Lakes rises the river of Korana. The altitude difference between discharge zone and the start of Korana River is about 150 m, but such high gradient is reduced by lakes and numerous beautiful waterfalls between lakes. Plitvice Lakes were nominated as the first National park in former state in 1949, and later in 1954 entered into the UNESCO list of World Natural Heritage. The area of National Park is typical karst with a high level of natural vulnerability on one side and a growing number of visitors (900.000 yearly) on the other. One of the most important problem of the N.P. is water resources protection, because only stabile water quality can ensure the sustainability of the entire eco-system. To solve this important problem N.P. Plitvice Lakes has started the international research project with the active participation of University of Zagreb – Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Varaždin, Joanneum Research, Graz and Research Centre "Ivo Pevalek" through Centre of Competence, Graz co-financed by Austrian Government and N.P. as economic partner. The research project is divided in regional and detail part. Regional part is directed on the protection of National Park from the catchment effects and the impact of the National Park on karst environment downstream of the N.P. Detail part of the project is oriented on the protection of the lakes and waterfalls – the inside part of the N.P. overloaded by great number of visitors.

Catchment area of the Kupa River is one of the most significant water resources in the Republic of Croatia, in the border area with the Republic of Slovenia. About 88% of the total amount of water in this catchment come from the Croatia and just 12% from the Slovenia, therefore the largest part of the catchment area (about 1000 km2) is on the Croatian side. It is the typical karst area of Dinarides with the aquifers characterised by relatively fast water exchange, high groundwater flow velocities and aquifers opened to human impact from the surface. Therefore, the aquifers are of high vulnerability and risk. Large quantities of good quality spring water (about 6 m3/s) give the strategic importance to the whole area for future development of the western part of Croatia. This paper presents the results of the investigation of the catchment area on Croatian side. It was used the wide range of research methods, from classical hydrogeological approach, the detailed hydrologic calculation of water balance to the hydrogeochemical analyses and modelling. Final results are the determination of protection zones and protection measures for the whole area. It is important to point out that the karst catchment areas are crossed by the major traffic corridors, oil pipeline and railway, that in the catchment areas exist many settlements with developed wood industry, and that is very difficult in the same time to protect water resources. Sound impossible, but it is possible with adequate prevention measures and necessary remediation activities that should satisfy very strict requirements for the protection of karst aquifers. Good example is the highway with closed dewatering system and waste water treatment before sinking in karst underground.

Karst area of the Dinarides builds the south part of Croatian territory, what means the whole Adriatic coast and about the thousand of islands. Besides protection of very vulnerable karst aquifers in the continental part of large catchment areas, the main problems of coastal karst springs are the significant influence of the sea during summer dry periods, so many coastal springs are salinized. Karstification of carbonate rocks in the coastal zones is about 150 m deeper than the recent sea level and the underground flow path has been opened for the intrusion of specific heavier sea water, on some places very deep in aquifers. Deep karstification is the consequence of the sea level changes in geologic past. For this presentation have been chosen two examples in Bakar bay near Rijeka, which are slightly different due to the geologic conditions. There are two separated parts of the same aquifer, which have some differences in the discharge zone concerning the model of the fresh-salt water relation. In both cases the important hydrogeological role have the impermeable layers of Paleogene flysch sediments, which are deeply eroded, so the fresh water is in direct contact with sea water. Both springs are captured for water supply (300 l/s) and important for further development of the water supply system in the northern Adriatic area. Spring Perilo is the example of relatively narrow contact between fresh and salt waters and what is important to emphasize with the continuous presence of salt water in deep part of the aquifer. During summer dry seasons fresh– salt water transition zone gradually rise towards the capture gallery and the final result is the complete salinization of the aquifer and nature spring zone on the coast. The reason is usually effects of uncontrolled overexploitation of the fresh water system. There are the projects of cutting the direct contact of fresh and sea water by underground grouting curtain, but this is risky and very expensive project, which is waiting for some better time. For this moment has been constructed just the control system of transition zone using piesometric bore hole deep 200 m with monitoring instruments along the bore hole, what can be the control mechanism for the exploitation rate. The second example is Dobrica spring, which is the kind of submarine spring in karst underground. Bellow the fresh water system is the sea water, through which discharge the fresh water from a deep tectonic shell of karstified limestone inside the impermeable flysch sediment. During summer dry seasons the fresh water pressure are lower and the captage from time to time salinized. By detail research has been defined the depth position of the aquifer and control system of the position of transition zone. Due to defined natural condition it is possible to construct the new capture system outside of the sea influence zone. With these two examples we want to point the specific problems of coastal karst aquifers, which is very often present in the Mediterranean countries. Direct measurements in coastal aquifers and hydrogeochemical methods are very effective tools in the forecasting the events of salinizations. Special problems for normal functioning of coastal karst aquifers in future could be the global climatic changes, because the expected growths of sea level can essentially make worse the existing very sensitive balance.

U radu je opisan hidrogeološki model zaslanjenja crpilišta Dobrica temeljem istraživanja provedenih u periodu 1994.-2003. godine.

Postkongresna ekskurzija B1 jedna je od tri ekskurzije u sklopu 3. Hrvatskog geološkog kongresa. Tematika ekskurzije B1 temeljila se na hidrogeološkim aspektima zaštite krških vodonosnika područja Gorskog kotara i inženjerskogeološkoj problematici stabilnosti padina i sanaciji klizišta, te inženjerskogeološkoj problematici tijekom projektiranja autocesta.

Ovim radom želimo prikazati značajnu ulogu hidrogeoloških istraživanja u razvoju vodoopskrbnog sustava grada Rijeke. Odnosi se to u prvom redu na zahvate novih količina vode za vodoopskrbu i efikasnu zaštitu izvorišta pitke vode. Posebno je značajno zadržati kontinuitet istraživanja, jer samo takav pristup osigurava stalno dobivanje novih podataka o prirodnim sustavima i korištenje novih metoda istraživanja, koje bitno povećavaju razinu znanja. Za vodne resurse su to hidrogeokemijske metode razvijene posljednjih petnaestak godina i Geografski informacijski sustavi, koji omogućuju višeslojnu analizu velikog broja podataka.

The National park Plitvice Lakes has been placed in the central part of Croatia in zhe region of Lika, which has central position in Dinaric karst. Comprise from 16 lakes separated with tufa barriers originated by water activity throughout Quartenary, the youngest geologic period. Discharge area of Plitvice lakes has been placed on the northern side of karstified carbonate massif of Lika region and belongs to the Danube catchment area. From the lakes rises the river of Korana, which by Karlovac flow into the river Kupa, tributary of Sava river. The altitude between discharge zone and start of Korana river is about 150 m, however the gradient has been reduced by lakes and numerous water falls between lakes. Springs are formed on the geologic border between high permeable karstified carbonate masiff and poor permeable dolomites of Triasic ages, which present the barrier. Upper lakes including the largest Kozjak have been formed on barrier, and lower after transfer of water across the barrier in high permeable limestone of Upper Cretaceous ages. Water regime through upper lakes is relatively stabile, but after the fault between barrier and permeable geologic structures most probably begins losses from the water system. In lower lakes have existed for sure losses from the lakes towards karst underground. Conformation is lower quantity of water in the bed of Korana river, which downstream in summer dry periods completely dries up. In such high vulnerable natural condition there are very active tourist activity – visitors, hotels, restaurants, traffic etc, which are generally not appropriate located and present continual danger for the environment and specially for water system, basic natural phenomena of the National park. The most sensible part of the National park on eastern side of Kozjak lake is starkly burdened with different shapes of human activities, and this load grows with increase of the visitors and hotel guests. National park is continuously researched by the generation of the different profile of scientists and researchers and the knowledge about the natural system was generally high, but Country war and occupation of the lakes area for nearly five years stopped the research activities, normal visiting of the National park and as a consequence economic possibilities for the investment in the research and protection. Last four years was the time of consolidation of the finance situation and investment in the reconstruction of the hotels and other contents for tourist activity, and now the National park is ready to start with very serious research project for the protection of water system using, except traditional hydogeological and hydrological methods, new methodologies fully developed last decade as gehydrochemical analyses and modelling, remote sensing methods, natural tracers etc. Main problems are definition of catchment for discharge area, water dynamics inside and between the lakes, relation between lakes and karst underground, water losses directions from the lakes and alternative resources for water supply of the National park and surrounding settlements. Sound simple, but it is not. Catchment is generally known, but without enough exact data (tracings). Water dynamics inside the lakes is generally known too, because in such metheorological conditions two times a year water mass are overturned if lakes are enough deep. That is very important for the refreshment and protection of the system. Next problem is relation of the lakes and karst underground, because in National park there is not yet any piezometric boreholes. With detail hydrogeological researching of the high permeable carbonate masiff is possible to find out alternative drinking water resources, what is very important because the existing exploitation from the lake Kozjak decrease the water quantity on the downstream tufa barriers, what is very dangerous for the stability and father growth of tufa barriers. The results will be prepared in GIS technology which can be very attractive even for the visitors, who will be able to recognize other values of the National park Plitvice lakes except the extraordinary beauty of the environment. In such a way they are becoming slowly very active factor of the research and protection of the basic phenomena, and probably they will stay longer and some of them will for sure help us in the protection of the National park. All those research activities have a task the effective protection of the basic phenomena, which has to be the background of the management master plan for whole area. In our presentation we intend to speak more about the research project (combination of different methods) and how the results to apply in the protection of water system, one of the basic phenomena of the National park Plitvice lakes.

Karst aquifers are very important drinking-water sources in Mediterranean area, so is the situation in the Croatia, where is the half of the country built from these very vulnerable mainly carbonate rocks. Catchments of the main springs are very extensive, in some cases more than 1000 km2, and practically is impossible to avoid the conflict situations which can be rised in locating and construction of different infrastructural objects as motorways, railroads, oil pipelines etc, or as a consequences of urban development in the area. In such situation protection of drinking-water sources are very complicate and needs proper engineering solutions based on high level hydrogeological knowledge. In this paper will be presented some engineering experiences from Croatian karst areas, which can be interesting for the karst areas in other countries, primarily in Mediterranean and also for other karst areas around the world.

River Kupa catchment area is one of the most significant water resources in the Republic of Croatia, located in the border area with the Republic of Slovenia. About 85% of total amount of water of the river Kupa springs on the Croatian side so the catchment areas are of the significant dimensions (over 1000 km2) within that country. It is the typical karst aquifers of Dinarides, with relative fast water exchange in the ground, with high velocities of groundflows, opened towards the surface by numerous swallow holes, therefore the aquifer of high vulnerability and high risk. High quantities of high quality springs water (about 3.5 m3/s) give the strategic importance to the whole area, and the water resources get the high strategic importance of future development of the west part of the Republic of Croatia. In this paper the investigation results of the whole water system on Croatian side are presented. Thereby, the available investigation methods were used ; from the classical hydrogeological approach, the detail hydrologic calculation of water balance for each aquifer separately and for the entirety, the groundwater tracing, geohydrochemical analyses and modelling and finally the protection zones and protection measures for the whole area. It is emphasized that the catchment areas lie in the zones of major traffic corridors, oil pipelines, railway and numerous settlements with developed wood industry and all of those subjects, with prevention measures and remediation activities, should satisfy very strict protection requirements for the karst aquifers. Although they are the karst aquifers of high risk, the solutions exist, even the possibilities for lowering the existing risk from today’s development level of the whole area. This especially implies to highways, where the controlled drainage and water purification before releasing into karst underground significantly improves the existing state, where the whole traffic takes place on the totally unprotected and improperly constructed roads.

U Hrvatskoj postoji cijeli niz malih otoka bez organizirane vodoopskrbe, što je i jedan od razloga stalnog opadanja broja stanovnika na njima. Pitkom vodom se opskrbljuju iz cisterni, a u ljetnim razdobljima sa dolaskom turista i flaširanom vodom. Postoji nekoliko mogućnosti za organiziranje vodoopskrbe za takove otoke. To je, u prvom redu, mogućnost korištenja lokalnih vodnih resursa, a ako ih nema u dovoljnim količinama, spajanje cjevovodom sa kopnom ili dovoženje vode vodonoscima. Tijekom 2001. godine pokrenut je projekt revitalizacije otoka (Susak, Molat i Dugi otok) čija je prva faza (JEIĆ et al., 2001) ukazala na perspektivne lokacije koje su trebale detaljna istraživanja. Ovim radom predstavit ćemo rezultate hidrogeoloških istraživanja na otoku Susku 2002. godine izvedenih u sklopu druge faze istraživanja. Tada su izbušene 4 istražno-eksploatacijske bušotine, na kojima su izvedena probna crpljenja i određen ukupni kapacitet oko 3 l/s bočate vode, ali uz ograničenje da je za vrijeme ljetnog razdoblja 2002. godine bilo dosta oborina, tako da se ne može govoriti o maksimalnim crpnim količinama tijekom sušnih razdoblja. Kako je otok Susak relativno male površine, najveći problem pri budućoj stalnoj eksploataciji je mogućnost obnovljivosti rezervi vode u podzemlju, te prijeteće zaslanjenje kod precrpljivanja vodonosnika. Stoga je potrebno kvalitetno praćenje stanja u podzemlju, ali i kontrola ograničene količine crpljenja.

Značajni vodni resursi u Hrvatskoj vezani su uz krška područja Dinarida, vodonosnike specifičnih karakteristika, vrlo osjetljivim na pronos onečišćenja i stoga potrebe specifične zaštite. Najbolje bi bilo zaštiti cijele slivove jednakih razina, međutim zbog ogromnih dimenzija, za krške slivove se koristi selektivni pristup zaštiti usmjeren na smanjenje stupnja rizika od onečišćenja, koji se sastoji od dvije temeljne aktivnosti, preventivne zaštite i sanacijskih zahvata. Novi Pravilnik o zaštiti izvorišta pitke vode i prateće Smjernice (radna verzija) trebaju unijeti reda u sustav zaštite za krška područja, gdje je ranije rađeno praktički bez Pravilnika. Projekte novelacije postojećih odluka o zaštiti treba završiti u roku od 5 godina, što je moguće postići faznim pristupom priprema podloga. U ovom radu će se dati prijedlozi načina kako postojeće odluke uskladiti s novim Pravilnikom, kratki prikaz novosti u sustavu istraživanjima, načini interpretacije i uklapanja projekata zaštite u planove održivog razvoja krških područja.

Smernice Evropske skupnosti (DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC) opredeljujejo telesa podzemne vode (body of groundwater) kot ločljivo prostornino vode v vodonosniku ali sistemu vodonosnikov. Vsaka članica ES mora opredeliti vsa telesa podzemne vode, ki se že uporabljajo ali pa so v prihodnosti namenjena za izkoriščanje pitne vode. Posebno podrobno je potrebno opredeliti obmejna telesa podzemne vode, to je tista, kjer se podzemna voda v vodonosnikih pretaka z ene strani meje na drugo. V letu 2000/2001 so bile opravljene skupne hrvaško slovenske raziskave na območju med Tržaškim in Kvarnerskim zalivom na podlagi, katerih smo skupno definirali vodnosne sisteme, ki se raztezajo na tem območju z ene strani državne meje na drugo. V okviru teh skupnih koordiniranih raziskav je bila napravljena poenotena hidrogeološka karat v skladu z mednarodnimi standardi, določene so bile prekomejne razvodnice in odprta vprašanja glede le-teh, vzpostavljena sta bila skupni geoinformacijski sistem ter mreža vzorčevanj podzemnih vod na reprezentativnih izvirih za ugotavljanje njihovega izvora in kakovosti, izveden pa je bil še sledilni poskus na območju mesta Buje in izviri Bužini in Gabrijeli. Vodonosni sistemi na tem obmejnem območju so izrednega pomena za oskrbo z vodo tudi večjih mest kot sta Reka in Koper. Za ohranjanje in optimalno izkoriščanje teh vodonosnikov, kjer so lahko območja napajanja v eni državi, točke izkoriščanja pa v drugi, so nujne vzajemne raziskave strokovnjakov na obeh straneh meje.

Smernice Evropske skupnosti (DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC) opredeljujejo telesa podzemne vode (body of groundwater) kot ločljivo prostornino vode v vodonosniku ali sistemu vodonosnikov. Vsaka članica ES mora opredeliti vsa telesa podzemne vode, ki se že uporabljajo ali pa so v prihodnosti namenjena za izkoriščanje pitne vode. Posebno podrobno je potrebno opredeliti obmejna telesa podzemne vode, to je tista, kjer se podzemna voda v vodonosnikih pretaka z ene strani meje na drugo. V letu 2000/2001 so bile opravljene skupne hrvaško slovenske raziskave na območju med Tržaškim in Kvarnerskim zalivom na podlagi, katerih smo skupno definirali vodnosne sisteme, ki se raztezajo na tem območju z ene strani državne meje na drugo. V okviru teh skupnih koordiniranih raziskav je bila napravljena poenotena hidrogeološka karat v skladu z mednarodnimi standardi, določene so bile prekomejne razvodnice in odprta vprašanja glede le-teh, vzpostavljena sta bila skupni geoinformacijski sistem ter mreža vzorčevanj podzemnih vod na reprezentativnih izvirih za ugotavljanje njihovega izvora in kakovosti, izveden pa je bil še sledilni poskus na območju mesta Buje in izviri Bužini in Gabrijeli. Vodonosni sistemi na tem obmejnem območju so izrednega pomena za oskrbo z vodo tudi večjih mest kot sta Reka in Koper. Za ohranjanje in optimalno izkoriščanje teh vodonosnikov, kjer so lahko območja napajanja v eni državi, točke izkoriščanja pa v drugi, so nujne vzajemne raziskave strokovnjakov na obeh straneh meje.

Republika Hrvatska je kao obalna mediteranska zemlja s oko 5800 km obalne linije i 1185 otoka vrlo ranjiva na moguće klimatske promjene, koje se mogu očekivati početkom 21. stoljeća. U prkos pokušaja zaustavljanja trendova tih promjena (Okvirna konvencija o promjeni klime – UNFCCC, 1988), zbivanja u posljednjih desetak godina očito pokazuju da se s klimom u našim prostorima nešto počinje događati. Posebno se to odnosi na priobalne krške vodonosnike otvorene prema utjecaju mora, kakovih u Hrvatskoj ima od Istre do krajnjeg južnog dubrovačkog područja. Brojna crpilišta pitke vode u obalnom i otočnom jadranskom području već danas pokazuju sve veću osjetljivost na duga ljetna sušna razdoblja i pitanje je vremena kada će neka od njih biti potpuno isključena iz sustava vodoopskrbe. S druge strane glavni potrošač pitke vode turizam tek je sada dosegao razine prije Domovinskog rata, a gdje još razvoj, koji treba biti jedna od uzdanica razvitka cijele zemlje. Za taj razvitak neophodne su dodatne količine zdrave pitke vode, a prirodni uvjeti zbog očekivanih porasta razine mora uslijed globalnih klimatskih promjena postaju sve osjetljiviji. Ovim radom želimo na nekoliko primjera upozoriti stručnu javnost na aktualna zbivanja u priobalnim krškim vodonosnicima, problemima eksploatacije i konačno sugerirati način opažanja, elemente organizacije eksploatacije i ulogu hidrogeokemijskih i hidrodinamičkih istraživanja u prognozi budućih zbivanja.